Neo-Babylonian empire, ancient Middle Eastern empire with its capital at Babylon. It dominated much of Southwest Asia from shortly after its founding in 626 bce until the defeat of its final king by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 bce. Memory of this empire was preserved through the

Norman Shaw: …church [1864–68] at Bingley) to Neo-Baroque (as in the Piccadilly Hotel [1905–08; now the hotel Le Meridien], London) based on 17th-century English Palladian architecture. The latter became the accepted style for British government buildings in the 1920s and ’30s. Shaw’s elegant town houses rely primarily on his individual adaptation of…

Walther Nernst: Later years: …with loudspeaker amplification, called the Neo-Bechsteinflügel.

East China Sea: Physiography: …shelf belongs to the stable Neo-Cathaysian Geosyncline (or Cathaysian Platform), dating back at least 300 million years. The Okinawa Trough is perhaps 10 million years old. The Ryukyus are an island chain with several volcanic islands on the East China Sea side. Many of the volcanoes are still active. Epicentres…

Neo-Confucianism, in Japan, the official guiding philosophy of the Tokugawa period (1603–1867). This philosophy profoundly influenced the thought and behaviour of the educated class. The tradition, introduced into Japan from China by Zen Buddhists in the medieval period, provided a heavenly

Confucianism: The Song masters: …a new Confucianism, known as neo-Confucianism in the West but often referred to as lixue (“Learning of the Principle”) in modern China.

interest group: Neo-corporatism and state corporatism: Neo-corporatism is a much more structured theory of interest group activity than pluralism. It is a modern version of state corporatism, which emerged in the late 19th century in authoritarian systems and had several manifestations in the first half of the…

China: Confucianism and philosophical Daoism: …was known as Xuanxue (“Dark Learning”); it came to reign supreme in cultural circles, especially at Jiankang during the period of division, and represented the more abstract, unworldly, and idealistic tendency in early medieval Chinese thought.

neo-Darwinism, Theory of evolution that represents a synthesis of Charles Darwin’s theory in terms of natural selection and modern population genetics. The term was first used after 1896 to describe the theories of August Weismann (1834–1914), who asserted that his germ-plasm theory made impossible

Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), Tunisian political party that led the movement for independence from France (1956) and ruled Tunisia until 2011. The Neo-Destour was formed in 1934 by discontented young members of the more conservative Destour. After a bitter struggle with the parent

Neo-Expressionism, diverse art movement (chiefly of painters) that dominated the art market in Europe and the United States during the early and mid-1980s. Neo-Expressionism comprised a varied assemblage of young artists who had returned to portraying the human body and other recognizable objects,

Devendra Banhart: …was variously branded neofolk, psych-folk, freak folk, and New Weird America. (The latter term was a takeoff on “Old, Weird America,” a phrase used by rock critic Greil Marcus to refer to the landscape of early 20th-century regional American folk music.) While the artists primarily associated with the sound—including Banhart,…

Neo-Hegelianism, the doctrines of an idealist school of philosophers that was prominent in Great Britain and in the United States between 1870 and 1920. The name is also sometimes applied to cover other philosophies of the period that were Hegelian in inspiration—for instance, those of Benedetto

Neo-Impressionism, movement in French painting of the late 19th century that reacted against the empirical realism of Impressionism by relying on systematic calculation and scientific theory to achieve predetermined visual effects. Whereas the Impressionist painters spontaneously recorded nature in

neoinstitutionalism, methodological approach in the study of political science, economics, organizational behaviour, and sociology in the United States that explores how institutional structures, rules, norms, and cultures constrain the choices and actions of individuals when they are part of a

Neo-Kantianism, Revival of Kantianism in German universities that began c. 1860. At first primarily an epistemological movement, Neo-Kantianism slowly extended over the whole domain of philosophy. The first decisive impetus toward reviving Immanuel Kant’s ideas came from natural scientists. Hermann

evolution: The Darwinian aftermath: …alternative evolutionary theory known as neo-Lamarckism. This hypothesis shared with Lamarck’s the importance of use and disuse in the development and obliteration of organs, and it added the notion that the environment acts directly on organic structures, which explained their adaptation to the way of life and environment of the…

Protestantism: Germany: A second group, the Neo-Lutherans, felt that the Repristinationists or “Old Lutherans,” though not wrong, needed correction and improvement especially in their view of the church, the ministry, and the sacraments. These Neo-Lutherans, influenced by Romanticism, were the German counterpart of the Oxford Movement in England. The chief exponents…

sociology: Economic determinism: Instead, in the 1960s, neo-Marxism—an amalgam of theories of stratification by Marx and Max Weber—gained strong support among a minority of sociologists. Their enthusiasm lasted about 30 years, ebbing with the breakup of the Soviet system and the introduction of postindustrial doctrines that linked class systems to a bygone…

philosophy of mathematics: Nominalism: …last version of nominalism is neo-Meinongianism, which derives from Alexius Meinong, a late-19th century Austrian philosopher. Meinong endorsed a view that was supposed to be distinct from Platonism, but most philosophers now agree that it is in fact equivalent to Platonism. In particular, Meinong held that there are such things…

Tok Pisin, pidgin spoken in Papua New Guinea, hence its identification in some earlier works as New Guinea Pidgin. It was also once called Neo-Melanesian, apparently according to the hypothesis that all English-based Melanesian pidgins developed from the same proto-pidgin. It is one of the three

Nazism: Totalitarianism and expansionism: In the 1990s gangs of neo-Nazi youths in eastern Germany staged attacks against immigrants, desecrated Jewish cemeteries, and engaged in violent confrontations with leftists and police. In the early 21st century, small neo-Nazi parties were to be found in most European countries as well as in the United States, Canada,…

neo-noir, a genre of films that use the visual style and themes of classic film noir (French: “dark film”) but add a modern sensibility. They also usually contain more graphic depictions of violence and sexuality. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Classic film noir

neoorthodoxy, influential 20th-century Protestant theological movement in Europe and America, known in Europe as crisis theology and dialectical theology. The phrase crisis theology referred to the intellectual crisis of Christendom that occurred when the carnage of World War I belied the exuberant

Judaism: Modern Jewish mysticism: “Neo-Orthodoxy,” the theological system founded in Germany by Samson Raphael Hirsch (1808–88), was indifferent to mysticism at the outset, but it too came to be influenced by it, especially after the rediscovery of living Judaism in Poland during World War I by Western Jewish thinkers.…

modern Paganism, family of new religions that all take their inspiration from the extinct pre-Christian religions of Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. Modern Pagan approaches to these past religions vary, from those that try to imitate particular pre-Christian traditions with a high degree of

Phoenician alphabet: …evolved into the Punic and neo-Punic alphabets of Carthage, which continued to be written until about the 3rd century ce. Punic was a monumental script and neo-Punic a cursive form.

Platonism: Greek Platonism from Aristotle through Middle Platonism: its nature and history: …philosophy (and the closely related Neo-Pythagoreanism) were the recognition of a hierarchy of divine principles with stress on the transcendence of the supreme principle, which was already occasionally called “the One”; the placing of the Platonic forms in the divine mind; a strongly otherworldly attitude demanding a “flight from the…

civic republicanism: …approach, often referred to as neo-Roman republicanism, stresses many of the same principles as its neo-Athenian counterpart, it represents a decisive shift away from direct forms of democracy. Within this approach, the freedom of the individual is closely linked to the freedom of the state. Importantly, unlike its neo-Athenian counterpart,…

neo-Sinaitic alphabet, writing system used in many short rock inscriptions in the Sinai Peninsula, not to be confused with the Sinaitic inscriptions, which are of much earlier date and not directly related. Neo-Sinaitic evolved out of the Nabataean alphabet in the 1st century ad and was in use

Cenozoic Era: Geologic processes: The equatorially situated east–west Tethyan seaway linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was modified significantly in the east during the middle Eocene—about 45 million years ago—by the junction of India with Eurasia, and it was severed into two parts by the confluence of Africa, Arabia, and Eurasia during the…

Cenozoic Era: Geologic processes: The equatorially situated east–west Tethyan seaway linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was modified significantly in the east during the middle Eocene—about 45 million years ago—by the junction of India with Eurasia, and it was severed into two parts by the confluence of Africa, Arabia, and Eurasia during the…

neo-Thomism, modern revival of the philosophical and theological system known as Thomism

Czechoslovak history: Religious tensions in Bohemia: The majority, called Neo-Utraquists by modern historians, professed Lutheran tenets as formulated by Luther’s associate Philipp Melanchthon. Disheartened by the meagre results of his policy, Ferdinand threw his full support behind the Catholic party. In 1556 he introduced the newly founded and militant Society of Jesus (Jesuits) into…

Cordillera Neo-Volcánica, relatively young range of active and dormant volcanoes traversing central Mexico from Cape Corrientes on the west coast, southeast to Jalapa and Veracruz on the east coast. The cordillera forms the southern boundary of Mexico’s Mesa Central and includes the volcanic peaks

Cordillera Neo-Volcánica, relatively young range of active and dormant volcanoes traversing central Mexico from Cape Corrientes on the west coast, southeast to Jalapa and Veracruz on the east coast. The cordillera forms the southern boundary of Mexico’s Mesa Central and includes the volcanic peaks

Austria: Neoabsolutist era, 1849–60: All things considered, the revolution across the empire had not accomplished much. Absolutism seemed firmly entrenched, and the political clock seemed to have been set back to the 18th century. And yet a regime so badly shaken as Austria’s could not hope…

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: Family Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whale) 1 species. Skull slightly arched; neck vertebrae fused; lower jaw broad; baleen long and narrow; ventral grooves lacking; dorsal fin present; proximal portion of ribs extremely widened; lumbar vertebrae reduced to 2. Length 6 metres. Southern Hemisphere in temperate waters. †Family…

Ukraine: Visual arts: …in the graphic arts, the Neo-Baroque of Heorhii Narbut. Modernist experimentation ended in Soviet Ukraine in the 1930s, however, when both these schools were suppressed and Socialist Realism became the only officially permitted style.

thought: Motivational aspects of thinking: Neobehaviourism (like psychoanalysis) has made much of secondary reward value and stimulus generalization—i.e., the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has frequently accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanation becomes…

biological development: Open and closed systems of development: …in which certain cells called neoblasts seem able to participate in any type of development; these cells are usually scattered throughout the body, and the major developmental processes that bring into being the general form of the organism cannot be attributed to them, as the development of the plant can…

Sergey Vladimirovich Obraztsov: His Neobyknovenny kontsert (1946; “An Unusual Concert”), a satire of inept performers, and Volshebnaya lampa Aladina (1940; “Aladdin’s Magic Lamp”) became popular throughout the world. His Don Zhuan (“Don Juan”) was produced in 1976. He also gained renown for his work with a kind of finger…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Neocallimastigales Digest cellulose; example genus is Neocallimastix. Phylum Blastocladiomycota Parasitic on plants and animals, some are saprotrophic; aquatic and terrestrial; flagellated; alternates between haploid and diploid generations (zygotic meiosis); contains 1 class.

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Neocallimastigomycetes Contains 1 order. Order Neocallimastigales Digest cellulose; example genus is Neocallimastix. Phylum Blastocladiomycota Parasitic on plants and animals, some are saprotrophic; aquatic and

fungus: Annotated classification: Phylum Neocallimastigomycota Found in digestive tracts of herbivores; anaerobic; zoospores with one or more posterior flagella; lacks mitochondria but contains hydrogenosomes (hydrogen-producing, membrane-bound organelles that generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP); contains 1 class. Class Neocallimastigomycetes

fungus: Saprotrophism: …are members of the genera Neocallimastix (phylum Neocallimastigomycota), which form a crucial component of the microbial population of the rumen of herbivorous mammals. These fungi are able to degrade plant cell wall components, such as cellulose and xylans, that the animals cannot otherwise digest.

bird: Modern birds: …this period was fossils of Neocathartes, a long-legged bird allied to the New World vultures. There are several anatomical similarities between this group of vultures and the storks, and the existence of this fossil lends support to the idea that the storks and New World vultures are more closely related…

lungfish: Size range and distribution: The Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri, may weigh up to 10 kg (about 22 pounds) and grow to a length of 1.25 metres (about 4 feet). Of the African lungfishes, the yellow marbled Ethiopian species, Protopterus aethiopicus, is the largest, growing to a length of 2 metres…

nervous system: Encephalization: …part of the cerebellum, or neocerebellum, coordinates skilled movements initiated at cortical levels. In mammals a great mass of fibres connects the brainstem to the cerebellum. This region forms the pons, which, together with the cerebellum, constitutes the metencephalon. The caudal part of the hindbrain remains as the medulla oblongata

sheldgoose: melanoptera)—and the Orinoco goose (Neochen jubatus). African sheldgeese include the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis) and the Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus).

star finch, species of grass finch

Neoclassical architecture, revival of Classical architecture during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The movement concerned itself with the logic of entire Classical volumes, unlike Classical revivalism (see Greek Revival), which tended to reuse Classical parts. Neoclassical architecture is

Neoclassical art, a widespread and influential movement in painting and the other visual arts that began in the 1760s, reached its height in the 1780s and ’90s, and lasted until the 1840s and ’50s. In painting it generally took the form of an emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of

development theory: The neoclassical counterrevolution: In the 1980s a neoclassical (sometimes called neoliberal) counterrevolution in development theory and policy reasserted dominance over structuralist and other schools of thought in much of the world. The emergence of this counterrevolution coincided with the abandonment by the developed countries of social…

economics: Neoclassical economics: The preceding portrait of microeconomics and macroeconomics is characteristic of the elementary orthodox economics offered in undergraduate courses in the West, often under the heading “neoclassical economics.” Given its name by Veblen at the turn of the 20th century, this approach emphasizes the…

Sir Richard Steele: Early life and works.: …he published in 1701 a moralistic tract, “The Christian Hero,” of which 10 editions were sold in his lifetime. This tract led to Steele’s being accused of hypocrisy and mocked for the contrast between his austere precepts and his genially convivial practice. For many of his contemporaries, however, its polite…

Neoclassical art, a widespread and influential movement in painting and the other visual arts that began in the 1760s, reached its height in the 1780s and ’90s, and lasted until the 1840s and ’50s. In painting it generally took the form of an emphasis on austere linear design in the depiction of

urban culture: The neocolonial city: The latest type of urban development in the periphery of the capitalist world system, or what is often called the Third World, is the neocolonial city. This urban type has arisen in relation to the development of monopoly capitalism and the mass-communications city…

neocolonialism, the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means. The term neocolonialism was first used after World War II to refer to the continuing dependence of former colonies on foreign countries, but its meaning soon broadened to apply, more generally, to

Brazilian literature: Poetry: …an influential social poet, established Neoconcretism, which favoured language and subjectivity over graphic space.

cone-headed grasshopper: …most common cone-headed grasshoppers (Neoconocephalus ensiger) consists of one note repeated continuously. A loud North American species, N. robustus, produces a continuous buzz that is accompanied by a droning hum, probably created by wing vibrations. The song of N. retusus is a loud, shrill whir in a high key.

neoconservatism, variant of the political ideology of conservatism that combines features of traditional conservatism with political individualism and a qualified endorsement of free markets. Neoconservatism arose in the United States in the 1970s among intellectuals who shared a dislike of

interest group: Neo-corporatism and state corporatism: Neo-corporatism is a much more structured theory of interest group activity than pluralism. It is a modern version of state corporatism, which emerged in the late 19th century in authoritarian systems and had several manifestations in the first half of the…

Nonbiological Man: He’s Closer Than You Think: We will connect our biological neocortex to a synthetic neocortex in the cloud. This will be done by using medical nano-robots that go into the brain through the capillaries and provide wireless communication between our neocortical modules and the cloud in the same way that your smartphone today has wireless…

sea lily: …common West Indies species is Neocrinus decorus. More than 5,000 extinct species—some 20 m (65 feet) long—are known. They are important index fossils of the Paleozoic Era (from 542 million to 251 million years ago).

false sunbird, either of two species of birds in Madagascar of the family Philepittidae (order Passeriformes). Both are 10 cm (4 inches) long, with a short tail and a long, downcurved bill. Originally thought to belong with true sunbirds in the family Nectariniidae, they were shown in 1951 to be

false sunbird: In the wattled false sunbird (Neodrepanis coruscans), the male is glossy blue above and yellow below, with a large eye wattle; this is lacking in the female, which has dark green upperparts. This species moves slowly and quietly along branches, searching for insects; sometimes (like a true…

neodymium (Nd), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Neodymium is a ductile and malleable silvery white metal. It oxidizes readily in air to form an oxide, Nd2O3, which easily spalls, exposing the metal to further oxidation. The metal must be stored

neodymium: …number of ferrous and nonferrous alloys, among them misch metal (15 percent neodymium), used for lighter flints. The metal itself—and as an alloy with another lanthanide, erbium—has been employed as a regenerator in low-temperature cryocooler applications to provide cooling down to 4.2 K (−269 °C, or −452 °F). Its compounds…

dating: Samarium–neodymium method: …of mass 147 (147Sm) to neodymium of mass 143 (143Nd) has been shown to be capable of providing useful isochron ages for certain geologic materials. Both parent and daughter belong to the rare-earth element group, which is itself the subject of numerous geologic investigations. All members of this group have…

magnetism: Fundamentals: Various alloys, like NdFeB (an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron), keep their domains aligned and are used to make permanent magnets. The strong magnetic field produced by a typical three-millimetre-thick magnet of this material is comparable to an electromagnet made of a copper loop carrying a current…

neoevolutionism, school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely separated cultures. It arose in the mid-20th century, and it addresses the relation between the long-term changes that are

neofascism, fascist-inspired political movement that arose in Europe in the decades following the defeat of fascism in World War II. A brief treatment of neofascism follows. For full treatment, see fascism: Neofascism. Like earlier fascist movements, neofascism advocated extreme nationalism,

clouded leopard: diardi (also called the Bornean clouded leopard), found on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, are thought to have diverged about 1.4 million years ago. The population of clouded leopards declined sharply in the latter half of the 20th century as a result of hunting and deforestation. They are…

clouded leopard, strikingly marked cat, very similar in colouring and coat pattern to the smaller, unrelated marbled cat (Felis marmorata). There are two species of clouded leopard, which are genetically distinct from one another. Neofelis nebulosa, found on the mainland of southeastern Asia,

muskrat: The Florida water rat (Neofiber alleni) is sometimes called the round-tailed muskrat. It resembles a small muskrat (up to 38 cm in total length), but its tail is round rather than flat. This animal is less aquatic than Ondatra and lives in the grassy marshes and…

clay mineral: Formation in nature: …nature both mineral formation mechanisms, neoformation and transformation, are induced by weathering and hydrothermal and diagenetic actions.

tree: Tree height growth: Some trees are neoformers, because they form most or all of their leaves in the current year of growth. Examples of this are birch, chestnut, poplar, willow, larch, tulip tree, and some tropical pines. Seedlings will often be neoformers and then become preformers as adults.

functionalism: Neofunctionalism: New functional issues such as combating HIV/AIDS and promoting wider access to information technologies arose but were predicted to most likely combine the traditional role of the functional agencies with NGO and corporate partnerships.

Neotropical region, one of the six major biogeographic areas of the world defined on the basis of its characteristic animal life. It extends south from the Mexican desert into South America as far as the subantarctic zone. It includes such animals as the llama, tapir, deer, pig, jaguar, puma, a

grebe: Evolution and paleontology: The earliest fossil is possibly Neogaeornis wetzeli, a diving bird that dates back to the Late Cretaceous Epoch (about 80 million years ago) of Chile. Statements to the effect that N. wetzeli was “primitive” or “reptilian” are erroneously based on a superficial resemblance to the toothed Hesperornithiformes (see Hesperornis), an…

gastropod: Classification: Suborder Neogastropoda (Stenoglossa) Carnivorous or scavengers with rachiglossate (with 3 denticles) or taxoglossate (with 2 denticles) radula; shell often with long siphonal canal; proboscis well developed and often extensible; shells generally large; all marine. Superfamily Muricacea Murex shells (Muricidae), rock

Neogene Period, the second of three divisions of the Cenozoic Era. The Neogene Period encompasses the interval between 23 million and 2.6 million years ago and includes the Miocene (23 million to 5.3 million years ago) and the Pliocene (5.3 million to 2.6 million years ago) epochs. The Neogene,

Little Ice Age (LIA), climate interval that occurred from the early 14th century through the mid-19th century, when mountain glaciers expanded at several locations, including the European Alps, New Zealand, Alaska, and the southern Andes, and mean annual temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere

Neoglaziovia, genus of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae), containing two species of perennial South American herbs. Both are native to Brazil and have purple flowers. The leaves of N. variegata, a reedlike plant, are up to 1.2 m (4 feet) long. They contain a fibre known as caroa, which is used to

Neoglaziovia: The leaves of N. variegata, a reedlike plant, are up to 1.2 m (4 feet) long. They contain a fibre known as caroa, which is used to make rope, fabric, netting, and packing material.

Gothic Revival, architectural style that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture and competed with the Neoclassical revivals in the United States and Great Britain. Only isolated examples of the style are to be found on the Continent. The earliest documented example of the revived use of

Neogrammarian, any of a group of German scholars that arose around 1875; their chief tenet concerning language change was that sound laws have no exceptions. This principle was very controversial because there seemed to be several irregularities in language change not accounted for by the sound

New Humanism, critical movement in the United States between 1910 and 1930, based on the literary and social theories of the English poet and critic Matthew Arnold, who sought to recapture the moral quality of past civilizations—the best that has been thought and said—in an age of

gymnure: The Hainan gymnure (Neohylomys hainanensis) is endemic to Hainan Island off the coast of southern China.

neoinstitutionalism, methodological approach in the study of political science, economics, organizational behaviour, and sociology in the United States that explores how institutional structures, rules, norms, and cultures constrain the choices and actions of individuals when they are part of a

Pylos, any of three sites in Greece. The most important of them is identified with the modern Pylos, the capital of the eparkhía (“eparchy”) of Pylia in the nomós (department) of Messenia (Modern Greek: Messinía), Greece, on the southern headland of the Órmos (bay) Navarínou, a deepwater shipping

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Neolectales Parasitic on plant roots; produces large ascocarps; forms yeastlike conidia; example genus is Neolecta. Class Pneumocystidomycetes Parasitic or pathogenic in animals; contains 1 order. Order Pneumocystidales Parasitic in the alveoli of the

fungus: Annotated classification: Class Neolectomycetes Parasitic or pathogenic on plants; some with large ascocarps; contains 1 order. Order Neolectales Parasitic on plant roots; produces large ascocarps; forms yeastlike conidia; example genus is Neolecta. Class Pneumocystidomycetes

development theory: The neoclassical counterrevolution: In the 1980s a neoclassical (sometimes called neoliberal) counterrevolution in development theory and policy reasserted dominance over structuralist and other schools of thought in much of the world. The emergence of this counterrevolution coincided with the abandonment by the developed countries of social…

neoliberal globalization, an approach to economic globalization, or the integration of the world’s economies, based on neoliberalism, an ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Neoliberalism is characterized by a belief in sustained economic growth as the

neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is considerable debate as to the defining features of neoliberal thought and practice, it is most commonly associated with laissez-faire economics. In particular, neoliberalism is often

louse fly: …louse flies Lipoptena depressa and Neolipoptena ferrisi are found on deer. They sometimes attach to each other in chains; the first sucks blood from the host, the second from the first, and so on.

Neolithic, final stage of technological development in the Stone Age. It was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants and animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. The Neolithic Period

Neolithic, final stage of technological development in the Stone Age. It was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants and animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. The Neolithic Period