New Imperialism, period of intensified imperialistic expansion from the latter half of the 19th century until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. The renewed push to expand territorial control included not only the earlier colonial powers of western Europe but also newcomers such as Germany,

Harry Connick, Jr.: …comedies Hope Floats (1998) and New in Town (2009). His TV work included a recurring role (2002–06; 2017) on the sitcom Will & Grace, and in 2016–18 he hosted the daytime talk show Harry. In the TV movie Annie Live! (2021), Connick played Daddy Warbucks.

Shyam Benegal: …New Wave Indian cinema, or parallel cinema.

Indo-Aryan languages: General characteristics: A wide variety of New Indo-Aryan languages are currently in use. According to the 2001 census of India, Indo-Aryan languages accounted for more than 790,625,000 speakers, or more than 75 percent of the population. By 2003 the constitution of India included 22 officially recognized, or Scheduled, languages. However, this…

John Kenneth Galbraith: In The New Industrial State (1967) he envisioned a growing similarity between “managerial” capitalism and socialism and called for intellectual and political changes to stem what he saw as a decline of competitiveness in the American economy. Among his many other works were The Great Crash,…

English literature: Jonson: …plays are popular in style: The New Inn (1629), which has affinities with the Shakespearean romance, and A Tale of a Tub (1633), which resurrects the Elizabethan country farce.

Ronald Coase: The field known as new institutional economics, which attempts to explain political, legal, and social institutions in economic terms and to understand the role of institutions in fostering and impeding economic growth, originated in work by Coase and others.

neoinstitutionalism, methodological approach in the study of political science, economics, organizational behaviour, and sociology in the United States that explores how institutional structures, rules, norms, and cultures constrain the choices and actions of individuals when they are part of a

neoinstitutionalism: History: …a very influential piece, “The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life” (1984), followed by a book, Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics (1989). They continued to argue for further institutional analysis in Democratic Governance (1995). In each piece, March and Olsen argued that political scientists needed to…

New Ireland, island of the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The island, lying just north of New Britain, from which it is separated by St. George’s Channel, has an area of 3,340 square miles (8,651 square km). It stretches for about 220 miles (350 km) from

Papua New Guinea: Attempts at secession: …calls for increased autonomy by New Ireland province. These relatively developed provinces argued that they received little from the national government, deserved more revenue from present and future mining projects, and wanted to plan their own educational systems, infrastructure, and economies.)

Ireland: Relations with Northern Ireland: …1984 the report of the New Ireland Forum—a discussion group that included representatives of political parties in Ireland and Northern Ireland—set out three possible frameworks for political development in Ireland: a unitary state, a federal state, and joint sovereignty. Fianna Fáil preferred a unitary state, which Fine Gael and Labour…

Novaya Zemlya, archipelago in northwestern Russia, lying in the Arctic Ocean and separating the Barents and Kara seas. Novaya Zemlya (“New Land”) consists of two large islands, Severny (northern) and Yuzhny (southern), aligned for 600 miles (1,000 km) in a southwest-northeast direction, plus

Israel: Finance: …times after 1948, and the new Israeli shekel (NIS) was introduced in September 1985 to replace the earlier Israeli shekel. The government and central bank introduced this measure as part of a successful economic stabilization policy that helped control a rate of inflation that had grown steadily between the 1950s…

Israel: Finance: …times after 1948, and the new Israeli shekel (NIS) was introduced in September 1985 to replace the earlier Israeli shekel. The government and central bank introduced this measure as part of a successful economic stabilization policy that helped control a rate of inflation that had grown steadily between the 1950s…

Wesley Snipes: … drug lord in the film New Jack City. In 1991 Snipes also won notice for his performance as a black architect who has an affair with his white secretary in Jungle Fever, also directed by Lee. In 1992, after starring roles in White Men Can’t Jump and The Waterdance, Snipes…

New jack swing: New jack swing (also known as swingbeat) was the most pop-oriented rhythm-and-blues music since 1960s Motown. Blossoming in the late 1980s and early 90s, its performers were unabashed entertainers, free of artistic pretensions; its songwriters and producers were commercial professionals. Eschewing the fashion for sampling…

New jack swing (also known as swingbeat) was the most pop-oriented rhythm-and-blues music since 1960s Motown. Blossoming in the late 1980s and early 90s, its performers were unabashed entertainers, free of artistic pretensions; its songwriters and producers were commercial professionals. Eschewing

New Jersey, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the original 13 states, it is bounded by New York to the north and northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, and Delaware and Pennsylvania to the west. The state was named for the island of Jersey in the English

Brooklyn Nets, American professional basketball team based in Brooklyn, New York, that plays in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). As a member of the American Basketball Association (ABA), the Nets won two championships (1974 and 1976). The franchise was founded in

New Jersey Devils, American professional ice hockey team based in Newark, New Jersey. The Devils play in the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The franchise found little success until the 1990s, when it established itself as one of the NHL’s most

Carol Blazejowski: …1980–81 she played for the New Jersey Gems in the Women’s Basketball League (WBL) until the WBL went bankrupt. During that season she led the league in scoring and was named Most Valuable Player. Throughout the 1980s Blazejowski worked in promotions and marketing for sporting-goods firms such as Adidas. In…

Newark: The contemporary city: Located in Newark are the New Jersey Institute of Technology (1881), the Newark campus of Rutgers University, a branch of Seton Hall University (1856; Roman Catholic), Essex County College (1968), and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (1956). Near the city centre is Military Park, used as…

John Calipari: NBA: …of basketball operations for the New Jersey Nets in 1996. He had a rough first season as the team went 26–56. However, in 1997–98 he led the team to a winning record, 43–39, and a playoff berth, though the team lost in the first round. In his third season the…

Newark: The contemporary city: The New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC; 1997), across from Military Park, is a multipurpose venue with fine acoustics and a mix of small and large performance spaces; it is home to the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra. Several blocks away, near City Hall (1908) and the…

New Jersey Plan, one of two major competing proposals for the structure and functioning of the United States government that were introduced at the Constitutional Convention in 1787 in Philadelphia. Put forth in June by William Paterson, the head of the New Jersey delegation, the New Jersey Plan

College of New Jersey, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ewing township, near Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. It comprises schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education, Nursing, and Engineering. More than 20 graduate programs leading to master’s degrees are offered through the

Rowan University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Glassboro, New Jersey, U.S. It includes the schools of business, education, engineering, fine and performing arts, and liberal arts and sciences. In addition to some 30 bachelor’s degree programs, the college offers a range

College of New Jersey, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ewing township, near Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. It comprises schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education, Nursing, and Engineering. More than 20 graduate programs leading to master’s degrees are offered through the

Ceanothus: Ceanothus americanus, commonly called New Jersey tea, occurs from Canada to Florida. During the American Revolutionary War, its leaves were used as a tea substitute. The plant grows about 1 m (3 feet) tall and has deciduous, rather oval leaves. The white flowers grow in a flat-topped cluster.

Princeton University, coeducational, private institution of higher learning in Princeton, New Jersey. It is the fourth oldest institution of higher education in the United States and one of the eight Ivy League schools, renowned for their high academic standards, selectivity in admissions, faculty,

College of New Jersey, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ewing township, near Trenton, New Jersey, U.S. It comprises schools of Arts and Sciences, Business, Education, Nursing, and Engineering. More than 20 graduate programs leading to master’s degrees are offered through the

U.S. state flag consisting of a background of buff (light tan) with the state coat of arms in the centre.The state flag was adopted on March 26, 1896, and in 1938 a law clarified that the right to display the flag was not limited to the governor alone. It is the only flag of the 50 state flags to

history of the Low Countries: Development of Dutch humanism: …of Christ and of a New Jerusalem fascinated the masses, while their fanaticism and readiness to sacrifice themselves made a deep impression on a population suffering poverty and misery. In 1534 a section of the Anabaptists moved to Münster in Westphalia, where they supposed that the New Jerusalem would be…

New Church: …of the New Church, the General Convention of the New Jerusalem in the U.S.A., and the General Church of the New Jerusalem. Its members are followers of the theology of Emanuel Swedenborg, the 18th-century Swedish scientist, philosopher, and theologian. Swedenborg did not himself found a church, but he believed that…

New Church, church organized in the General Conference of the New Church, the General Convention of the New Jerusalem in the U.S.A., and the General Church of the New Jerusalem. Its members are followers of the theology of Emanuel Swedenborg, the 18th-century Swedish scientist, philosopher, and

20th-century international relations: Nicaragua and El Salvador: …was overthrown by the leftist New Jewel Movement led by the charismatic Maurice Bishop. Over the next several years the Bishop regime socialized the country, signed mutual-assistance agreements with Soviet-bloc states, and hastened construction of a large airstrip that the United States feared would ultimately be used by Soviet aircraft.…

musical criticism: Historical development: …1834 he founded the periodical Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (“New Journal for Music”) and remained its editor in chief for 10 years. Its pages are full of the most perceptive insights into music and music makers. The first major article Schumann wrote was a laudatory essay on the young Chopin,…

New Journalism, American literary movement in the 1960s and ’70s that pushed the boundaries of traditional journalism and nonfiction writing. The genre combined journalistic research with the techniques of fiction writing in the reporting of stories about real-life events. The writers often

Armenia: Ottomans and Ṣafavids: In New Julfa the Armenian merchants played an important role in the economic life of Iran, serving as links between Europe (including England, Spain, and Russia) and the East, exporting Persian silk and importing such items as glass, clocks, spectacles, and paintings. During the 17th century…

Okamoto Kidō: …what has been called the New Kabuki (Shin Kabuki). He also wrote more than 100 short stories and several novels, the most popular being Hanshichi torimono-chō, a recounting of cases handled by a detective Hanshichi, of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Kanmon Tunnel, world’s first under-ocean tunnel, stretching 3.6 km (2.2 miles) between the islands of Honshu and Kyushu in Japan. During its construction (1936–44), nearly every known tunneling technique was employed: rock tunneling by drilling and blasting, shield tunneling in soft ground,

New Kensington, city, Westmoreland county, western Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Allegheny River, and near the Pennsylvania Turnpike, just northeast of Pittsburgh. Established in 1891 by a group of Pittsburgh merchants interested in establishing a plant for reducing aluminum, it was laid out on the

Paula Abdul: American Idol and later activities: …a supporting act for headliner New Kids on the Block. Two years later she staged a solo tour, and from 2019 to 2020 Abdul had a residency show in Las Vegas.

Stephen Wolfram: …years of research, Wolfram published A New Kind of Science, in which he articulated his controversial views about the inadequacy of math-based science as a means of unlocking the secrets of the natural world. He posited that the complexity of nature could be better understood through the study of computer…

Anatolia: The Hittite empire to c. 1180 bce: It is possible that the branch of the Hittite royal family that gained control in the 15th century bce may have originated in Kizzuwadna. Although the dynastic names remained Hittite, Hurrian names began to appear in the royal family.…

ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom (c. 1539–c. 1077 bce): Although Ahmose (ruled c. 1539–15 bce) had been preceded by Kamose, who was either his father or his brother,

Kim Young-Sam: …a center-right party, called the Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), that dominated Korean politics. As the candidate of the DLP, Kim won election to the presidency in December 1992, defeating Kim Dae-Jung and another opposition candidate, Chung Joo-Youn, chairman of the Hyundai chaebol (conglomerate).

Hieronymus Bock: Bock’s major work, the New Kreuterbuch (1539), broke from the past by providing detailed descriptions and (in the 1546 edition) careful illustrations of approximately 700 plants, which he classified on the basis of structural similarity.

United Kingdom: The struggle for control of Labour: …what became known as “New Labour,” rather than a more left-wing variant of labourism eventually replacing the Conservatives.

Lanark: New Lanark, 1 mile (1.6 km) south, was founded in 1785 as a cotton-spinning centre by David Dale with the support of Sir Richard Arkwright, inventor of the water frame. New Lanark became well known for its humane working and living conditions, brought about by…

Origen: Influence: In the 6th century the “New Laura” (monastic community) in Palestine became a centre for an Origenist movement among the monastic intelligentsia, hospitable to speculations about such matters as preexistent souls and universal salvation. The resultant controversy led Justinian I to issue a long edict denouncing Origen (543); the condemnation…

Roman law: The law of Justinian: The new law, which consisted of the ordinances of the emperors promulgated during the middle and later stages of the empire, was in a similarly disorganized condition. These ordinances or constitutions were extremely numerous and contradictory. Because no complete collection existed (earlier codices were not comprehensive),…

Wang Anshi: …unconventional idealism through the “New Laws,” or “New Policies,” of 1069–76. The academic controversy sparked by his reforms continued for centuries.

Bartolomé de Las Casas: The Apologética and the Destrucción: …King Charles signed the so-called New Laws (Leyes Nuevas). According to those laws, the encomienda was not to be considered a hereditary grant; instead, the owners had to set free their Indian serfs after the span of a single generation. To ensure enforcement of the laws, Las Casas was named…

history of publishing: The United States: …as a Republican journal; the New Leader (founded 1927), for 10 years the organ of the American Socialist Party; and the extreme left New Masses (1926–48). Postwar foundations included the anticommunist Plain Talk (1946–50); the fortnightly Reporter (1949–68), strong on “facts and ideas”; and the conservative National Review (founded 1955).…

New Left, a broad range of left-wing activist movements and intellectual currents that arose in western Europe and North America in the late 1950s and early ’60s. Often regarded as synonymous with the student radicalism of the 1960s, which culminated in the mass protests of 1968 (most notably the

new liberalism, in British history, a body of distinctive legislation on social welfare enacted between 1906 and the outbreak of World War I. Herbert Louis Samuel, Winston Churchill, and David Lloyd George were three of the government leaders most directly associated with its implementation. The

Chiang Kai-shek: …launched a campaign, the so-called New Life Movement, to inculcate Confucian morals.

American literature: Realism and metafiction: The Assistant (1957), and A New Life (1961), were also impressive works of fiction; The Assistant had the bleak moral intensity of his best stories. Paley’s stories combined an offbeat, whimsically poetic manner with a wry understanding of the ironies of family life and progressive politics. While Roth was…

La vita nuova, work written about 1293 by Dante regarding his feelings for Beatrice, who comes to represent for Dante the ideal woman. La vita nuova describes Dante’s first sight of Beatrice when both are nine years of age, her salutation when they are 18, Dante’s expedients to conceal his love for

Isaac Backus: A member of the New Light Church, a Separatist sect, Backus began preaching in 1746, traveling throughout Connecticut and Massachusetts. He was ordained in 1748 and established a congregation in the precinct of Titicut, Mass. Controversy surrounding his opposition to infant baptism, however, forced him to leave in 1756.…

New Lincoln School, private experimental coeducational school in New York City enrolling students from kindergarten through grade 12. Its predecessor was founded as Lincoln School in 1917 by the Rockefeller-funded General Education Board as “a pioneer experimental school for newer educational

Huambo, city, west-central Angola. It lies south of the Cuanza River on the Bié Plateau at an elevation of 5,581 feet (1,701 metres) and has a temperate climate. The city was founded in 1912 by Portuguese settlers and workers on the Benguela Railway, which was then under construction. It was first

Temiskaming Shores, city, Timiskaming district, eastern Ontario, Canada, at the northern end of Lake Timiskaming (an expansion of the Ottawa River), near the Quebec border. Originally known as Thornloe, the town developed on land that the provincial government opened for settlement in 1822. It was

history of logic: The properties of terms and discussions of fallacies: …were known collectively as the Logica nova (“New Logic”). In a flurry of activity, others in the 12th and 13th centuries produced additional translations of these works and of Greek and Arabic commentaries on them, along with many other philosophical writings and other works from Greek and Arabic sources.

New London, county, southeastern Connecticut, U.S. It is bordered by Long Island Sound (south), Rhode Island (east), and the Connecticut River (southwest). It comprises an upland region that is forested with hardwoods and broken by river valleys, except for the south, which consists of coastal

New London, city, coextensive with the town (township) of New London, New London county, southeastern Connecticut, U.S. It is a port on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Thames River. Founded by John Winthrop the Younger in 1646, it was called Pequot until 1658. New London was chartered as a

London Bridge: New London Bridge: For the new structure, Rennie proposed five semielliptical stone arches, with the central span reaching 46 metres (150 feet), the next two 43 metres (140 feet), and the two shore spans 40 metres (130 feet). Rennie died in 1821 before work began,…

New Look, U.S. military strategy developed by the administration of Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower and articulated in a 1953 National Security Council paper. The policy focused on the use of nuclear weapons and was intended as a way for the United States to meet its Cold War military obligations

Christian Dior: House of Dior: …year he introduced the revolutionary New Look, spurring international controversy over its radically lowered hemline. The look featured small shoulders, a cinched waist, and a voluminous skirt—a drastic change from the World War II trend of padded shoulders and short skirts. One of the most defining pieces was the Bar…

Usher: Charity work and other activities: His charity work has included New Look Foundation, a nonprofit organization he established to help educate youths from lower-income backgrounds about the business of entertainment management. The organization was also involved in the efforts to rebuild New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina (2005).

Giosuè Carducci: Rime nuove (1887; The New Lyrics) and Odi barbare (1877; The Barbarian Odes) contain the best of Carducci’s poetry: the evocations of the Maremma landscape and the memories of childhood; the lament for the loss of his only son; the representation of great historical events; and the ambitious…

H.G. Wells: Early writings: …is retold in his novel The New Machiavelli (1911), in which the Webbs are parodied as the Baileys.

New Madrid, city, seat (1821) of New Madrid county, southeastern Missouri, U.S., on the Mississippi River, 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Cairo, Ill. It originated as a French Canadian trading post about 1783. The town was initiated in 1789 by an American Revolutionary War veteran, George Morgan,

New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–12, series of three large earthquakes that occurred near New Madrid, Missouri, between December 1811 and February 1812. There were thousands of aftershocks, of which 1,874 were large enough to be felt in Louisville, Kentucky, about 190 miles (300 km) away. The number

New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth’s crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about

New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), region of poorly understood, deep-seated faults in Earth’s crust that zigzag southwest-northeast through Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky, U.S. Lying in the central area of the North American Plate, the seismic zone is about 45 miles (70 km) wide and about

Patricio Aylwin: …became the spokesperson for the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD). The CPD was a grouping of political parties created in February 1988, originally under the name Command for No (Comando por el No). After the resounding “no” vote that paved the way…

Pat Buchanan: The New Majority, which was privately published in 1973, was influential in advancing the idea that the views of so-called Middle Americans, not those of the media, represented the thinking of most U.S. citizens. Among his other writings are The Great Betrayal (1998), on the…

fascism: The new man: ” Fascists aimed to transform the ordinary man into the “new man,” a “virile” being who would put decadent bourgeoisie, cerebral Marxists, and “feminine” liberals to shame. The new man would be physically strong and morally “hard,” admiring what was forceful and vigorous and…

Christianity: The new man: The human being in the light of Christ: Probably no idea and no sentiment in the early church dominated the Christian feeling for life so thoroughly and comprehensively as the consciousness of the newness of the life into which persons viewed themselves transposed…

New Market, town, Shenandoah county, northwestern Virginia, U.S., in the Shenandoah Valley. Laid out in 1784 and early known as Crossroads, it was incorporated in 1796 and renamed for the famous English horseracing town. This small community gained a place in American Civil War history when

New Market: …community gained a place in American Civil War history when Confederate General John C. Breckinridge, in desperation, ordered the 257 cadets of the Virginia Military Institute in Lexington to join the fight in the hills to the north with about 4,000 other soldiers against the 6,000 Union army troops of…

New Martinsville, city, seat (1846) of Wetzel county, northern West Virginia, U.S., on the Ohio River, about 32 miles (51 km) southwest of Wheeling. Settled by Edward Doolin in 1780, it was later called Martin’s Fort to honour Presley Martin, who bought the land and organized defense measures after

Granville Hicks: As literary editor of the New Masses, he became one of the party’s chief cultural spokesmen. His book The Great Tradition (1933; rev. ed. 1935) evaluated American literature since the Civil War from a Marxist point of view.

Peter Barlow: …published numerous mathematical works, including New Mathematical Tables (1814). Later known as Barlow’s Tables, this compilation of factors and functions of all numbers from 1 to 10,000 was considered so accurate and so useful that it has been regularly reprinted ever since.

blot drawing: …Cozens published an instructional manual, A New Method for Assisting the Invention in Drawing Original Compositions of Landscape, entirely based on the development of blot drawing. In more recent times, the technique has been exploited by the Surrealists, as in the drawings of Max Ernst and, later, by Bruce Connor.

Halliburton, American oil-field services, engineering, and construction company that operates worldwide. It is a global leader in the so-called “upstream” oil industry (petroleum exploration and production). Company headquarters offices are in Houston, Texas, and Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Tajikistan: Education: … reformist movement had installed its New Method schools received the rudiments of a modern, though still Muslim, education. The educational establishment was dominated until the 1920s by the standard network of Muslim maktabs and madrasahs, however. Soviet efforts eventually brought secular education to the entire population, and levels of Tajik…

Rotterdam: …along both banks of the New Meuse (Nieuwe Maas) River, which is a northern distributary of the Rhine River.

New Mexico, constituent state of the United States of America. It became the 47th state of the union in 1912. New Mexico ranks fifth among the 50 U.S. states in terms of total area and is bounded by Colorado to the north, Oklahoma and Texas to the east, Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua and

New Mexico State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S. It anchors the New Mexico State University system, which also includes two-year branches at Alamogordo, Las Cruces (Doña Ana Branch Community College), Carlsbad, and Grants. More than

Roswell: The New Mexico Military Institute was founded there in 1891, and the city’s museum houses paintings by Peter Hurd (born in Roswell). Bottomless Lakes State Park is just east of the city, and Lincoln National Forest is to the west. The supposed site of an extraterrestrial-spacecraft…

New Mexico State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S. It anchors the New Mexico State University system, which also includes two-year branches at Alamogordo, Las Cruces (Doña Ana Branch Community College), Carlsbad, and Grants. More than

New Mexico State University: It anchors the New Mexico State University system, which also includes two-year branches at Alamogordo, Las Cruces (Doña Ana Branch Community College), Carlsbad, and Grants. More than 75 majors are offered in six undergraduate colleges: agriculture and home economics, arts and sciences, business administration and

U.S. state flag consisting of a yellow field (background) with a Zia Indian sun in red as its central symbol.The original state flag of New Mexico, designed by the historian Ralph E. Twitchell and adopted in 1915, was typical of American vexillography (flag design). On a blue background it included

Santa Fe: The Museum of New Mexico encompasses the Palace of the Governors (specializing in the history of the city, state, and region), the Museum of International Folk Art (with what purports to be the world’s largest collection of cross-cultural traditional folk art), the Museum of Fine Arts…

University of New Mexico, public, coeducational institution of higher learning, situated east of the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. It offers a comprehensive array of undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs. The university comprises schools and colleges of arts and

New Milford, borough (town), Bergen county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., immediately north of Hackensack on the east bank of the Hackensack River. Early Dutch settlers established a plantation-type farm called Vriesendael, which was pillaged by Delaware Indians in 1643. In 1675 David Demarest (or