Istanbul, largest city and principal seaport of Turkey. It was the capital of both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The old walled city of Istanbul stands on a triangular peninsula between Europe and Asia. Sometimes as a bridge, sometimes as a barrier, Istanbul for more than 2,500 years

New Romney, town (parish), Shepway district, administrative and historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It was formerly one of the medieval Cinque Ports of the English Channel coast but is now more than 1 mile (1.6 km) from the sea. The town is surrounded by Romney Marsh, a level tract built

New Ross, port town, County Wexford, Ireland. It lies along the River Barrow, just below the latter’s junction with the Nore. In the 6th century St. Abban founded the abbey of Rossmactreoin, which gave rise to the ancient city Rossglas, or Rossponte. By 1269 the town, which stands on a steep hill

Ukraine: Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule: …sparsely settled southern lands (named Novorossiya, or New Russia) were colonized by migrants from other parts of Ukraine, as well as smaller numbers from Russia, the Balkans, and Germany. This colonization movement greatly expanded Ukrainian ethnic territory. The new Black Sea port of Odessa (Odesa) grew into a large and…

St. Peter’s Basilica, present basilica of St. Peter in Vatican City (an enclave in Rome), begun by Pope Julius II in 1506 and completed in 1615 under Paul V. It is designed as a three-aisled Latin cross with a dome at the crossing, directly above the high altar, which covers the shrine of St. Peter

Russia: Tatar rule: (It was moved to New Sarai, near the site of Tsaritsyn, modern Volgograd, about 1260.) These towns became the commercial and administrative centres of what was later to be called the “Golden Horde” (the term is probably a Western invention). Its East Slavic territories were tributaries of an extensive…

Salisbury, city in the administrative and historic county of Wiltshire, southern England. It is situated at the confluence of the Rivers Avon (East, or Hampshire, Avon) and Wiley. It functioned historically as the principal town of Wiltshire and is the seat of an Anglican bishop. The origins of

The New School, private coeducational institution of higher learning in New York, New York, U.S. The New School for Social Research was established in 1919 as an informal centre for adult education by a group of independent-minded scholars that included economist Thorstein Veblen, historian Charles

Kóstas Kariotákis: …show the influence of the New School of Poetry of Athens, founded in about 1880 by Kostís Palamás, which revolted against Katharevusa, the stilted and archaic official language of Greece, and against the emotionalism of the Romantics. His poetry also reveals the Symbolist influence in addition to the loneliness and…

Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.): History: …in the North, added “New School” and the other added “Old School.” Both groups continued to grow, but, during the Civil War, the Old School Presbyterians in the South seceded and formed the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America. After the war the North-South groups of the…

The New School, private coeducational institution of higher learning in New York, New York, U.S. The New School for Social Research was established in 1919 as an informal centre for adult education by a group of independent-minded scholars that included economist Thorstein Veblen, historian Charles

Giambattista Vico: Period of the Scienza nuova of Giambattista Vico: The outline of the work that he planned to call Scienza nuova first appeared in 1720–21 in a two-volume legal treatise on the “Universal Law.” The outline was written in Latin and appeared in a chapter entitled “Nova Scientia Tentatur” (“The…

Scotland Yard, the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police and, by association, a name often used to denote that force. It is located on the River Thames at Victoria Embankment just north of Westminster Bridge in the City of Westminster. The London police force was created in 1829 by an act

Sir Thomas Brock: He is associated with the New Sculpture movement that reinvigorated the classicizing British sculpture with a new elegance and vitality drawn from Renaissance and Baroque models.

Yokomitsu Riichi: …of the mainstays of the New Sensationalist school (Shinkankaku-ha) of Japanese writers, influenced by the avant-garde trends in European literature of the 1920s.

Severn River, river, northwestern Ontario, Canada. It rises in the Finger Lake region of western Ontario and flows northeast for about 610 miles (980 km) through Severn Lake to Hudson Bay. Discovered in 1631, it was originally named New Severn (after the River Severn in England) by Capt. Thomas

Jeff Bezos: Other activities: …introduce a crewed suborbital spacecraft, New Shepard, in 2018 and an orbital launch vehicle, New Glenn, in 2020. Bezos bought The Washington Post and affiliated publications for $250 million in 2013. Bezos’s net worth was calculated in 2024 at $204 billion, making him the fourth richest person in the world.

New Shoreham, town, Rhode Island, U.S., coextensive with Block Island

New Siberian Islands, archipelago, northeastern Russia, lying north of eastern Siberia in the Arctic Ocean and dividing the Laptev Sea to the west from the East Siberian Sea to the east. Dmitry Laptev Strait separates the New Siberian Islands from the Siberian mainland. The archipelago is

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Chinese-led massive infrastructure investment project aimed at improving connectivity, trade, and communication across Eurasia, Latin America, and Africa. Among the infrastructure projects it has supported are airports, ports, power plants, bridges, railways, roads,

Andalusia, city, seat (1841) of Covington county, southern Alabama, U.S., near the Conecuh River, about 85 miles (135 km) south of Montgomery. It originated in 1841 as New Site, when the county seat of Montezuma relocated to higher ground because of floods, at a point along the Three Notch Trail

Slovenia: Political process: …formed a coalition with the New Slovenia–Christian People’s Party, the Slovenian Democratic Party of Pensioners, and the Slovenian People’s Party. In the 2008 parliamentary elections the centre-left Social Democrats narrowly edged out the Slovenian Democratic Party.

New Smyrna Beach, city, Volusia county, northeastern Florida, U.S. It lies 15 miles (25 km) south of Daytona Beach, on the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River (a lagoon separated from the Atlantic by barrier islands). Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León landed at an inlet just north of the city

New Smyrna Beach, city, Volusia county, northeastern Florida, U.S. It lies 15 miles (25 km) south of Daytona Beach, on the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian River (a lagoon separated from the Atlantic by barrier islands). Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León landed at an inlet just north of the city

social movement: Other theories: The second theory is the new social movement theory. It derives from an intellectual dissatisfaction with the predominantly Marxist view that treats social movements as reflecting a fundamental struggle among classes organized around economic production. That theory, it is argued, has become less relevant as these classes have been drawn…

Philippines: Political process: …Nacionalista and Liberal parties, Marcos’s New Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), an organization created from elements of the Nacionalista Party and other supporters, emerged as predominant. Organized political opposition was revived for legislative elections held in 1978, and, since the downfall of Marcos, partisan politics has returned to its…

Nicaragua: The arts: In the 1970s the “New Song movement,” a form of traditional Latin American folk music mixed with political and social commentary, was led by Nicaraguan brothers Luis Enríque Mejía Godoy and Carlos Mejía Godoy, who continued to perform into the 1990s, often with other artists, including Katia Cardenal and…

New South Wales, state of southeastern Australia, occupying both coastal mountains and interior tablelands. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east and the states of Victoria to the south, South Australia to the west, and Queensland to the north. New South Wales also includes Lord Howe

New South Wales Corps, (1789–1818), British military force formed for service in the convict colony of New South Wales. It figured prominently in the early history of Australia. With the arrival of the corps in 1790–92, the colony gained a new dynamic force: officers and soldiers received land

rugby: Australia: …and players to form the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) on August 8, 1907. The NSWRL adopted the rules of the Northern Union and organized an Australian team to play against the All Golds before they left for England. In 1908 a rugby league competition began in Sydney with…

Art Gallery of New South Wales, art museum founded in Sydney in 1874 with a grant from the government. The original resolution establishing the gallery authorized buying in London and in Sydney, and English 19th-century paintings and contemporary British art are particularly well represented. The

Australian flag consisting of a dark blue field (background) bearing the Union Jack in the canton and, at the fly end, a white disk with a red cross, a yellow lion, and four yellow stars. The flag is sometimes described as a defaced Blue Ensign.A number of unofficial flags existed in the early days

Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its conquered lands in the New World. Established in 1535, it initially included all land north of the Isthmus of Panama under Spanish control. This later came to include upper and lower California, the area

Robert Smith Surtees: …as publisher, he launched the New Sporting Magazine (N.S.M.), editing it until 1836. His novels appeared as serials in the N.S.M. or elsewhere or in monthly parts before final publication in book form, and these first and last dates are given after their titles. Jorrocks’ Jaunts and Jollities (1831, 1838),…

disarmament: …Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (New START) of the early 2000s. See also arms control.

Angola: From colonial conquest to independence, 1910–75: …the authoritarian New State (Estado Novo), marked the advent of modern Portuguese colonialism. The authorities stamped out slavery and undertook the systematic conquest of Angola. By 1920 all but the remote southeast of the colony was firmly under Portuguese control. Kingdoms were abolished, and the Portuguese worked directly through…

Estado Novo, (Portuguese: “New State”), dictatorial period (1937–45) in Brazil during the rule of President Getúlio Vargas, initiated by a new constitution issued in November 1937. Vargas himself wrote it with the assistance of his minister of justice, Francisco Campos. In the election campaign of

Sir James Stirling: His New State Gallery, or Neue Staatsgalerie (1977–84), in Stuttgart, Germany, a combination of classicism and geometric abstraction, is considered by many to be his finest achievement. Among his other works are a building for the Fogg Art Museum (1979–84) and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum…

Sir James Stirling: His New State Gallery, or Neue Staatsgalerie (1977–84), in Stuttgart, Germany, a combination of classicism and geometric abstraction, is considered by many to be his finest achievement. Among his other works are a building for the Fogg Art Museum (1979–84) and the Arthur M. Sackler Museum…

Mary Parker Follett: In 1918 Follett published The New State, in which she described an organic form of democracy based on spontaneous organization along natural neighbourhood lines. Her next book, Creative Experience (1924), expanded on the social and psychological implications of her earlier work, setting forth an idealistic interpretation of individual responsibility…

New Statesman, political and literary weekly magazine published in London, probably England’s best-known political weekly, and one of the world’s leading journals of opinion. It was founded in 1913 by Sidney and Beatrice Webb. He was a Fabian Socialist and she his political and literary partner,

ironstone china, type of stoneware introduced in England early in the 19th century by Staffordshire potters who sought to develop a porcelain substitute that could be mass-produced. The result of their experiments was a dense, hard, durable stoneware that came to be known by several names—e.g.,

Neolithic, final stage of technological development in the Stone Age. It was characterized by stone tools shaped by polishing or grinding, dependence on domesticated plants and animals, settlement in permanent villages, and the appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. The Neolithic Period

disarmament: …Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (New START) of the early 2000s. See also arms control.

Gregorian calendar, solar dating system now in general use. It was proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a reform of the Julian calendar. By the Julian reckoning, the solar year comprised 365 1 4 days, and the intercalation of a “leap day” every four years was intended to maintain

German literature: The 1970s and ’80s: …turning that became known as Neue Subjektivität (“New Subjectivity”). The dominant genre was lyric poetry. Its authors had formerly been involved in the “student revolution” of 1967–68, which had called for a new politicization of literature in the face of the Vietnam War and the problems of the Third World.…

New Sweden, only Swedish colony in America, established by the New Sweden Company in March 1638 and captured by the Dutch in 1655. The first expedition, including both Swedes and Dutchmen, was commanded by Peter Minuit, who purchased land from the Indians and named the settlement Fort Christina

Native American: The Netherlands and Sweden: …group of individuals formed the New Sweden Company. They hired Peter Minuit, a former governor of New Amsterdam, to found a new colony to the south, in what is now Delaware, U.S. In 1655 New Sweden fell to the Dutch.

atom: Experimental foundation of atomic chemistry: His book A New System of Chemical Philosophy (Part I, 1808; Part II, 1810) was the first application of atomic theory to chemistry. It provided a physical picture of how elements combine to form compounds and a phenomenological reason for believing that atoms exist. His work, together…

New Taipei City, special municipality (chih-hsia shih, or zhizia shi), northern Taiwan. It was created in 2010 when the former T’ai-pei county was administratively reorganized, and it has the status of a county. New Taipei City is bordered by I-lan (Yilan) county to the southeast, T’ao-yüan

Rockland: …span of its dramatic replacement—the Governor Mario M. Cuomo Bridge—was opened.

New Territories, part of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, southeastern China. It comprises the northern portion of the Kowloon Peninsula from Mirs Bay (Dapeng Wan) on the east to Deep Bay (Shenzhen, or Houhai, Wan), an inlet of the Pearl River Delta, on the west and includes Lantau

Eavan Boland: …23 Poems (1962), she wrote New Territory (1967), a full-length book of 22 poems about Irish mythology, the creativity of artists, and her self-identity.

New Testament, second, later, and smaller of the two major divisions of the Christian Bible, and the portion that is canonical (authoritative) only to Christianity. A brief treatment of the New Testament follows. For full treatment, see biblical literature: Conditions aiding the formation of the

biblical literature: New Testament Apocrypha: The title New Testament Apocrypha may suggest that the books thus classified have or had a status comparable to that of the Old Testament Apocrypha and have been recognized as canonical. In a few instances such has been the…

Koine, the fairly uniform Hellenistic Greek spoken and written from the 4th century bc until the time of the Byzantine emperor Justinian (mid-6th century ad) in Greece, Macedonia, and the parts of Africa and the Middle East that had come under the influence or control of Greeks or of Hellenized

Jericho Brown: The New Testament: For his second collection, The New Testament, Brown employed biblical language and imagery to address broader injustices such as mass incarceration. Many of the poems also describe sexual violence and living with HIV. These works sprang from Brown’s own experience of having…

Cenozoic Era: Geologic processes: The equatorially situated east–west Tethyan seaway linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was modified significantly in the east during the middle Eocene—about 45 million years ago—by the junction of India with Eurasia, and it was severed into two parts by the confluence of Africa, Arabia, and Eurasia during the…

Vittorio Zonca: His New Theater of Machines and Buildings (1607) showed designs for numerous practical machines and mechanisms, including a water mill running silk-spinners, a water-powered grain mill operated on a boat moored in a river, and a barbecue spit turned by gears and a windmill.

William Whiston: During this period he wrote A New Theory of the Earth (1696), in which he claimed that the biblical stories of the creation, flood, and final conflagration could be explained scientifically as accounts of events with historical bases. After three years as vicar of Lowestoft (1698–1701), he returned to Cambridge,…

New Thought, a mind-healing movement, based on religious and metaphysical presuppositions, that originated in the United States in the 19th century. The great diversity of views and styles of life represented in various New Thought groups makes it virtually impossible to determine the number of the

China: An intellectual revolution: …own reform journal, Xinchao (“New Tide”). A new experimental literature inspired by Western forms became highly popular, and scores of new literary journals were founded.

New Tōkaidō Line, high-speed rail line between Tokyo and Osaka that comprises the first segment of the Shinkansen Line

new town, a form of urban planning designed to relocate populations away from large cities by grouping homes, hospitals, industry and cultural, recreational, and shopping centres to form entirely new, relatively autonomous communities. The first new towns were proposed in Great Britain in the New

Edinburgh: The New Town: In 1767 the town council approved plans for the New Town as a suburban residential district, designed only for people “of a certain rank and fortune.” The architect, James Craig, set out a vision of order and space: a grid five streets deep…

Shamokin, city, Northumberland county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along Shamokin Creek. Founded in 1835 by the coal speculators John C. Boyd and Ziba Bird, it was early known as Boyd’s Stone-coal Quarry, Boydtown, and New Town. The present name, selected by Boyd, is a derivation of one

Munich: The contemporary city: The New Town Hall (built 1867–74) was enlarged at the beginning of the 20th century.

Newton, city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Charles River just west of Boston and comprises several villages, including Auburndale, Newton Centre, Newton Upper Falls, Newtonville, Nonantum, Waban, and the northern part of Chestnut Hill (shared with Brookline).

Stevenage: …by British planners under the New Towns Act, 1946, with the aim of catering to the needs of London’s overspill population. The old town, with its old coaching inns, 12th-century church, 16th-century grammar school, and market (granted 1281), forms one neighbourhood. The main shopping centre, from which vehicles are excluded,…

Ricky Skaggs: …a leading role in the New Traditionalist movement of the 1980s by adapting bluegrass music’s instrumentation and historically conscious sensibility to mainstream country music.

Buchi Emecheta: …as do Kehinde (1994) and The New Tribe (2000).

Shinkansen, pioneer high-speed passenger rail system of Japan, with lines on the islands of Honshu, Kyushu, and Hokkaido. It was originally built and operated by the government-owned Japanese National Railways and has been part of the private Japan Railways Group since 1987. The first section of

Tuticorin: …city’s shipping is handled at New Tuticorin, about 5 miles (8 km) southeast of the original port.

Jan Tschichold: …book, Die neue Typographie (1928; The New Typography; A Handbook for Modern Designers), which expounded the principles and functional uses of Modernist typography to printers, type compositors, and designers. In Germany, where black letter, or Gothic script (called Fraktur in German), remained in use until the 20th century, a simplified…

New Ulm, city, seat of Brown county, south-central Minnesota, U.S., on the Minnesota River, near the mouth of the Cottonwood River, about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Minneapolis. Founded in 1854 by German immigrants of the Chicago Land Society, led by Frederick Beinhorn, it was named for Ulm in

Ulster Defence Association: …a political think tank, the New Ulster Political Research Group, which advocated a negotiated independence for Northern Ireland, a policy at variance with mainstream unionism. Skeptical of traditional unionist politicians (it did not allow members of the British Parliament or clergy to join) and separated from them by its staunchly…

Malaysia: Malaysia from independence to c. 2000: …forming a new Malay party, UMNO Baru (New UMNO; Baru was subsequently dropped in 1997 and the original name restored). Mahathir’s opponents countered by forming Semangat ’46 (Spirit of ’46), which claimed to embody the ideals of the original UMNO (established in 1946) and attempted to unite the disparate opposition…

Toyota Motor Corporation: …Corporation in the creation of New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc., a dual-brand manufacturing plant in California, where Toyota began U.S. production in 1986.

urban planning: Changing objectives: …movement in planning, variously called new urbanism, smart growth, or neotraditionalism, has attracted popular attention through its alternative views of suburban development. Reflecting considerable revulsion against urban sprawl, suburban traffic congestion, and long commuting times, this movement has endorsed new construction that brings home, work, and shopping into proximity, encourages…

Egypt: Agriculture and fishing: The New Valley project, begun in 1997, was initially slated to bring roughly 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) under production in the southern Western Desert by pumping water from Lake Nasser through a long canal. Its most important structure, the Mubarak Pumping Station, was completed in 2005,…

bovine spongiform encephalopathy: …form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (nvCJD) took the lives of dozens of people in Europe. In experiments with mice, researchers found that prions from human cases of nvCJD caused a disease pattern similar to that caused by prions from cows with BSE. The result suggested that the human infection is…

circus: Clowns: Modern, or “New Vaudeville,” clowns do not use the traditional clown accoutrements. They usually work alone, typically without makeup, and establish a personal relationship with the audience. Two Americans, Bill Irwin and David Shiner, are perhaps the best-known among New Vaudeville clowns; their talents were featured in…

Robert Bridges: New Verse (1925) contains experiments using a metre based on syllables rather than accents. He used this form for his long philosophical poem The Testament of Beauty, published on his 85th birthday. Bridges was poet laureate from 1913 until his death.

Nicholas Brady: Brady and Tate’s New Version of the Psalms was licensed in 1696 and largely displaced the old version of T. Sternhold and J. Hopkins. Among Brady’s other works was a blank-verse translation of Virgil’s Aeneid (1726).

political philosophy: Anarchism and utopianism: (1793) by William Godwin, New View of Society (1813) by Robert Owen, and voluminous anticlerical writings by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Malaysia: Rural settlement: New Villages represent a type of settlement that is unique to Peninsular Malaysia. They were originally established by the government as roadside relocation settlements for rural Chinese during the Malayan Emergency (1948–60), a period of intense conflict between the British administration and a (largely Chinese)…

European exploration: Westward voyages to the Pacific: ” His book A New Voyage Round the World, published in 1697, further popularized the idea of a great southern continent.

Louis-Armand de Lom d’Arce, baron de Lahontan: (New Voyages to North-America), considered the best 17th-century work on New France. The New Voyages also contained a series of dialogues describing the philosophy of the primitive way of life that influenced a subsequent growth of primitivism in France and England, as reflected in the…

harbours and sea works: The Delta Plan: …the channel known as the New Waterway from the Hook of Holland.

new wave, category of popular music spanning the late 1970s and the early 1980s. Taking its name from the French New Wave cinema of the late 1950s, this catchall classification was defined in opposition to punk (which was generally more raw, rough edged, and political) and to mainstream “corporate”

New Wave, the style of a number of highly individualistic French film directors of the late 1950s. Preeminent among New Wave directors were Louis Malle, Claude Chabrol, François Truffaut, Alain Resnais, and Jean-Luc Godard, most of whom were associated with the film magazine Cahiers du cinéma, the

Yo La Tengo: …on the band’s sophomore release, New Wave Hot Dogs (1987), featuring Kaplan on lead guitar and Stephan Wichnewski on bass. By the time President Yo La Tengo (1989) was released, the band’s sound had evolved from basic roots-rock to encompass dramatic juxtapositions of feedback-driven noise rock with melodic folk-influenced pop,…

Shyam Benegal: …New Wave Indian cinema, or parallel cinema.

Philip Massinger: …of his two great comedies—A New Way to Pay Old Debts, his most popular and influential play, in which he expresses genuine indignation at economic oppression and social disorder, and The City Madam (1632?), dealing with similar evils but within a more starkly contrived plot that curiously combines naturalistic…

Karen Horney: …of Our Time (1937) and New Ways in Psychoanalysis (1939), in which she argued that environmental and social conditions, rather than the instinctual or biological drives described by Freud, determine much of individual personality and are the chief causes of neuroses and personality disorders. In particular, Horney objected to Freud’s…

Nicolai Hartmann: …Neue Wege der Ontologie (1942; New Ways of Ontology). According to his new ontology, epistemology depends on ontology, not the opposite. Thus, the “being” of objects is a necessary prerequisite for thought or knowledge about them. The knowledge that people have of reality is itself a part of reality, as…

American frontier: Significance of the frontier: …American academics known as the New Western Historians. These historians—including Patricia Nelson Limerick, Richard White, William Cronon, and Donald Worster—viewed Turner’s concept of the frontier as ethnocentric in its failure to acknowledge that the landscape into which the settlers came had already been altered by centuries of habitation by Native…

New Westminster, city, southwestern British Columbia, Canada, on the Fraser River estuary, in the southeastern part of Vancouver metropolitan area. Founded in 1859 on a site chosen by Colonel Richard C. Moody, it was called Queensborough until renamed at the suggestion of Queen Victoria. New

Western Washington University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Bellingham, Washington, U.S. It comprises Fairhaven College (an interdisciplinary studies program); Woodring College of Education; Huxley College of Environmental Studies; colleges of business and economics, fine

Margaret Laurence: The Prophet’s Camel Bell (1963; also published as New Wind in a Dry Land) is an account of her life in Africa. The Tomorrow-Tamer (1963) is a collection of African stories.