nervous system disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the functioning of the human nervous system. Everything that humans sense, consider, and effect and all the unlearned reflexes of the body depend on the functioning of the nervous system. The skeleton and muscles support and

virus: Chronic and slowly progressive diseases: …diseases, particularly those affecting the nervous system, have been identified. A fatal neurological disorder of sheep, called scrapie, has an incubation period of years and may be caused by a heat-resistant protein called a prion, which is self-replicating. Similar, rather obscure agents have been identified for two uncommon fatal disorders…

Sir Charles Bell: …of his 1811 volume, entitled The Nervous System of the Human Body (1830). In these books Bell distinguished between sensory nerves that conduct impulses to the central nervous system and motor nerves that convey impulses from the brain or from other nerve centres to a peripheral organ of response. He…

human nervous system, system that conducts stimuli from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord and conducts impulses back to other parts of the body. The conduction of electrochemical stimuli from sensory receptors occurs via organized groups of specialized cells, consisting largely of

stress, in psychology and biology, any environmental or physical pressure that elicits a response from an organism. In most cases, stress promotes survival because it forces organisms to adapt to rapidly changing environmental conditions. For example, in response to unusually hot or dry weather,

human nervous system: Facial nerve (CN VII or 7): The intermediate nerve contains autonomic (parasympathetic) as well as general and special sensory fibers. Preganglionic autonomic fibers, classified as general visceral efferent, project from the superior salivatory nucleus in the pons. Exiting with the facial nerve, they pass to the pterygopalatine ganglion via the greater petrosal…

Nintendo console, groundbreaking eight-bit video game console created by Japanese designer Uemura Masayuki. The Nintendo console, or Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), was released as the Famicom in Japan on July 15, 1983. The Famicom offered the ability to play popular arcade games such as

Smendes was a king of ancient Egypt (c. 1076–52 bce), founder of the 21st dynasty (c. 1076–c. 944 bce), who established the capital at Tanis, in the northeast Nile River delta, while high priests of Amon ruled Thebes and Upper Egypt. Smendes, a native of the delta, probably secured his right to

E. Nesbit was a British children’s author, novelist, and poet. Nesbit spent her childhood in France and Germany and later led an ordinary country life in Kent, which provided scenes for her books. She was interested in socialism and was one of the founders of the association known as the Fellowship

E. Nesbit was a British children’s author, novelist, and poet. Nesbit spent her childhood in France and Germany and later led an ordinary country life in Kent, which provided scenes for her books. She was interested in socialism and was one of the founders of the association known as the Fellowship

Stanford White: …jealous husband of the showgirl Evelyn Nesbit, with whom White had had a love affair.

jazz: Other notables of the 1920s: …composing and arranging talents of John Nesbitt, whose work was mistakenly credited to Redman for many decades. Nesbitt was obviously aware and respectful of Ellington’s fast-tempo “stomp” pieces. And like Morton, Nesbitt was intent on utilizing his 10- or 11-piece jazz orchestra to produce the most varied yet balanced integration…

Ulster Unionist Party: History: …leader by former news broadcaster Mike Nesbitt in March 2012.

Jo Nesbø is a Norwegian writer and musician, best known internationally for a series of crime novels featuring hard-boiled detective Harry Hole (pronounced Hoo-la in Norwegian). Nesbø grew up in Molde, western Norway. While in school, he also played guitar and sang in a pop-rock band. He graduated

Rolf Nesch was a German-born Norwegian printmaker and painter who was one of the first artists to use metal collage in printmaking. Nesch was educated in Germany at art schools in Stuttgart and Dresden. He was greatly influenced by the Expressionist painter Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, under whom he

Nesebŭr, historic town and resort, eastern Bulgaria, on the Black Sea coast. Nesebŭr is situated on an island connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land. The Greek colony of Mesembria was founded on the site late in the 6th century bc and thrived on the trade between Greece and Thrace. It

Karshi, city, southern Uzbekistan, in the Karshi oasis, on the Kashka River. At least 1,000 years old, it lay on the caravan route from Samarkand and Bukhara to Afghanistan and India; it was known as Nakhsheb, or Nesef, until the 14th century, when a fort (Turkic karshi, “against”) was built there.

Kültepe, ancient mound covering the Bronze Age city of Kanesh, in central Turkey. Kültepe was known to archaeologists during the 19th century, but it began to attract particular attention as the reputed source of so-called Cappadocian tablets in Old Assyrian cuneiform writing and language. Finally,

calligraphy: Arabic calligraphy: …by a skilled calligrapher, the neshanı.

Shirin Neshat is an Iranian-born American artist whose photography, video, and feature films investigate how women find freedom in repressive societies. About her work, Neshat stated: “Everything I’ve done is a celebration of the power of women. The Western world sometimes views Iranian women as

Neşri was a historian who was a prominent figure in early Ottoman historiography. There is a great deal of controversy over the particulars of Neşri’s identity and the events of his life. Some have attributed to him the name Mehmed, although details with which to confirm this are scarce; others

Hittite language, most important of the extinct Indo-European languages of ancient Anatolia. Hittite was closely related to Carian, Luwian, Lydian, Lycian, and Palaic (see also Anatolian languages). Hittite is known primarily from the approximately 30,000 cuneiform tablets or fragments of tablets

Seyid İmadeddin Nesimi was a mystical poet of the late 14th and early 15th centuries who wrote in Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Very little about his early life is known. He became acquainted with the founder of an extremist religious sect, the Ḥurūfīs, the Iranian mystic Faḍl Allāh of Astarābād,

Critius and Nesiotes: Nesiotes (flourished late 5th century bc, Athens) were Greek sculptors known for their bronze figures of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogiton. These were copies of the original bronzes executed by Antenor about 510 bc, which were taken by Xerxes I to Susa and subsequently lost.…

Anatolia: The Hittite occupation of Anatolia: …these Indo-Europeans called their language Nesite (after the city of Nesa), it is still, confusingly, called Hittite. Besides Nesite, two other Indo-European dialects were found in Anatolia: Luwian (Luvian), spoken by immigrants into southwest Anatolia late in the Early Bronze Age and later written with the pictographs commonly called Hittite…

the Monkees: ), Mike Nesmith (byname of Robert Michael Nesmith; b. December 30, 1942, Houston, Texas, U.S.—d. December 10, 2021, Carmel Valley, California), and Peter Tork (byname of Peter Thorkelson; b. February 13, 1942, Washington, D.C., U.S.—d. February 21, 2019, Connecticut).

the Monkees: ), Mike Nesmith (byname of Robert Michael Nesmith; b. December 30, 1942, Houston, Texas, U.S.—d. December 10, 2021, Carmel Valley, California), and Peter Tork (byname of Peter Thorkelson; b. February 13, 1942, Washington, D.C., U.S.—d. February 21, 2019, Connecticut).

The Unbearable Lightness of Being, novel by Milan Kundera, first published in 1984 in English and French translations. In 1985 the work was released in the original Czech, but it was banned in Czechoslovakia until 1989. Through the lives of four individuals, the novel explores the philosophical

bandicoot rat: N. bunnii, however, is as large as the greater bandicoot rat, with thick fur and a very long tail relative to body length. An excellent swimmer, it lives in natural marshes at the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in southeastern Iraq and builds…

bandicoot rat: …two species of Nesokia, the short-tailed bandicoot rat, or pest rat (N. indica), is almost the size of the lesser bandicoot rat, with soft brown fur and a short tail. Its range extends from northern Bangladesh through Central Asia to northeastern Egypt and also north of the Himalayas from Turkmenistan…

rabbit: Diversity and conservation status: The Sumatran rabbit (Nesolagus netscheri) is known to live in the island’s southwestern montane forests. Only two sightings of the species have occurred in the 21st century. Although its population size is unknown, the IUCN has considered the Sumatran rabbit critically endangered since 1996. Another striped rabbit (N.…

rabbit: Diversity and conservation status: Another striped rabbit (N. timminsi) distantly related to the Sumatran rabbit was discovered in the Annamite mountains of Laos and Vietnam during the late 1990s; however, information related to its conservation status remains incomplete.

mockingbird: The Galapagos mockingbird (Nesomimus) has various races or subspecies on the different islands, showing an adaptive radiation similar to, but not as extreme as, that found in the Galapagos finch.

Muridae: …dendromurines, and Malagasy rats and mice). Also unresolved are the affinities of subfamilies containing only one genus (mouselike hamsters, the maned rat).

Muridae: …rats and mice, dendromurines, and Malagasy rats and mice). Also unresolved are the affinities of subfamilies containing only one genus (mouselike hamsters, the maned rat).

nesosilicate, compound with a structure in which independent silicate tetrahedrons (each consisting of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) are present. Because none of the oxygen atoms is shared by other tetrahedrons, the chemical formula contains

Plateau Indian: Language: Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as “Flathead.”

Plateau Indian: Language: Nespelim, Spokan, Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille, Coeur d’Alene, and Flathead peoples. Some early works incorrectly denote all Salishan groups as “Flathead.”

Neşri was a historian who was a prominent figure in early Ottoman historiography. There is a great deal of controversy over the particulars of Neşri’s identity and the events of his life. Some have attributed to him the name Mehmed, although details with which to confirm this are scarce; others

Eliot Ness was an American crime fighter, head of a nine-man team of law officers called the “Untouchables,” who opposed Al Capone’s underworld network in Chicago. A graduate of the University of Chicago, Ness was 26 when, in 1929, he was hired as a special agent of the U.S. Department of Justice

Loch Ness, lake, lying in the Highland council area, Scotland. With a depth of 788 feet (240 metres) and a length of about 23 miles (36 km), Loch Ness has the largest volume of fresh water in Great Britain. It lies in the Glen Mor—or Great Glen, which bisects the Highlands—and forms part of the

Karl Vasilyevich, Count Nesselrode was the foreign minister of imperial Russia (1822–56) whose policy toward the Ottoman Empire helped precipitate the Crimean War (1853–56). The son of a German count of the Holy Roman Empire who served as Russia’s ambassador to Portugal, Nesselrode entered the

Loch Ness monster, large marine creature believed by some people to inhabit Loch Ness, Scotland. However, much of the alleged evidence supporting its existence has been discredited, and it is widely thought that the monster is a myth. Reports of a monster inhabiting Loch Ness date back to ancient

Heracles: …taking her home, the Centaur Nessus tried to violate her, and Heracles shot him with one of his poisoned arrows. The Centaur, dying, told Deianeira to preserve the blood from his wound, for if Heracles wore a garment rubbed with it he would love none but her forever. Several years…

nest, structure created by an animal to house its eggs, its young, or, in some cases, itself. Nests are built by a few invertebrates, especially the social insects, and by some members of all the major vertebrate groups. The social insects (termites, ants, bees, and wasps) build the only true nests

Sean O’Faolain: …first collection of stories, and A Nest of Simple Folk (1933), a novel set in the period between the Easter Rising (1916) and the establishment of the Irish Free State (1921), allowed him to write full-time. O’Faolain produced only four novels, including Bird Alone (1936) and Come Back to Erin…

nest, structure created by an animal to house its eggs, its young, or, in some cases, itself. Nests are built by a few invertebrates, especially the social insects, and by some members of all the major vertebrate groups. The social insects (termites, ants, bees, and wasps) build the only true nests

cuculiform: Brood parasitism: …form of behaviour, that of nest-mate eviction, that ensures that it will not have to compete with members of the foster brood for food. Within a few hours of hatching, the blind, naked, young cuckoo develops a strong urge to evict any objects, such as eggs or other nestlings, from…

stunt flying: …to loop was Russian flyer Petr Nesterov (died 1914, in one of the early dogfights of World War I). Nesterov performed his loop on September 9 (August 27, Old Style), 1913, a feat that was soon repeated by the French pilot Adolphe Pégoud (died 1915 in World War I air…

Abramtsevo: artists—particularly Sergey Malyutin—crafted the first matryoshka doll (a wooden nesting doll) in 1890. Matryoshkas were then exhibited by Abramtsevo artists at the 1900 world’s fair in Paris, and they continued to be iconic of Russian culture into the 21st century.

David Wagoner: In 1963 he published The Nesting Ground, widely considered his first book of poems to address his new surroundings in the Pacific Northwest, a stark contrast to the bleak, industrialized Midwestern landscape of his youth. Two years later Wagoner published his fourth and best-known novel, The Escape Artist, about…

Nestlé SA, multinational manufacturer of food products. It is headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, and operates factories in more than 80 countries. Nestlé’s chief products are condensed and powdered milk, baby foods, chocolate products, candies, instant coffees and teas, soups, seasonings and

Nestlé SA: …Purina created a new division, Nestlé Purina PetCare, while Nestlé’s American ice cream businesses were consolidated under the Dreyer’s brand. Chef America, Inc., a frozen-food company, was also purchased in 2002. In 2007 the company added the milk-flavouring product known as Ovaltine to its product line. The company also entered…

Nestlé SA, multinational manufacturer of food products. It is headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, and operates factories in more than 80 countries. Nestlé’s chief products are condensed and powdered milk, baby foods, chocolate products, candies, instant coffees and teas, soups, seasonings and

Nestor, in Greek legend, son of Neleus, king of Pylos (Navarino) in Elis, and of Chloris. All of his brothers were slain by the Greek hero Heracles, but Nestor escaped. In the Iliad he is about 70 years old and sage and pious; his role is largely to incite the warriors to battle and to tell stories

Nestor was a monk in Kievan Rus of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev (from about 1074), author of several works of hagiography and an important historical chronicle. Nestor wrote the lives of Saints Boris and Gleb, the sons of St. Vladimir of Rus, who were murdered in 1015, and the life of St.

megaron: …that of the palace of Nestor at Pylos, where the large main unit apparently served as royal living quarters. It faced onto the usual courtyard, which was entered through a decorative gateway with fluted columns on either side.

kaka, New Zealand species of parrot

kea, New Zealand parrot species of the subfamily Nestorinae. See

metalwork: Minoan and Mycenaean: …pieces, such as the so-called Nestor’s cup, have handles ending in animals, which bite the rim or peer into the cup. The embossed ornament consists of vertical and horizontal bands of rosettes and spiral coils and of floral, foliate, marine, and animal figures. The designs are beaten through the walls…

Agnes Nestor was an American labour leader and reformer, remembered as a powerful force in unionizing women workers in several clothing and related industries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Nestor attended Michigan public and parochial schools. In 1897 she moved with her family to

calligraphy: Spread of Aramaic to the Middle East and Asia: Eastern Syriac script was called Nestorian after Nestorius, who led a secession movement from the Orthodox Church of Byzantium that flourished in Persia and spread along trade routes deep into Asia.

Nestorianism, Christian sect that originated in Asia Minor and Syria stressing the independence of the divine and human natures of Christ and, in effect, suggesting that they are two persons loosely united. The schismatic sect formed following the condemnation of Nestorius and his teachings by the

parrot: The subfamily Nestorinae is found only in New Zealand. The kea (Nestor notabilis) occasionally tears into sheep carcasses (rarely, weakened sheep) to get at the fat around the kidneys. The kaka, N. meridionalis, a gentler forest bird, is often kept as a pet. The owl parrot, or…

Nestorius was an early bishop of Constantinople whose views on the nature and person of Christ led to the calling of the Council of Ephesus in 431 and to Nestorianism, one of the major Christian heresies. A few small Nestorian churches still exist. Nestorius was born of Persian parents. He studied

Néstos River, river in southwestern Bulgaria and western Thrace, Greece. The Néstos rises on Kolarov peak of the Rila Mountains of the northwestern Rhodope (Rodopi) Mountains. The river’s upper confluents separate the Rila and Pirin ranges from the main Rhodope massif. Crossing the Bulgarian

Néstos River, river in southwestern Bulgaria and western Thrace, Greece. The Néstos rises on Kolarov peak of the Rila Mountains of the northwestern Rhodope (Rodopi) Mountains. The river’s upper confluents separate the Rila and Pirin ranges from the main Rhodope massif. Crossing the Bulgarian

Johann Nestroy was one of Austria’s greatest comic dramatists, and a brilliant character actor who dominated the mid-19th-century Viennese popular stage. After a career as an opera singer (1822–31) in several European cities, Nestroy returned to Vienna and began writing and acting. His 50 plays,

Johann Nestroy was one of Austria’s greatest comic dramatists, and a brilliant character actor who dominated the mid-19th-century Viennese popular stage. After a career as an opera singer (1822–31) in several European cities, Nestroy returned to Vienna and began writing and acting. His 50 plays,

net, an open fabric of thread, cord, or wire, the intersections of which are looped or knotted so as to form a mesh. Nets are primarily used for fishing. The early stages in the manufacture and use of nets are difficult to trace because materials were perishable and tools simple, but there is

taxation: Direct taxes: Taxes on net worth are levied on the total net worth of a person—that is, the value of his assets minus his liabilities. As with the income tax, the personal circumstances of the taxpayer can be taken into consideration.

commercial fishing: Bag nets: Bag nets are kept vertically open by a frame and held horizontally stretched by the water current. There are small scoop nets that can be pushed and dragged and big stownets, with and without wings, held on stakes or on anchors with or…

accounting: The balance sheet: …as net current assets, or working capital.

feed: Determination: energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), or total digestible nutrients (TDN). These values differ with species. The gross energy (GE) value of a feed is the amount of heat liberated when it is burned in a bomb calorimeter. The drawback of using this value is that a substance…

profit, in business usage, the excess of total revenue over total cost during a specific period of time. In economics, profit is the excess over the returns to capital, land, and labour (interest, rent, and wages). To the economist, much of what is classified in business usage as profit consists of

accounting: The income statement: …is referred to as a net loss.

defense economics: Settling on a standard: …communist economies, which use a net material product (NMP) system. The NMP excludes many expenditures, including state administration and defense, normally included under GDP. This complicates comparisons between these systems.

microgeneration: Net metering: Microgeneration adopters experience cost savings by using less energy from the grid, and those who create surplus power can make a profit by selling excess electricity back to local electrical utilities. In the United States, under the 2005 Energy Policy Act, all public…

net neutrality, principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) should not discriminate among providers of content. With the proliferation of streaming services such as Netflix, ISPs pushed for the right to offer differently priced tiers of service to online content providers or software providers

Net neutrality is “the principle that Internet service providers (ISPs) should not discriminate among providers of content,” explains Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Under net neutrality, companies providing Internet service cannot charge higher prices for certain online content nor slow down delivery

plankton: Phytoplankton: Microplankton (also called net plankton) is composed of organisms between 0.05 and 1 mm (0.002 and 0.04 inch) in size and is a mixture of phytoplankton and zooplankton. The lower limit of its size range is fixed by the aperture of the finest cloth used…

history of publishing: Price regulation: The net price principle, first raised in the previous century by the German publisher Reich, was adopted in Germany in 1887 through the work of the Börsenverein, the trade organization founded in 1825. Under this principle, the publisher allows a trade discount to the bookseller only…

marine ecosystem: Biological productivity: …of producers; what remains is net productivity. Net marine primary productivity is the amount of organic material available to support the consumers (herbivores and carnivores) of the sea. The standing crop is the total biomass (weight) of vegetation. Most primary productivity is carried out by pelagic phytoplankton, not benthic plants.

population ecology: Calculating population growth: …her lifetime is called the net reproductive rate (R0). If all females survived to the oldest possible age for that population, the net reproductive rate would simply be the sum of the average number of offspring produced by females at each age. In real populations, however, some females die at…

taxation: Direct taxes: Taxes on net worth are levied on the total net worth of a person—that is, the value of his assets minus his liabilities. As with the income tax, the personal circumstances of the taxpayer can be taken into consideration.

zero-energy building (ZEB), any building or construction characterized by zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions calculated over a period of time. Zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) usually use less energy than traditional buildings as well as generate their own energy on-site to use in

Sandra Bullock: Rise to stardom: …she appeared in the thriller The Net (1995); A Time to Kill (1996), based on the legal novel of the same name by best-selling author John Grisham; and In Love and War (1996), a drama about Ernest Hemingway’s wartime romance that inspired his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).

ogre-faced spider: One genus, Deinopis, the net-casting spider, carries a web that is thrown over prey. Other genera include Menneus, the humpbacked spiders, and Asianopis.

metamorphic rock: Principal types: …to temperature and pressure changes: net-transfer reactions and exchange reactions. Net-transfer reactions involve the breakdown of preexisting mineral phases and corresponding nucleation and growth of new phases. (Nucleation is the process in which a crystal begins to grow from one or more points, or nuclei.) They can be either solid-solid…

net-winged beetle, (family Lycidae), any of some 2,800 species of soft-bodied, brightly coloured, predominately tropical beetles (insect order Coleoptera) whose wing covers, or elytra, are broader at the tip than at the base and are characterized by a raised network of lines, or veins. The adults

Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian revolutionary prominent in the Indian Independence Movement against British rule. Popularly known as Netaji, he led an armed force composed of former Indian prisoners of war and volunteers from the Indian expatriate community. The Indian National Army, as the force

Netanya, city, west-central Israel. It lies on the Mediterranean coast, 19 miles (30 km) north of Tel Aviv–Yafo. Because of its proximity to the West Bank, the city was a frequent target of bombings by Palestinian terrorists at the beginning of the 21st century. Netanya was founded in 1928 and

Benjamin Netanyahu is an Israeli politician and diplomat who served as his country’s prime minister three times (1996–99, 2009–21, and 2022– ) and is the longest-serving prime minister since Israel’s independence. In 1963 Netanyahu, the son of the historian Benzion Netanyahu, moved with his family

Benjamin Netanyahu is an Israeli politician and diplomat who served as his country’s prime minister three times (1996–99, 2009–21, and 2022– ) and is the longest-serving prime minister since Israel’s independence. In 1963 Netanyahu, the son of the historian Benzion Netanyahu, moved with his family

Benjamin Netanyahu is an Israeli politician and diplomat who served as his country’s prime minister three times (1996–99, 2009–21, and 2022– ) and is the longest-serving prime minister since Israel’s independence. In 1963 Netanyahu, the son of the historian Benzion Netanyahu, moved with his family

netball, popular game in girls’ schools in England and several other British Commonwealth countries, similar to six-player girls’ basketball in the United States. It is played on a hard-surfaced rectangular court 100 feet long and 50 feet wide (30 by 15 metres), clearly marked into three zones with

netbook, informal classification used in the early 21st century for a variety of small low-cost mobile personal computers (PCs) used primarily for e-mail and Internet access. Netbooks split the difference between traditional full-service laptop PCs, or notebooks, and smaller, more-limited devices

Yuri Milner: …cofounded a venture capital firm, NetBridge, and began investing in Russian Internet companies. When the Internet bubble burst in 2000–01, NetBridge merged with Port.ru, which, as Mail.ru, became one of Russia’s most successful Internet companies. Milner was its chief executive officer (2001–03). In 2005 Milner cofounded the holding company Digital…

Major Supreme Court Cases from the 2023–24 Term: Moody v. NetChoice, LLC and NetChoice, LLC v. Paxton: Argued on February 26, 2024. In January 2021, shortly after the January 6 attack on the U.S. Capitol, the popular microblogging service known as Twitter (later renamed X) “permanently” suspended the account of Pres. Donald Trump on the ground that the…

Lawrence Roberts: …and chief executive officer of NetExpress, a company that produced networking equipment using the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) protocol. In 1993 he became president of ATM Systems. However, ATM was eventually supplanted by networking devices using Internet Protocol (IP), and he left ATM Systems in 1998.