Newark, city and port, Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Passaic River and on Newark Bay, 8 miles (13 km) west of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. Newark was incorporated as a city in 1836. Pop. (2010) 277,140; Newark-Union Metro Division, 2,147,727;

millennium, a period of 1,000 years. The Gregorian calendar, put forth in 1582 and subsequently adopted by most countries, did not include a year 0 in the transition from bc (years before Christ) to ad (those since his birth). Thus, the 1st millennium is defined as spanning years 1–1000 and the 2nd

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): …documents: the financière and the italienne bastarde. (Barbedor had been given the task of revising the official government scripts by the king’s minister of finance, Jean-Baptiste Colbert.) Barbedor’s instructions for writing the italienne bastarde (which he saw as a near-universal hand for all sorts of nonfinancial documents) are precise: small…

New Model Army, army formed in February 1645 that won the English Civil War for Parliament and itself came to exercise important political power. When war broke out in 1642, Parliament had at its command the local militia, or trainbands, of those districts supporting its cause, notably London, the

history of Europe: The rise of organized labour and mass protests: …craft union movement, known as New Model Unionism, that urged calm negotiation and respectability; a number of durable trade unions were formed as a result, and a minority of workers gained experience in national organization. Miners and factory workers rose in strikes occasionally, signaling a class-based tension with management in…

Dionysian period: …covering a complete cycle of New Moons (19 years between occurrences on the same date) and of dominical letters—i.e., correspondences between days of the week and of the month, which recur every 28 years in the same order. The product of 19 and 28 is the interval in years (532)…

Stephenie Meyer: Meyer’s second novel, New Moon (2006; film 2009), in which Bella befriends a young werewolf named Jacob Black, topped the list of best-selling children’s chapter books in The New York Times within a month of its publication. In the third book, Eclipse (2007; film 2010), Bella must choose…

New Moon, (Hebrew: “Head of the Month”), the start of the Hebrew month, a minor Jewish festival on which fasting and mourning are not allowed. The modern observance consists principally in preserving the ancient custom of reciting a blessing on the Sabbath preceding the New Moon and in singing or

Cassandra Wilson: New Moon Daughter (1995) sold more than 650,000 copies and earned Wilson the 1997 Grammy Award for best jazz vocal performance. She also toured as a featured vocalist in Wynton Marsalis’s epic cantata about slavery, Blood on the Fields, in 1997.

Sigmund Romberg: …song and “One Alone”; and The New Moon (1928), with “Lover, Come Back to Me” (melody adapted in part from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s June: Barcarolle).

museum in New York City dedicated to exhibiting work by contemporary and living artists. The museum was founded in 1977 by Marcia Tucker, a former curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art. Tucker conceived of the museum as an alternative artist space, which did not require a permanent home in

New Museum, museum located on Museum Island (Museumsinsel) in Berlin and part of the National Museums of Berlin (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin). It houses the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection (Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung), the Museum of Prehistory and Early History (Museum für Vor-

museum in New York City dedicated to exhibiting work by contemporary and living artists. The museum was founded in 1977 by Marcia Tucker, a former curator at the Whitney Museum of American Art. Tucker conceived of the museum as an alternative artist space, which did not require a permanent home in

Henry Cowell: …modern composers, he founded the New Music Quarterly in 1927 and was its editor until 1936. He also edited American Composers on American Music (1933) and with his wife, Sidney Cowell, wrote Charles Ives and His Music (1955). A number of well-known American composers, including John Cage, Lou Harrison, and…

aria: … published Le nuove musiche (The New Music), a collection of solo songs with continuo (usually cello and harpsichord) accompaniment. Caccini called his strophic, or stanza-form, songs arie (singular aria). Most serious strophic songs published in Italy after 1602 were called arias, and in 1607 the form made its way…

Britpop: …the English music weekly the New Musical Express (NME)—which referred to Paul Weller of the Jam as “the Modfather of Britpop.” Indeed, many of those most associated with the term resisted the pigeonhole it offered.

Henry Cowell: …he did in his book New Musical Resources (1919; published 1930), an influential technical study of music. While studying comparative musicology in Berlin with Erich von Hornbostel, Cowell became interested in the music of other cultures; he later studied Asian and Middle Eastern music, elements of which he absorbed into…

Anya Taylor-Joy: Other roles from the 2020s: …as a Russian sorceress in The New Mutants (2020), an action movie based on characters from Marvel Comics’ X-Men; starred as an aspiring singer in the 1960s in Last Night in Soho (2021), a psychological thriller directed by Edgar Wright; reteamed with The Witch director Robert Eggers in The Northman…

Baker Island, unincorporated territory of the United States in the South Pacific Ocean, about 1,650 miles (2,650 km) southwest of Honolulu. A coral atoll rising to 25 feet (8 metres), it measures 1 mile (1.6 km) long by 0.7 mile (1.1 km) wide and has a land area of about 0.6 square mile (1.5 square

New National Gallery, art museum in Berlin, Germany, featuring 20th-century European painting and sculpture. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) The New National Gallery is one of the museums that make up the National Museums of Berlin. The name “New” refers both to the

Grenada: Independence of Grenada: …1984, was won by the New National Party (NNP) headed by Herbert A. Blaize, who had led the government in the 1960s. The new government sought to revive tourism, but Grenada’s continuing economic problems throughout the late 1980s contributed to the government’s dwindling popularity. Following an election in March 1990,…

National Party (NP), South African political party, founded in 1914, which ruled the country from 1948 to 1994. Its following included most of the Dutch-descended Afrikaners and many English-speaking whites. The National Party was long dedicated to policies of apartheid and white supremacy, but by

New Nationalism, in U.S. history, political philosophy of Theodore Roosevelt, an espousal of active federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the underprivileged; its precepts were strongly influenced by Herbert Croly’s The Promise of American Life (1910). Roosevelt

African American literature: The Harlem Renaissance: …of the 1920s, epitomized in The New Negro (1925), an anthology edited by writer and educator Alain Locke that featured the early work of some of the most gifted Harlem Renaissance writers, including the poets Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, and Claude McKay and the novelists Rudolph Fisher, Zora Neale

Witi Ihimaera: …numerous short-story collections, among them The New Net Goes Fishing (1977), Dear Miss Mansfield: A Tribute to Kathleen Mansfield Beauchamp (1989), and The Thrill of Falling (2012). One of the novellas from the collection Ask the Posts of the House (2007) was rewritten and filmed as White Lies (2013). The…

New Norfolk, town, southern Tasmania, Australia, on the River Derwent. It is located about 15 miles (25 km) northwest of Hobart. From 1807 to 1808, inhabitants of Norfolk Island in the South Pacific Ocean were resettled in the area, and in 1811 the town site was chosen by Governor Lachlan Macquarie

Norwegian language: …called Dano-Norwegian, or Riksmål) and New Norwegian (Nynorsk).

New Novel, avant-garde novel of the mid-20th century that marked a radical departure from the conventions of the traditional novel in that it ignores such elements as plot, dialogue, linear narrative, and human interest. Starting from the premise that the potential of the traditional novel had been

Indian philosophy: The ultralogical period: …foundations of the school of Navya-Nyaya (“New Nyaya”). Four great members of this school were Pakshadhara Mishra of Mithila, Vasudeva Sarvabhauma (16th century), his disciple Raghunatha Shiromani (both of Bengal), and Gadadhara Bhattacharyya.

Neue Sachlichkeit, (German: New Objectivity), a group of German artists in the 1920s whose works were executed in a realistic style (in contrast to the prevailing styles of Expressionism and Abstraction) and who reflected what was characterized as the resignation and cynicism of the post-World War

New York City, city and port located at the mouth of the Hudson River, southeastern New York state, northeastern U.S. It is the largest and most influential American metropolis, encompassing Manhattan and Staten islands, the western sections of Long Island, and a small portion of the New York state

Joy Division/New Order: /New Order, British rock group who, as Joy Division, refined the external chaos of 1970s punk into a disquieting inner turmoil, ushering in the postpunk era, and later, as New Order, pioneered the successful fusion of rock and 1980s African American dance music styles. The…

Suharto: …a policy he called the New Order, relying on the help of American-educated economists to reinvigorate the Indonesian economy. Western investment and foreign aid were encouraged, and Indonesia’s domestic oil production was greatly expanded, with the resulting revenues used to fund infrastructure and development projects. By 1972 Suharto had succeeded…

Italy: Economic and political crisis: the two red years: …radical approach, and by the New Order (Ordine Nuovo) group of intellectuals based in Turin around Antonio Gramsci. These Socialists continually proclaimed the need for revolution and their desire to “do as in Russia.” Reformist leaders, such as Turati, were isolated and vilified. However, the party did little to actually…

New Orleans, city, southeastern Louisiana, U.S. Unquestionably one of the most distinctive cities of the New World, New Orleans was established at great cost in an environment of conflict. Its strategic position, commanding the mouth of the great Mississippi-Missouri river system, which drains the

Cincinnati: History: …of the Allegheny Mountains, the New Orleans, arrived on its downriver voyage from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Miami and Erie Canal was completed to Dayton in 1829, and the first section of the Little Miami Railway was laid in 1843. River commerce, which reached its height in 1852, stimulated steamboat building…

Larry Brown: …as a member of the New Orleans Buccaneers of the American Basketball Association (ABA). Brown was one of the league’s early stars. Over five seasons with five teams, he established himself as a scrappy, cerebral point guard. He was the Most Valuable Player of the 1968 ABA All-Star Game and…

Marsalis family: …he began teaching at the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts, where his pupils included Harry Connick, Jr., Terence Blanchard, Donald Harrison, Nicholas Payton, and Kent and Marlon Jordan, as well as his own six sons, four of whom became celebrated musicians. The success of his sons resulted in Ellis’s…

New Orleans Pelicans, American professional basketball team based in New Orleans that plays in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Pelicans, founded in 1988, were originally located in Charlotte, North Carolina, and were known as the Hornets. Early teams

New Orleans: Cultural life: The New Orleans Jazz Club established a Jazz Museum and later donated the collection to the Louisiana State Museum system. The jazz collection is displayed in the Old U.S. Mint. Each spring the city puts on the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival.

New Orleans massacre of 1866, incident of white violence directed against newly freed African Americans in urban New Orleans, Louisiana, after the end of the American Civil War. On July 30, 1866, a mob of white men—acting with the compliance and even aid of local civilian authorities and the

New Orleans Pelicans, American professional basketball team based in New Orleans that plays in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Pelicans, founded in 1988, were originally located in Charlotte, North Carolina, and were known as the Hornets. Early teams

Eliza Jane Poitevent Holbrook Nicholson: …New Orleans Times, and the New Orleans Picayune. Over family objections, she accepted the post of literary editor of the Picayune in 1870. In May 1872 she married Alva M. Holbrook, who until the preceding January had been owner and editor of the paper. She published Lyrics, a volume of…

jazz: The cornetist breaks away: Louis Armstrong and the invention of swing: …the time, such as the New Orleans Rhythm Kings, Red Nichols and his Five Pennies, and, above all, the outstandingly gifted Bix Beiderbecke. Inheriting a lyrical, romantic bent from his German background, Beiderbecke presented another view of the Armstrong revolution, not only in his superb recorded improvisations of “I’m Coming…

New Orleans Saints, American professional football team based in New Orleans that plays in the National Football Conference (NFC) of the NFL. The Saints have won one Super Bowl championship (2010). (Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on inventing American football.) The Saints began play in

New Orleans style, in music, the first method of group jazz improvisation. Developed near the turn of the 20th century, it was not recorded first in New Orleans but rather in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Richmond, Indiana. Divided by many experts into white (the Original Dixieland Jazz Band and the

Torrington, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Torrington, Litchfield county, northwestern Connecticut, U.S., on the Naugatuck River. The town was named in 1732 for Great Torrington, England, but the area was not settled until 1737. The town was incorporated in 1740. The village went by

Battle of New Orleans, (April 24–25, 1862), naval action by Union forces seeking to capture the city during the American Civil War. A Union naval squadron of 43 ships under Admiral David G. Farragut entered the lower Mississippi near New Orleans and soon breached the heavy chain cables that were

Battle of New Orleans, (January 8, 1815), U.S. victory against Great Britain in the War of 1812 and the final major battle of that conflict. Both the British and American troops were unaware of the peace treaty that had been signed between the two countries in Ghent, Belgium, a few weeks prior, and

New Orleans: The port: The era of the modern Port of New Orleans began in 1879 with the construction of jetties in South Pass, one of three passes that flow from the river into the gulf. Sandbars had formed at intervals in these passes and had hindered ships entering the river since the city’s…

New Orleans: Education: …Loyola University New Orleans, the University of New Orleans, Delgado Community College, Our Lady of Holy Cross College, Dillard University, Xavier University of Louisiana, and Southern University at New Orleans. The city has many private, parochial, and business schools. The public school system began in 1841 with 83 pupils and…

Hubert Howe Bancroft: His other writings include The New Pacific (1898), in which he argued in favour of U.S. imperialism in the West.

New Paltz, town (township), Ulster county, southeastern New York, U.S., on the Wallkill River, just northwest of Poughkeepsie; it includes the village of New Paltz. The site was settled by French Huguenots in 1677 who named it for an earlier European refuge, the Rhenish Palatinate (German Pfalz).

Paphos: …located at modern Pírgos (Kouklia); New Paphos, which had superseded Old Paphos by Roman times, was 10 miles (16 km) farther west. New Paphos and Ktima together form modern Paphos.

India: Moderate and militant nationalism: Young militants of Tilak’s New Party wanted to extend the boycott movement to the entire British government, while moderate leaders like Gokhale cautioned against such “extreme” action, fearing it might lead to violence. Those moderates were attacked by the militants as “traitors” to the “motherland,” and the Congress split…

Ghana: Democratic stability: …John Agyekum Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party (NPP) in the first peaceful transfer of power between democratically elected governments since Ghanaian independence in 1957; Kufuor was reelected in 2004.

New Kōmeitō: …1998 Kōmeitō merged with the New Peace Party to become New Kōmeitō. In the lower-house elections of 2000, New Kōmeitō captured only 31 seats. Subsequent elections to that chamber in 2003 and 2005 yielded about the same level of support for the party—34 and 31 seats, respectively—and it solidified itself…

Rumford, town, Oxford county, western Maine, U.S., in the Oxford Hills where the Ellis, Swift, and Concord rivers enter the Androscoggin River to form spectacular Pennacook Falls, 75 miles (121 km) north-northwest of Portland. The town includes the communities of Rumford, Rumford Center, and

coin: Modern coinage: With 100 “new pence” to the pound, the decimal coinage was based on denominations of these new pence ( 1 2 [since demonetized], one, two, five, 10, 50); the sixpence coin continued briefly as a 2 1 2 -pence coin before being phased out, as were the…

New People’s Army (NPA), military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML), which is a Communist organization dedicated to achieving power in the Philippines by means of revolutionary insurrection. The CPP-ML was originally a Maoist faction that broke away from the

Mao Zedong: Early years: …important of those was the New People’s Study Society, founded in the winter of 1917–18, many of whose members were later to join the Communist Party.

Persian language, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is the official language of Iran, and two varieties of Persian known as Dari and Tajik are official languages in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, respectively. Modern Persian is most closely related to Middle and Old

Persian literature, body of writings in New Persian (also called Modern Persian), the form of the Persian language written since the 9th century with a slightly extended form of the Arabic alphabet and with many Arabic loanwords. The literary form of New Persian is known as Farsi in Iran, where it

New Philadelphia, city, seat (1808) of Tuscarawas county, east-central Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Tuscarawas River, adjacent to the city of Dover, about 25 miles (40 km) south of Canton. It was founded in 1804 by John Knisely, a tavern keeper from York, Pa. Named for Philadelphia, Pa., the

pitch: …in 1896, adopted the “New Philharmonic Pitch” at a′ = 439 and, in 1939, adopted the U.S. standard pitch of a′ = 440. In the mid-20th century, pitch again tended to creep upward as some European woodwind builders used the pitch a′ = 444.

Bernard-Henri Lévy: …that became known as the New Philosophers (Nouveaux Philosophes). They launched a severe critique of the Marxism and socialism that had dominated French intellectual life since World War II and to which Lévy himself had previously subscribed. His principal contribution to that movement was La Barbarie à visage humain (1977;…

Bavarian State Picture Galleries: The Neue Pinakothek (New Pinakothek), based on private picture collections of the Bavarian kings, is a collection noted for its works of European painting from the 18th through the 20th century and for its sculpture of the 19th–20th centuries. It is housed with the New State…

Bian Canal: … (581–618) began construction of the New Bian Canal in 605. It followed the old canal as far as Shangqiu but then flowed southeastward through Yongcheng (Henan) and Suxian (Anhui) to Sihong (Jiangsu), where it joined the Huai above Hongze Lake in Jiangsu, which was considerably smaller in the 7th century.…

New Pittsburgh Courier, newspaper based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that is known for promoting economic and political power for African Americans. For many years it published both local and national print editions, which allowed its editors and writers to bring attention to events and influence

New Plymouth, city (“district”) and port, Taranaki local government region, western North Island, New Zealand. It lies along North Taranaki Bight at the base of Mount Taranaki (Egmont). The settlement was founded in 1841 by the New Plymouth Company under the auspices of the New Zealand Company. In

Heinrich Heine: Later life and works: …of poems, Neue Gedichte (1844; New Poems), illustrates the change. The first group, “Neuer Frühling” (“New Spring,” written mostly in 1830/31), is a more mannered reprise of the love poems of Buch der Lieder, and the volume also contains some ballad poetry, a genre in which Heine worked all his…

Thomas Kinsella: New Poems 1956–73 (1973) and One, and Other Poems (1979) skillfully extend the themes of love, death, and rejuvenation.

Vietnamese literature: …and Nhat Linh, and the Tho Moi (“New Poetry”) school, which included important writers such as Xuan Dieu, Che Lan Vien, Cu Huy Can, Bang Ba Lan, and Luu Trong Lu. Both groups succeeded in throwing off antiquated Chinese literary habits, creating a new and lively literature in Quoc-ngu, the…

neōteros, any of a group of poets who sought to break away from the didactic-patriotic tradition of Latin poetry by consciously emulating the forms and content of Alexandrian Greek models. The neōteroi deplored the excesses of alliteration and onomatopoeia and the ponderous metres that

Wang Anshi: …unconventional idealism through the “New Laws,” or “New Policies,” of 1069–76. The academic controversy sparked by his reforms continued for centuries.

the Cars: Reunion and legacy: outfits, including Weezer, the Strokes, the New Pornographers, and the Killers. In 2024 the U.S. Library of Congress added the album The Cars to the National Recording Registry, a list of audio recordings deemed “culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.”

Benjamin Robins: …theory and practice with his New Principles of Gunnery (1742), which invalidated old suppositions about the nature and action of gunpowder and the flight of projectiles and formed the basis of all later scientific studies in these fields. His invention of the ballistic pendulum, a device allowing the determination of…

Venice: The Piazza San Marco: …Old Procurators’ Offices and the New Procurators’ Offices. The buildings now house fashionable shops and elegant cafés, whose string ensembles compete with each other in summer months to attract customers to their open-air tables. At the basilica end of the Old Procurators’ building stands the Clock Tower, a late 14th-century…

Puerto Rico: Government: …of commonwealth status, and the New Progressive Party, which favours U.S. statehood. Together these two parties have commanded virtually all the vote in elections since the late 20th century. The Puerto Rican Independence Party, which won one-fifth of the vote in 1952, is supported by about 5 percent of the…

Montanism, a schismatic movement founded by the prophet Montanus that arose in the Christian church in Phrygia, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), in the 2nd century. Subsequently it flourished in the West, principally in Carthage under the leadership of Tertullian in the 3rd century. It almost died out

New Providence Island, principal island of The Bahamas, West Indies. It is located between Andros Island (west) and Eleuthera Island (east). The island has a length of 21 miles (34 km) and a width of 7 miles (11 km) and is mostly flat, with swamps and several shallow lakes. Nassau is the island’s

governance: The new governance: …first wave consisted of the new public management (NPM), as advocated by neoliberals; these reforms were attempts to increase the role of markets and of corporate management techniques in the public sector. The second wave of reforms consisted of attempts to develop and manage a joined-up series of networks informed…

Nord-du-Québec, administrative region constituting the northern half of Quebec province, Canada. The name Nouveau-Québec (“New Quebec”) once was used synonymously with Ungava for that part of the Labrador-Ungava peninsula between Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea, north of the Eastmain and Churchill

Ungava-Quebec Crater, geologically young crater, produced by an impact event involving a meteorite, located in the northwestern part of the Ungava Peninsula, northern Quebec province, Canada. First recognized as an impact structure in 1950, the crater is 3.4 km (2.1 miles) in diameter and has a rim

Rajgir Hills: The remains of New Rajagriha, the reputed capital of King Bimbisara (c. 520–491 bce), lie north of the valley.

César: …at the forefront of the New Realism movement with his radical compressions (compacted automobiles, discarded metal, or rubbish), expansions (polyurethane foam sculptures), and fantastic representations of animals and insects.

new realism, early 20th-century movement in metaphysics and epistemology that opposed the idealism dominant in British and U.S. universities. Early leaders included William James, Bertrand Russell, and G.E. Moore, who adopted the term realism to signal their opposition to idealism. In 1910 William

new regionalism, shift in national systems of administration and cultural, economic, and political organization following the Cold War. New regionalist projects, which began about the mid-1980s, differed in substance from the earlier rise in regionalist developments, which had begun about the 1950s

new religious movement (NRM), the generally accepted term for what is sometimes called, often with pejorative connotations, a “cult.” The term new religious movement has been applied to all new faiths that have arisen worldwide over the past several centuries. NRMs are characterized by a number of

New Republic Party, former South African political party founded in 1977 as the direct successor to the United Party. The majority faction of the United Party, seeing its party disintegrating by defections to other new parties and to the ruling National Party, decided formally to disband the party

The New Republic (TNR), journal of opinion edited in Washington, D.C. and later New York City, that remained one of the most influential magazines in the United States from its founding in 1914. The magazine was begun by Willard Straight with Herbert David Croly as its editor. The New Republic

Samuel Putnam: …and edited a critical magazine, The New Review (1931–32), which had an eclectic mix of contributors ranging from Ezra Pound to James T. Farrell.

New Right, grassroots coalition of American conservatives that collectively led what scholars often refer to as the “conservative ascendancy” or “Republican ascendancy” of the late 20th century. Dubbed the New Right partly in contrast to the New Left counterculture of the 1960s, the New Right

New River, river formed by the junction of North and South forks in Ashe county, northwestern North Carolina, U.S. It flows north across Virginia into West Virginia and joins the Gauley River, there dammed for hydropower, after a course of 255 miles (410 km), to form the Kanawha River in

Enfield: The New River, an early 17th-century canal, constructed to supply water from Hertfordshire to Clerkenwell, London, remains a scenic element in the district, and landscaping, footpaths, and recreation sites have transformed the Lea valley into a green corridor extending deep into the East End of London.…

Belize: Drainage and soils: …which stands Belize City), the New River, and the Hondo River (which forms the northern frontier with Mexico). Both the New and the Hondo rivers drain into Chetumal Bay to the north. South of Belize City the coastal plain is crossed by short river valleys. Along the coast is the…

bridge: Truss bridges: In 1977 the New River Gorge Bridge, the world’s longest-spanning steel arch, was completed in Fayette county, West Virginia, U.S. Designed by Michael Baker, the two-hinged arch truss carries four lanes of traffic 263 metres (876 feet) above the river and has a span of 510 metres (1,700…

New River: New River Gorge National Park and Preserve covers more than 70,000 acres (28,300 hectares) along some 50 miles (80 km) of the river.

New Rochelle, city, Westchester county, southeastern New York, U.S. It lies along Long Island Sound, just northeast of New York City. Founded in 1688 by a group of Huguenot refugees, it was named for La Rochelle, a seaport on the Atlantic coast of France. Its modern suburban-residential character

new wave: …of Seagulls; and the so-called New Romantics, including the cosmetics-wearing Duran Duran, Adam and the Ants, and Culture Club. As the mid-1980s approached, the line separating new wave from the corporate mainstream blurred, especially for bands such as the Pretenders (fronted by former rock journalist Chrissie Hynde), the