Carlton Moss: …wrote, directed, and appeared in The Negro Soldier (1944), a training film aimed at fostering African American patriotism and racial harmony. Its portrayal of the heroism and dignity of its black characters is regarded as a touchstone of African American filmmaking. Moss collaborated on the script for director Elia Kazan’s…

Negro league: The Negro National League and the Eastern Colored League: A few weeks later the Negro Southern League was organized with clubs in the large cities of the South; however, it was regarded as a minor circuit during its on-again, off-again life over the next 30 years.

The Negro Speaks of Rivers, poem in free verse by Langston Hughes, published in the June 1921 issue of The Crisis, the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. It is Hughes’s first acclaimed poem and is a panegyric to people of Black African origin throughout

spiritual, in North American white and black folk music, an English-language folk hymn. White spirituals include both revival and camp-meeting songs and a smaller number of other hymns. They derived variously, notably from the “lining out” of psalms, dating from at least the mid-17th century. Where

the Green Book, travel guide published (1936–67) during the segregation era in the United States that identified businesses that would accept African American customers. Compiled by Victor Hugo Green (1892–1960), a Black postman who lived in the Harlem section of New York City, the Green Book

African American literature: Playwrights and editors: …published young Black writers in Negro World, the organ of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association, provided significant visibility for New Negro writers. Anthologies, particularly of poetry, abounded during the Harlem Renaissance, enhancing the literary reputations of both the writers represented in them and their editors. The editors included James…

baseball: Segregation: In the 1920s a Negro World Series was begun and was held annually until the Negro leagues failed in the 1930s. A second Negro National League was founded late in that decade, and the Negro American League, formed in 1936, ultimately had Eastern and Western divisions that in 1952…

African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. African Americans are mainly of African ancestry, but many have non-Black ancestors as well. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force

Euboea, island, the largest in Greece, after Crete (Modern Greek: Kríti). It is located in the Central Greece (Stereá Elláda) periféreia (region), in the Aegean Sea. It lies along the coasts of the periféreies (regions) of Western Greece (Dytikí Elláda), Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos), and Attica

John Negroponte is an American diplomat, who served as ambassador to a number of countries, including Honduras (1981–85) and Iraq (2004–05), and was the U.S. representative to the United Nations (UN; 2001–04) before being named the first director of national intelligence (DNI; 2005–07). The son of

John Negroponte is an American diplomat, who served as ambassador to a number of countries, including Honduras (1981–85) and Iraq (2004–05), and was the U.S. representative to the United Nations (UN; 2001–04) before being named the first director of national intelligence (DNI; 2005–07). The son of

Nicholas Negroponte is an American architect and computer scientist who was the founding director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Laboratory and founded One Laptop per Child (OLPC). Negroponte gained fame with his book Being Digital (1995), which predicted a future in which

Negros, island, one of the Visayan Islands, central Philippines. It is separated from the island of Panay to the northwest by the Guimaras Strait and from Cebu island to the east by Tanon Strait. The island is bordered on the north and south by the Visayan and Sulu seas, respectively. Negros is

Fernando Ortiz: In 1906 he published Los negros brujos (“Black Sorcerers”), his first book on the subject, and in 1916 Los negros esclavos (“Black Slaves”), in which he studies Cuban blacks according to the region of Africa from which they came. His Un catauro de cubanismos (1923; “A Load of Cubanisms”)…

Fernando Ortiz: …the subject, and in 1916 Los negros esclavos (“Black Slaves”), in which he studies Cuban blacks according to the region of Africa from which they came. His Un catauro de cubanismos (1923; “A Load of Cubanisms”) identifies the African origins of many words used in Cuba, as well as the…

Muḥammad Naguib was an Egyptian army officer and statesman who played a prominent role in the revolutionary overthrow of King Farouk I in 1952. He twice served as president (June 18, 1953–February 25, 1954 and February 27–November 14, 1954) of Egypt. A professional soldier, Naguib distinguished

Jean Negulesco was a Romanian-born artist and director who first gained notice for his film noirs and later made such notable movies as Johnny Belinda (1948), How to Marry a Millionaire (1953), and Three Coins in the Fountain (1954). While still a teenager, Negulesco left Romania and moved to

Sapindales: Distribution and abundance: …placed in a separate genus, Negundo. Another former member of Aceraceae is Dipteronia, a genus of central and southern China with two species.

National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), an independent agency of the U.S. government that supports research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. It was created by the U.S. Congress in the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965. The

Nehanda, Shona spirit who uses women as her mediums. The mediums are then given the title Nehanda or Mbuya Nehanda (mbuya being the Shona word for “grandmother” and a title of respect). Nehanda is a mhondoro (a powerful and revered ancestral spirit) based in central and northern Mashonaland in

Charwe was one of the major spiritual leaders of African resistance to white rule during the late 19th century in what is now Zimbabwe. She was considered to be a medium of Nehanda, a female Shona mhondoro (powerful and revered ancestral spirit). Charwe was born among the Shona people, one of

history of Mesopotamia: The Parthian period: …where they joined their coreligionists; Nehardea, north of Ctesiphon, became a centre of Jewish population. Naturally also many migrants from the east came to Mesopotamia in the wake of the Parthian occupation. With many merchants from east and west passing through or remaining in Mesopotamia, the population became more diverse…

Battle of Nahāvand, (ad 642), military clash in Iran between Arab and Sāsānian forces that was a major turning point in Iranian history. The battle ended in disastrous defeat for the Sāsānian armies and paved the way for the Arab conquest, which resulted in the Islamization of Iran. At Nahāvand

Nehemiah was a Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bce after his release from captivity by the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He also instituted extensive moral and liturgical reforms in rededicating the Jews to Yahweh. Nehemiah was the cupbearer to King

biblical literature: Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles: The final books of the Hebrew Bible are the books of Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah, which once formed a unitary history of Israel from Adam to the 4th century bce, written by an anonymous Chronicler. That these books constituted a single work—referred to…

Nehemiah was a Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bce after his release from captivity by the Persian king Artaxerxes I. He also instituted extensive moral and liturgical reforms in rededicating the Jews to Yahweh. Nehemiah was the cupbearer to King

biblical literature: Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles: The final books of the Hebrew Bible are the books of Chronicles and Ezra–Nehemiah, which once formed a unitary history of Israel from Adam to the 4th century bce, written by an anonymous Chronicler. That these books constituted a single work—referred to…

Erwin Neher is a German physicist who was a corecipient, with Bert Sakmann, of the 1991 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for their research into basic cell function and for the development of the patch-clamp technique, a laboratory method that can detect the very small electrical currents

Meïr was a rabbi who was among the greatest of the tannaim, the group of some 225 masters of the Jewish Oral Law that flourished in Palestine for roughly the first 200 years ad. He continued the work of his teacher, Rabbi Akiba, in compiling by subject the Halakhot (laws) that came to be

Motilal Nehru: …he wrote the Congress Party’s Nehru Report, a future constitution for independent India based on the granting of dominion status. After the British rejected these proposals, Motilal participated in the civil disobedience movement of 1930 that was related to the Salt March, for which he was imprisoned. He died soon…

Indira Gandhi was an Indian politician who was the first female prime minister of India, serving for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term from 1980 until she was assassinated in 1984. (Read Indira Gandhi’s 1975 Britannica essay on global underprivilege.) Indira Nehru was the only

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India (1947–64), who established parliamentary government and became noted for his neutralist (nonaligned) policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of the Indian Independence Movement during the 1930s and

Motilal Nehru was a leader of the Indian independence movement, cofounder of the Swaraj (“Self-rule”) Party, and the father of India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Motilal, a member of a prosperous Brahman family of Kashmiri origin, early established a lucrative law practice and was

Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India (1947–64), who established parliamentary government and became noted for his neutralist (nonaligned) policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of the Indian Independence Movement during the 1930s and

Motilal Nehru was a leader of the Indian independence movement, cofounder of the Swaraj (“Self-rule”) Party, and the father of India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Motilal, a member of a prosperous Brahman family of Kashmiri origin, early established a lucrative law practice and was

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was an Indian political leader and diplomat, one of the world’s leading women in public life in the 20th century. She was the daughter of Motilal Nehru, a wealthy and aristocratic nationalist leader, and sister of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent

Delhi Pact, pact made on April 8, 1950, following the escalation of tension between India and Pakistan in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) after economic relations between the two countries had been severed in December 1949. An estimated one million people—Hindus from East Pakistan and Muslims from

Baltic Sea: Coastal features: A series of long shingle bars (Nehrungen), capped by moving sand dunes, has been built up there, cutting off the distinctive shallow lagoons (Haffs) from the open sea. Examples are the west-east spit of Darsser-Ort, on the island of Rügen, and the link (near Świnoujście, Poland) between the islands…

Saina Nehwal is the first Indian badminton player to win an Olympic medal. During the 2012 Olympic Games in London, Nehwal captured the women’s singles bronze medal. She has won more than 20 titles internationally and was a recipient of the prestigious Padma Bhushan from the Indian government in

Taoism: Taoist contributions to Chinese science: …earliest surviving medical book, the Huangdineijing, or “The Yellow Emperor’s Esoteric Classic” (c. 3rd century bce), presents itself as the teachings of a legendary Celestial Master addressed to the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi).

Inner Mongolia, autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,490 miles (2,400 km) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and

Inner Mongolia, autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,490 miles (2,400 km) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and

Neijiang, city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), south-central China. Situated on the Tuo River, it is also at the junction of the Chengdu-Chongqing railway and the southern branchline to Yibin (later extended to Kunming, Yunnan province). These railways were completed in the 1950s and made

Inner Mongolia, autonomous region of China. It is a vast territory that stretches in a great crescent for some 1,490 miles (2,400 km) across northern China. It is bordered to the north by Mongolia (formerly Outer Mongolia) and Russia; to the east by the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Jilin, and

Neiba, city, southwestern Dominican Republic, in the lowlands between the eastern shore of Lake Enriquillo and the Yaque del Sur River. It was founded about the beginning of the 18th century. Sugarcane and fine timber are the principal products of the area; rock salt and gypsum deposits in

Dominican Republic: Relief, drainage, and soils: …to the south is the Sierra de Neiba, which corresponds to the Matheux and Trou d’Eau mountains of Haiti; its high peaks reach approximately 7,200 feet (2,200 metres). Water flowing off the Neiba range drains partly to the Caribbean, via the Yaque del Sur system, and partly inland, to saline…

Taoism: Alchemical developments: …interest in internal alchemy (neidan), in which the language of the laboratory was used to describe operations realized within the body. This, in a sense, was nothing new. Alchemical metaphors had very early been applied to physiology; Ge Hong, for example, called semen the “yin elixir.” By Song times,…

Neidhart von Reuenthal was a late medieval German knightly poet who, in the period of the decline of the courtly love lyric, introduced a new genre called höfische Dorfpoesie (“courtly village poetry”). It celebrated, in dancing songs, the poet’s love of village maidens rather than noble ladies.

Peeblesshire: …the best-preserved is that of Neidpath Castle, a 15th-century stronghold of the Frasers just outside the royal burgh of Peebles. The county is closely associated with the legend of Merlin and has provided background and other material for Sir Walter Scott, James Hogg, and other writers. The growth of woolen…

China: Later innovations: …quickly evolved into a stable Grand Secretariat (Neige) through which emperors guided and responded to the ministries and other central government agencies. Similarly, the need for coordinating provincial-level affairs led to delegating high-ranking central government dignitaries to serve as regional commanders (zongbing guan) and governor-like grand coordinators (xunfu) in the…

Jura Mountains: …the Geneva area, and include Crêt de la Neige (5,636 feet [1,718 metres]) and Le Reculet (5,633 feet [1,717 metres]), both in France, and Mount Tendre and La Dôle, both more than 5,500 feet (1,680 metres), in Switzerland. Toward the northeast and along the outer ridges of the arc, the…

Réunion: Land: …feet (2,740 metres), including the Piton des Neiges (10,069 feet [3,069 metres]). The massif is encircled by several wide basins and a series of smaller plateaus. In the eastern part of the island is an area of more recent volcanism, and in the extreme east is the mountain Le Volcan,…

Lugenia Burns Hope: …an American social reformer whose Neighborhood Union and other community service organizations improved the quality of life for blacks in Atlanta, Ga., and served as a model for the future Civil Rights Movement.

John G. Avildsen: …adaptation of Thomas Berger’s novel Neighbors (1981), starring John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd, was also a critical and commercial disappointment, as was the romance A Night in Heaven (1983).

Branden Jacobs-Jenkins: Theater and writing career: …New York staged Jacobs-Jenkins’s play Neighbors, in which the Crows, a Black family adorned in blackface, move to the suburbs next door to an interracial couple and their daughter. The play reflected Jacobs-Jenkins’s interest in minstrelsy and became a cause célèbre; The New York Times interviewed attendees who walked out…

Lisa Kudrow: Career and personal life: …appeared in the comedy films Neighbors (2014), its sequel Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016), and Booksmart (2019). She also lent her voice to the role of the burrowing owl Wanda Pierce (2015) in the animated series BoJack Horseman (2014–20) and the poodle Honey in the animated sitcom HouseBroken (2021– ).

Selena Gomez: Hotel Transylvania and Only Murders in the Building: …and a sorority sister in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016). Gomez also voiced a character in the animated Hotel Transylvania (2012) and its sequels (2015, 2018, 2022) as well as Dolittle (2020). In 2019 she appeared in Jim Jarmusch’s zombie movie The Dead Don’t Die and in Woody Allen’s A…

shoveler: The northern shoveler (A. clypeata) nests in North America, Europe, and northern Asia, migrating to South America, North Africa, and southern Asia in winter. The male has a green head, a white breast, a chestnut belly and chestnut sides, and a blue patch on the forewing.…

evolution: Distance methods: …of this kind is called neighbour-joining. The method starts, as before, by identifying the smallest distance in the matrix and linking the two taxa involved. The next step is to remove these two taxa and calculate a new matrix in which their distances to other taxa are replaced by the…

neighbourhood, immediate geographical area surrounding a family’s place of residence, bounded by physical features of the environment such as streets, rivers, train tracks, and political divisions. Neighbourhoods also typically involve a strong social component, characterized by social interaction

neighbourhood association, organized group whose aim is to address local issues, such as education reform, crime, or homelessness, to promote or prevent planned reforms and investments that are perceived as significantly influencing life in a neighbourhood or local community. Neighbourhood

social settlement, a neighbourhood social welfare agency. The main purpose of a social settlement is the development and improvement of a neighbourhood or cluster of neighbourhoods. It differs from other social agencies in being concerned with neighbourhood life as a whole rather than with

shopping centre: Shopping centres are generally of neighbourhood, community, or regional scope. The smallest type, the neighbourhood centre, usually has a supermarket as a focus, with daily convenience shops such as a drugstore, shoe repair, laundry, and dry cleaner accompanying it. At the opposite end of the size spectrum is the Mall…

Mozambique: The arts: …later published in English as Neighbours: The Story of a Murder (2001).

John G. Neihardt was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer who described the history of Native Americans, especially the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) people. His best-known works are Black Elk Speaks (1932), an autobiography of the Oglala Lakota warrior and holy man Black Elk, and A Cycle of

John G. Neihardt was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer who described the history of Native Americans, especially the Oceti Sakowin (Sioux) people. His best-known works are Black Elk Speaks (1932), an autobiography of the Oglala Lakota warrior and holy man Black Elk, and A Cycle of

The Pirate Bay: …operators of The Pirate Bay, Fredrik Neij, Gottfrid Svartholm Warg, and Peter Sunde, and businessman Carl Lundström, who had supplied servers and bandwidth to the site, were charged with copyright infringement, and in April 2009 they were sentenced to one year in prison and the payment of a fine of…

Neijiang, city, southeastern Sichuan sheng (province), south-central China. Situated on the Tuo River, it is also at the junction of the Chengdu-Chongqing railway and the southern branchline to Yibin (later extended to Kunming, Yunnan province). These railways were completed in the 1950s and made

American astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson has been one of the most prominent popularizers of science in recent years. As part of his mission “to bring science down to Earth,” he did two things in 2014: he served as host of the TV miniseries Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, a continuation of Carl

Swift, U.S. satellite observatory designed to swing into the proper orientation to catch the first few seconds of gamma-ray bursts. It was launched on November 20, 2004. Swift has a gamma-ray telescope that makes the first detection of a gamma-ray burst. The spacecraft is moved so that the

Neil Young: Later work and causes: …for his 2009 rarities collection Neil Young Archives Vol. 1 (1963–1972). The following year he won his first Grammy for music, when he was awarded best rock song for “Angry World,” a track from his 2010 album Le Noise.

Jonathan Demme: performance films (2006, 2009, and 2011) and by working on music videos for artists including Bruce Springsteen. His concert film Kenny Chesney: Unstaged (2012), which featured country singer Kenny Chesney performing on a beach in Wildwood, New Jersey, was streamed live on the Internet.

Jonathan Demme: 2009, and 2011) and by working on music videos for artists including Bruce Springsteen. His concert film Kenny Chesney: Unstaged (2012), which featured country singer Kenny Chesney performing on a beach in Wildwood, New Jersey, was streamed live on the Internet.

Jonathan Demme: …Neil Young performance films (2006, 2009, and 2011) and by working on music videos for artists including Bruce Springsteen. His concert film Kenny Chesney: Unstaged (2012), which featured country singer Kenny Chesney performing on a beach in Wildwood, New Jersey, was streamed live on the Internet.

neilah, in Judaism, the last of the five Yom Kippur services. As the concluding rite of Yom Kippur, the service is the most sacred of the yearly liturgy and is expressed in melodies of great solemnity. When the shofar (ritual ram’s horn) sounds at the close of the neilah, the synagogue service ends

A.S. Neill was a British educator and author who founded the Summerhill School and championed free self-development in the education of children. The son of a schoolteacher, Neill graduated from the University of Edinburgh with an M.A. degree in 1912 and became headmaster of the Gretna Green School

A.S. Neill was a British educator and author who founded the Summerhill School and championed free self-development in the education of children. The son of a schoolteacher, Neill graduated from the University of Edinburgh with an M.A. degree in 1912 and became headmaster of the Gretna Green School

Roy William Neill was an Irish-born film director best known for his work with Basil Rathbone on a popular series of Sherlock Holmes movies. Sources provide conflicting information concerning Neill’s early life. Most give his birth name as Roland de Gostrie and state that he was born on a

New Zealand: The arts: The work of actors Sam Neill, Anna Paquin, Lucy Lawless, and New Zealand-born Australian Russell Crowe has been recognized internationally.

theology: The religious significance of theology: …Scottish religious scholar and missionary Stephen Neill wrote:

James Beaumont Neilson was a Scottish inventor who introduced the use of a hot-air blast instead of a cold-air blast for the smelting of iron, thus greatly advancing the technology of iron production. In 1817 Neilson was appointed foreman of the Glasgow Gasworks. Soon afterward he became manager

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: John Shaw Neilson, in the sheer shimmering beauty of his lyric poetry, achieves another order of timelessness, that of the moment of true perception, at once unworldly and firmly located in the natural world.

Neiman Marcus, prestigious department-store chain. It was founded in Dallas, Texas, in 1907, and from the beginning its owners featured unusual merchandise. It caters to the opulently wealthy, supplying unique and extravagant gift items. The store also offers moderate-income customers a more

Karl Barth: Years in Germany: In 1934 he published Nein! Antwort an Emil Brunner (Eng. trans. “No!” in Natural Theology [1946]), a response to Emil Brunner’s essay “Nature and Grace.” In his response, Barth traced the religious syncretism and support of anti-Semitism of the “German Christians” to natural theology and the perversion of historic…

Marie-Louise: …death that May, Marie-Louise married Adam Adalbert, count von Neipperg, having already borne him two children. Together they governed the duchies more liberally than did most other princes in Italy, though some authorities suggest that this resulted more from weakness of character than from policy. Josef von Werklein, however, who…

Neisse River: The Nysa Kłodzka (Glatzer Neisse), or Neisse of the city of Kłodzko (Glatz), is the shorter (113 miles [182 km]) and lies entirely within Poland. Both rise in the Sudeten mountains, flow northward, and empty into the Oder River.

Neisse River, either of two rivers now in southwestern Poland (until 1945, in Germany). The better-known Nysa Łużycka, or Lusatian Neisse, is the longer (157 miles [252 km]) and more westerly; it forms part of the German-Polish frontier (see Oder–Neisse Line). The Nysa Kłodzka (Glatzer Neisse), or

August von Wassermann: …Wassermann and the German dermatologist Albert Neisser developed (1906) a test for the antibody produced by persons infected with the protozoan Spirochaeta pallida (now known as Treponema pallidum), the causative agent of syphilis. In 1913 Wassermann became director of the department of experimental therapy at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute, Berlin-Dahlem, a…

human microbiome: The role of the human microbiota: >Neisseria.

endocarditis: >Gonococcus bacteria or by fungi. This form of endocarditis develops rapidly, with fever, malaise, and other signs of systemic infection coupled with abnormal cardiac function and even acute heart failure. Subacute endocarditis is caused by less-virulent strains of Streptococcus and is more slowly progressive.

meningococcus, the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis, which causes meningococcal meningitis in humans, who are the only natural hosts in which it causes disease. The bacteria are spherical, ranging in diameter from 0.6 to 1.0 μm (micrometre; 1 μm = 10−6 metre); they frequently occur in pairs, with

Neith, ancient Egyptian goddess who was the patroness of the city of Sais in the Nile River delta. Neith was worshipped as early as predynastic times (c. 3000 bce), and several queens of the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–2775 bce) were named after her. She also became an important goddess in the capital

Neith, ancient Egyptian goddess who was the patroness of the city of Sais in the Nile River delta. Neith was worshipped as early as predynastic times (c. 3000 bce), and several queens of the 1st dynasty (c. 2925–2775 bce) were named after her. She also became an important goddess in the capital

Beijing: Public and commercial buildings: …(Baohedian), after which comes the Inner Court (Neiting). The Inner Court was used as the emperor’s personal apartment. It contains three large halls, the Palace of Heavenly Purity (Qianqinggong), the Hall of Union (Jiaotaidian), and the Palace of Earthly Tranquillity (Kunninggong).

Neiva, city and capital of Huila departamento, south-central Colombia, on the upper Magdalena River. After unsuccessful attempts by Juan de Cabrera in 1539 and by Juan Alonso in 1550 to establish a permanent settlement, the city was officially founded in 1612, when Captain Diego de Ospina claimed

Kangxi: Early life: …a Neiwufu (Dorgi Yamun), or Office of Household. The Thirteen Offices, all organized solely by Chinese eunuchs, had been the abomination of the Manchus ever since they had been introduced by the late emperor, to handle affairs of the imperial household, patterned after an elaborate model that had existed under…

xinshu, an early Chinese Daoist system aimed at purifying the practitioner’s life force (qi) and enabling him to attain awareness of true reality as encompassed in the Dao. In xinshu the purification of qi meant cleansing the mind and heart of thoughts and emotions; only when an individual had

Russia: The 20th century: Major artists included Ernst Neizvestny, Ilya Kabakov, Mikhail Shemyakin, and Erik Bulatov. They employed techniques as varied as primitivism, hyperrealism, grotesque, and abstraction, but they shared a common distaste for the canons of Socialist Realism. Bland, monumental housing projects dominated the architectural production of the postwar period; later…

Nicaragua: Drainage: …facilities; the sulfurous waters of Lake Nejapa have medicinal properties ascribed to them; and Lake Tiscapa is located in the capital city.

İsa Necati was the first great lyric poet of Ottoman Turkish literature. Necati was probably born a slave; while still very young, he went to the city of Kastamonu and began to develop his skill in calligraphy and his reputation as a poet. About 1480, he journeyed to the Ottoman capital,