national flag consisting of a blue field with the Union Jack in the canton and four stars, forming the Southern Cross constellation, at the fly end. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 1 to 2.A federation of Maori tribes established a national flag on March 20, 1834. The field of the flag was

history of New Zealand, a survey of the important events and people in the history of New Zealand from the time of Polynesian settlement. Comprising two main islands and a number of small islands, New Zealand is a remote country in the South Pacific Ocean, lying more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km)

Benjamin Franklin: Early life: …founded a weekly newspaper, the New-England Courant, to which readers were invited to contribute. Benjamin, now 16, read and perhaps set in type these contributions and decided that he could do as well himself. In 1722 he wrote a series of 14 essays signed “Silence Dogood” in which he lampooned…

The New-England Primer, the principal textbook for millions of colonists and early Americans. First compiled and published about 1688 by Benjamin Harris, a British journalist who emigrated to Boston, the primer remained in use for more than 150 years. Although often called “the little Bible of New

Catharine Maria Sedgwick: …had evolved into a novel, A New-England Tale, which enjoyed considerable success. It was remarkable in its lively and accurate portrayal of the scenes and characters of Sedgwick’s native Berkshire Hills. She followed with Redwood (1824), Hope Leslie (1827), Clarence (1830), and The Linwoods (1835), establishing a firm reputation as…

Uyghur language, member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group, spoken by Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of northwestern China and in portions of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. The modern Uyghur language, which was based on the Taranchi dialect

New York Historical, museum and research institute of New York history, located on Central Park West, New York City. Founded as the New-York Historical Society in 1804, New York City’s oldest museum changed its name to New York Historical in 2024. In the 19th century the collection was moved many

dance criticism: The development of American criticism: …many newspapers, most notably in The New-York Spirit of the Times: A Chronicle of the Turf, Agriculture, Field Sports, Literature and the Stage, which began weekly publication in 1831.

Anna Sartorius Uhl Ottendorfer: …contract for printing the weekly New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung. They bought the newspaper outright the following year. Together—Anna Uhl shared in the editorial, business, and even composing room and press work involved—they built the paper into a successful institution that was distributed to other cities with sizable German communities as well. It…

Newar, people who comprise about half the population of the Kāthmāndu Valley in Nepal. They speak a language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family, but their culture has been strongly influenced by Indian religious and social institutions. The Newar population of Nepal was estimated to be about

Nepal: Languages: …Gurung, Rai, Limbu, Sunwar, Tamang, Newari, and a number of Bhutia dialects, including Sherpa and Thakali. Although Newari is commonly placed in the Tibeto-Burman family, it was influenced by both Tibeto-Burman and Indo-European languages.

Newark, city and port, Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Passaic River and on Newark Bay, 8 miles (13 km) west of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. Newark was incorporated as a city in 1836. Pop. (2010) 277,140; Newark-Union Metro Division, 2,147,727;

Newark, city, seat (1808) of Licking county, central Ohio, U.S. It lies at the junctions of the North and South forks of the Licking River and of Raccoon Creek, 30 miles (48 km) east of Columbus. Laid out in 1802, the community of Newark was named for the New Jersey hometown of the first settlers,

Newark-on-Trent, town, Newark and Sherwood district, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, east-central England. It lies along the River Trent at the crossing of the Roman Fosse Way road with the modern Great North Road (A1). The earliest known occupation of the site was in

Newark, city, New Castle county, northern Delaware, U.S. It lies just west-southwest of Wilmington. The community developed in the late 1680s around the New Worke Quaker meetinghouse, which served as an early crossroads meeting place for travelers. Nearby Cooch’s Bridge on Christina Creek was the

Niagara-on-the-Lake, town, regional municipality of Niagara, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies on the southern shore of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Niagara River, 22 miles (35 km) below the falls. The town was established in 1792, when it was chosen as the first capital of Upper Canada

Newark and Sherwood, district, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, central England, in the east-central part of the county. Newark and Sherwood district extends from the fertile wide valley of the River Trent, centred on the town (and district administrative centre) of

Triassic Period: Continental deposits: …fault-bounded basins, of which the Newark Basin is probably the best-known. There rocks comprising the Newark Supergroup consist of sequences of continental red clastics with dinosaur tracks and mudcracks, along with black shales containing fossils of freshwater crustaceans and fish. These deposits indicate a depositional environment of rivers draining into…

University of Delaware, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Newark, Del., U.S. It also offers courses at other sites, including Wilmington, Dover, Georgetown, and Lewes. The university consists of seven colleges offering a curriculum in the arts, sciences, agriculture, business,

Ray Dandridge: …he moved on to the Newark Dodgers (later called the Eagles) of the Negro National League, where he was a star player for seven seasons during the 1930s and ’40s. The most productive period of his career, however, was spent in Mexico. The colour barrier in the United States and…

Ray Dandridge: …he moved on to the Newark Dodgers (later called the Eagles) of the Negro National League, where he was a star player for seven seasons during the 1930s and ’40s. The most productive period of his career, however, was spent in Mexico. The colour barrier in the United States and…

Elizabeth: Part of Newark Liberty International Airport lies within the city. Inc. city, 1855. Pop. (2010) 124,969; (2020) 137,298.

Newark: The contemporary city: …to and part of the Newark Museum of Art (which has a variety of exhibits) is the Ballantine House (1880s), a restored Victorian mansion. The New Jersey Performing Arts Center (NJPAC; 1997), across from Military Park, is a multipurpose venue with fine acoustics and a mix of small and large…

Kean University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Union, New Jersey, U.S. The university comprises schools of Business, Government and Technology; Education; Liberal Arts; and Natural Sciences, Nursing and Mathematics. Master’s degree programs are available in education,

Kean University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Union, New Jersey, U.S. The university comprises schools of Business, Government and Technology; Education; Liberal Arts; and Natural Sciences, Nursing and Mathematics. Master’s degree programs are available in education,

University of Delaware, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Newark, Del., U.S. It also offers courses at other sites, including Wilmington, Dover, Georgetown, and Lewes. The university consists of seven colleges offering a curriculum in the arts, sciences, agriculture, business,

Newark-on-Trent, town, Newark and Sherwood district, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, east-central England. It lies along the River Trent at the crossing of the Roman Fosse Way road with the modern Great North Road (A1). The earliest known occupation of the site was in

Newberg, city, Yamhill county, northwestern Oregon, U.S. It lies in the Willamette River valley, southwest of Portland. Founded in 1869 as the first Quaker settlement in the Pacific Northwest, it was named by one of the settlers for his German birthplace. The city is now the trading, processing,

Newberry, county, central South Carolina, U.S., a hilly region of the Piedmont. The Broad River and its Parr Reservoir impoundment form part of the eastern border, and the Saluda River forms the southern border. In the southeastern corner is Dreher Island State Park, on the Lake Murray impoundment

Newberry Library, independently governed and funded research library located in Chicago and founded in 1887. Free and open to the public, the Newberry concentrates on the humanities. Its core collections lie in the areas of American Indian and Indigenous Studies; American history and culture;

Ralph Fitch: In February 1583, together with John Newberry, John Eldred, William Leedes, and James Story, Fitch embarked in the Tiger and reached Syria in late April. (Act I, scene 3 of William Shakespeare’s Macbeth alludes to the trip.) From Aleppo (Syria), they went overland to the Euphrates, which they descended to…

Newbery Medal, annual award given to the author of the most distinguished American children’s book of the previous year. It was established by Frederic G. Melcher of the R.R. Bowker Publishing Company and named for John Newbery, the 18th-century English publisher who was among the first to publish

John Newbery was an English publisher. In 1744, he set up a bookshop and publishing house in London, and it became one of the first to publish children’s books, including A Little Pretty Pocket-Book and Little Goody Two-Shoes. In 1781, his firm published the first collection of nursery rhymes

Christianity: Evangelism: the first teaching about the God of Jesus Christ: A modern missionary to India, Lesslie Newbigin (1909–98), recounted how, in preaching to villagers in the south, he would tell stories about Jesus that could not be told about the Hindu gods Shiva, Vishnu, or Ganesha, until gradually their conceptions of the Divine would be changed. Newbigin saw a radical…

Sir Henry Newbolt was an English poet, best-known for his patriotic and nautical verse. Newbolt was educated at Clifton Theological College and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He was admitted to the bar at Lincoln’s Inn in 1887 and practiced law until 1899. The appearance of his ballads,

Apgar Score System: … to evaluate the condition of newborn infants and to identify those that require life-sustaining medical assistance, such as resuscitation. The Apgar score is a qualitative measurement of a newborn’s success in adapting to the environment outside the uterus.

childhood disease and disorder: Metabolic disturbances: Jaundice in the newborn is ordinarily related to an imbalance between the rate of destruction of red blood cells and the metabolism of hemoglobin to bilirubin and the rate of excretion of bilirubin in the bile; there is a resultant temporary elevation of bilirubin level…

erythroblastosis fetalis, type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of a fetus are destroyed in a maternal immune reaction resulting from a blood group incompatibility between the fetus and its mother. This incompatibility arises when the fetus inherits a certain blood factor from

nutritional disease: Vitamin K: …against a condition known as hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults, except in syndromes with poor fat absorption, in liver disease, or during treatment with certain anticoagulant drugs, which interfere with vitamin K metabolism. Bleeding due to vitamin K deficiency may be seen in…

Newburgh, city, Orange county, southeastern New York, U.S. It lies on the west bank of the Hudson River (opposite Beacon), 58 miles (93 km) north of New York City. First settled by Germans from the Palatinate in 1709, it became a parish in 1752 and was named for Newburgh, Scotland. It served as

Newburn, locality, Newcastle upon Tyne city and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England. It lies on the western edge of Newcastle upon Tyne and is a ward of that city. A residential and manufacturing district, it has a

Battle of Newburn, (Aug. 28, 1640), decisive military encounter in the Bishops’ War, in which an army of Scottish invaders defeated the English forces of Charles I and captured Newcastle, forcing the king to convene parliament and sacrifice unpopular policies and ministers. After the first Bishops’

Newbury, town, West Berkshire unitary authority, historic county of Berkshire, southern England. The town lies along the River Kennet, on the Kennet and Avon Canal. Much evidence of Roman occupation has been found on the site. During the English Civil Wars two important battles occurred at Newbury:

Norwich University: …in Northfield and the nonmilitary Vermont College in Montpelier; there is also a branch campus in Brattleboro. All Northfield campus students, whether in the military program (the Corps of Cadets) or not, enroll in the same undergraduate curriculum in architecture and art, mathematics and science, business and management, the humanities,…

Newburyport, city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies at the mouth of the Merrimack River, 30 miles (48 km) north-northeast of Boston. Settled in 1635 (as part of Newbury), its location attracted early fishing, shipbuilding, and craft industries and led to its incorporation as a

Newcastle, city, seat (1890) of Weston county, northeastern Wyoming, U.S., near the Black Hills and the South Dakota border. Founded in 1889 as the terminus of the Burlington Railroad and named for Newcastle upon Tyne, an English coal port, Newcastle was originally a coal-mining town. With the

Newcastle, town, Newry, Mourne and Down district, southeastern Northern Ireland. It lies along Dundrum Bay at the foot of Slieve Donard (2,789 feet [850 metres]), which is the highest peak in the Mourne Mountains. The town is a popular seaside resort and tourist centre for exploring the adjacent

Newcastle, city and port, eastern New South Wales, Australia. It lies at the mouth of the Hunter River, approximately 105 miles (170 km) northeast of Sydney. Newcastle originated as the small Coal Harbour Penal Settlement in 1801 and developed as an outlet for coal (from the Newcastle-Cessnock

Miramichi: …amalgamation of the towns of Newcastle (historical seat of Northumberland county, 1786) and Chatham (1800), the city is now one of the largest in the province. The city’s name revives that of the earliest English settlement, before Newcastle and Chatham assumed the names of British statesmen William Pitt (earl of…

Newcastle, town, northwestern KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. It lies at the foot of the Drakensberg mountains. The fourth British settlement in Natal, it was founded in 1864 as a regional trade center. Fighting occurred in the vicinity during both the First Boer War (1881) and the South

Webster City, city, seat (1856) of Hamilton county, central Iowa, U.S., on the Boone River, 17 miles (27 km) east of Fort Dodge. It was settled in 1850 by Wilson Brewer and was known as Newcastle until 1856, when it became the county seat and was renamed Webster City, possibly for Webster county

Newcastle disease, a serious viral disease of birds caused by a paramyxovirus and marked by respiratory and nervous system problems. Some adult birds recover, although mortality rates are high in tropical and subtropical regions. Young chickens are especially susceptible and rarely survive. Signs

paramyxovirus: Avulavirus, which contains the species Newcastle disease virus (of poultry) as well as various avian paramyxoviruses; and Morbillivirus, which contains the agents that cause measles in humans, distemper in dogs and cats, and rinderpest in cattle. Species of Pneumovirus, which are responsible for the serious

Bobby Robson: …England in 1999 to manage Newcastle United; he was forced to retire in 2004.

Newcastle upon Tyne, city and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England. It lies on the north bank of the River Tyne 8 miles (13 km) from the North Sea. The settlement dates from the Roman period, when a fort was built on a

Newcastle upon Tyne: Newcastle upon Tyne, city and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, historic county of Northumberland, northeastern England. It lies on the north bank of the River Tyne 8 miles (13 km) from the North Sea.

Newcastle upon Tyne: The University of Newcastle upon Tyne was founded in 1937 as King’s College by the merging of Armstrong College and the College of Medicine, both of which were attached to the University of Durham. The links with the school in Durham remained until 1963, when King’s…

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st duke of Newcastle was the prime minister of Great Britain from 1754 to 1756 and from 1757 to 1762. Through his control of government patronage, he wielded enormous political influence during the reigns of Kings George I and George II. Pelham-Holles inherited the barony of

Newcastle-under-Lyme: (district), administrative and historic county of Staffordshire, west-central England. It borders the city of Stoke-on-Trent and occupies the northwestern corner of Staffordshire.

Newcastle-under-Lyme, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Staffordshire, west-central England. It borders the city of Stoke-on-Trent and occupies the northwestern corner of Staffordshire. Newcastle-under-Lyme takes its name from the new castle erected about 1145 by

Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st duke of Newcastle was the prime minister of Great Britain from 1754 to 1756 and from 1757 to 1762. Through his control of government patronage, he wielded enormous political influence during the reigns of Kings George I and George II. Pelham-Holles inherited the barony of

Women in Science: From the Enlightenment to the 19th century: In 1667 Margaret Cavendish, the duchess of Newcastle, attended a meeting of the then newly formed Royal Society of London. At a time when most women writers used male pseudonyms, she wrote under her own name on numerous subjects, including experimental philosophy (physics).

William Cavendish, 1st duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne was a Royalist commander during the English Civil Wars and a noted patron of poets, dramatists, and other writers. The son of Sir Charles Cavendish, he attended St. John’s College, Cambridge, and through inheritances and royal favour became

Yingkou, city and port, southwestern Liaoning sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated just inland from Liaodong Bay (an arm of the Bo Hai [Gulf of Chihli]) near the mouth of the Daliao River, some 11 miles (18 km) from the mouth of the Liao River. Yingkou began to develop as a river

Tulane University: …benefactor, Josephine Louise Newcomb, established H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College for Women as a coordinate college. In 1894 Tulane moved from its original downtown location to its campus uptown. An engineering school was added in 1894, an architecture department in 1912, a business school in 1914, and the medical centre…

Josephine Louise Le Monnier Newcomb was an American philanthropist, founder of Newcomb College, the first self-supporting American women’s college associated with a men’s school. Josephine Le Monnier was the daughter of a wealthy businessman and was educated largely in Europe. After the death of

Simon Newcomb was a Canadian-born American astronomer and mathematician who prepared ephemerides—tables of computed places of celestial bodies over a period of time—and tables of astronomical constants. Newcomb displayed his aptitude for working with figures at an early age. His father, an

communication: Dynamic models: A psychologist, Theodore M. Newcomb, for example, has articulated a more fluid system of dimensions to represent the individual interacting in his environment. Newcomb’s model and others similar to it are not as precisely mathematical (quantitative) as Shannon’s and thus permit more flexible accounts of human behaviour…

energy conversion: Newcomen engine: Some years later another English engineer, Thomas Newcomen, developed a more efficient steam pump consisting of a cylinder fitted with a piston—a design inspired by Papin’s aforementioned idea. When the cylinder was filled with steam, a counterweighted pump plunger moved the piston to…

energy conversion: Newcomen engine: Some years later another English engineer, Thomas Newcomen, developed a more efficient steam pump consisting of a cylinder fitted with a piston—a design inspired by Papin’s aforementioned idea. When the cylinder was filled with steam, a counterweighted pump plunger moved the piston to…

Thomas Newcomen was a British engineer and inventor of the atmospheric steam engine, a precursor of James Watt’s engine. (Read James Watt’s 1819 Britannica essay on the steam engine.) As an ironmonger at Dartmouth, Newcomen became aware of the high cost of using the power of horses to pump water

The Newcomes, novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 24 installments from 1853 to 1855 under the title The Newcomes: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, edited by “Arthur Pendennis, Esq.,” the narrator of the story. The novel was published in book form in two volumes in 1854–55.

The Newcomes, novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, first published in 24 installments from 1853 to 1855 under the title The Newcomes: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, edited by “Arthur Pendennis, Esq.,” the narrator of the story. The novel was published in book form in two volumes in 1854–55.

Newdigate Prize, poetry prize founded in 1805 by Sir Roger Newdigate and awarded at the University of Oxford. The award is given annually for the best student poem of up to 300 lines on a given subject. The winner recites the poem at commencement exercises. Famous winners include Matthew Arnold,

Newdigate Prize: … prize founded in 1805 by Sir Roger Newdigate and awarded at the University of Oxford. The award is given annually for the best student poem of up to 300 lines on a given subject. The winner recites the poem at commencement exercises. Famous winners include Matthew Arnold, John Ruskin, and…

newel, upright post rising at the foot of a stairway, at its landings, or at its top. These posts usually serve as anchors for handrails. Often the stringboards, which cover and connect the ends of the steps, are framed into the newels. Made of the same substance as the stairway itself—wood, stone,

newel, upright post rising at the foot of a stairway, at its landings, or at its top. These posts usually serve as anchors for handrails. Often the stringboards, which cover and connect the ends of the steps, are framed into the newels. Made of the same substance as the stairway itself—wood, stone,

lock: Development of modern types.: …most interesting was Robert Newell’s Parautoptic lock, made by the firm of Day and Newell of New York City. Its special feature was that not only did it have two sets of lever tumblers, the first working on the second, but it also incorporated a plate that revolved with the…

shearwater: Newell’s shearwater (P. newelli) is about 33 cm (13 inches) long and has a geographic range that spans a large portion of the North Pacific Ocean. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species classified it as endangered despite the presence of several breeding colonies throughout…

Allen Newell was an American computer scientist and one of the pioneers of the science of artificial intelligence (AI). Newell and his longtime collaborator Herbert A. Simon won the 1975 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for their “basic contributions to artificial

Brooks: Lake Newell, the largest artificial lake in Alberta, is just south of the city and is noted for its bird life. Dinosaur Provincial Park, to the northeast of Brooks, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 because of its abundant fossils, which are…

caricature and cartoon: 20th century: …were published as small books; Peter Newell, whose highly original Slant Book, Hole Book, etc., had a sharp eye to late prewar costume, and Gelett Burgess, whose Goops for children were spaghetti-like little figures whose behaviour illustrated a moral.

lock: Development of modern types.: The most interesting was Robert Newell’s Parautoptic lock, made by the firm of Day and Newell of New York City. Its special feature was that not only did it have two sets of lever tumblers, the first working on the second, but it also incorporated a plate that revolved…

Pleistocene Epoch, earlier and major of the two epochs that constitute the Quaternary Period of Earth’s history, an epoch during which a succession of glacial and interglacial climatic cycles occurred. The base of the Gelasian Stage (2,588,000 to 1,800,000 years ago) marks the beginning of

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: …Didactic, forming part of his Newest Method of Languages, he reinterpreted the principle of nature that he had described in The Great Didactic as a principle of logic. He put forward certain self-evident principles from which he derived a number of maxims, some of them full of common sense and…

Newfoundland, large breed of working dog developed on Newfoundland island, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs taken to North America by Basque fishermen in the 17th century. Noted for rescuing persons from the sea, the Newfoundland is a huge, characteristically

Newfoundland, large breed of working dog developed on Newfoundland island, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs taken to North America by Basque fishermen in the 17th century. Noted for rescuing persons from the sea, the Newfoundland is a huge, characteristically

Bridgeport, city, coextensive with the town (township) of Bridgeport, Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S. The city, the most populous in the state, is a port on Long Island Sound at the mouth of the Pequonnock River. Settled in 1639, it was first known as Newfield and later as

Great Smoky Mountains: A transmountain highway crosses at Newfound Gap (5,046 feet [1,538 meters]).

Newfoundland and Labrador: … composed of the island of Newfoundland and a larger mainland sector, Labrador, to the northwest. It is the newest of Canada’s 10 provinces, having joined the confederation only in 1949; its name was officially changed to Newfoundland and Labrador in 2001. The island, which was named the “newfoundelande,” or New…

Newfoundland, large breed of working dog developed on Newfoundland island, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs taken to North America by Basque fishermen in the 17th century. Noted for rescuing persons from the sea, the Newfoundland is a huge, characteristically

Newfoundland and Labrador, province of Canada composed of the island of Newfoundland and a larger mainland sector, Labrador, to the northwest. It is the newest of Canada’s 10 provinces, having joined the confederation only in 1949; its name was officially changed to Newfoundland and Labrador in

Canadian provincial flag consisting of a white field (background) bearing four blue triangles at the hoist, two longer white triangles outlined in red, and a stylized gold-and-red arrow pointing toward the fly end.English fishermen worked off the shores of the island of Newfoundland from the late

Newfoundland, large breed of working dog developed on Newfoundland island, possibly from crosses between native dogs and the Great Pyrenees dogs taken to North America by Basque fishermen in the 17th century. Noted for rescuing persons from the sea, the Newfoundland is a huge, characteristically

Oliver Twist: Context and reception: …be classed as a “Newgate novel” (named after Newgate Prison in London). While critics often condemned such novels as immoral, the public usually enjoyed them. Because the novel was also published serially, the anticipation of waiting for the next installment (and its many cliffhangers) also likely contributed to its…

Western architecture: Great Britain: Dance’s Newgate Prison, London (1769; demolished 1902), was among the most original English buildings of the century, a grim rusticated complex combining the romantic drama of Piranesi with the discipline of Palladio and the Mannerist details of Giulio Romano in an imaginative paradigm of Neoclassicism. Holland…

Newgrange, Neolithic passage grave in the valley of the River Boyne, County Meath, Ireland. Built by Stone Age farmers about 3200 BCE, it is regarded as the finest grave of its kind in Europe. Newgrange consists of a huge circular mound of stones, some 279 feet (85 m) in diameter and 43 feet (13 m)

Beaumont Newhall was an American photography historian, writer, and curator known for founding, and serving as the first curator of, the department of photography at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Newhall was first exposed to photography by his mother, who ran a commercial portraiture studio out

Nancy Newhall was an American photography critic, conservationist, and editor who was an important contributor to the development of the photograph book as an art form. Newhall attended Smith College and was a member of the Art Students League of New York. Her career began when in 1943 she became

Newham, inner borough of London, England. It is bordered to the east by the River Roding and Barking Creek, to the south by the River Thames, and to the west by the River Lea. Nearly all of Newham lies within the historic county of Essex. Newham was established in 1965 by amalgamation of North