Battle of Nicopolis, a catastrophic military defeat for Christian knights at the hands of the Ottoman Turks on September 25, 1396. It brought an end to massive international efforts to halt Turkish expansion into the Balkans and central Europe. After their victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389,

Crusades: The later Crusades: …the Turkish advance was the Crusade of Nicopolis. Prompted by a plea from King Sigismund of Hungary in 1395, the Crusade was joined by powerful Burgundian and German armies who rendezvoused at Buda the following year. Although it was one of the largest Crusading forces ever assembled, it was crushed…

Nicosia, city and capital of the Republic of Cyprus. It lies along the Pedieos River, in the centre of the Mesaoria Plain between the Kyrenia Mountains (north) and the Troodos range (south). The city is also the archiepiscopal seat of the autocephalous (having the right to elect its own archbishop

Jean Nicot was a French diplomat and scholar who introduced tobacco to the French court in the 16th century, which gave rise to the culture of snuffing and to the plant’s eventual dissemination and popularization throughout Europe. Nicot was raised in the quiet town of Nîmes in southern France,

Jean Nicot was a French diplomat and scholar who introduced tobacco to the French court in the 16th century, which gave rise to the culture of snuffing and to the plant’s eventual dissemination and popularization throughout Europe. Nicot was raised in the quiet town of Nîmes in southern France,

Jean Nicot: …diplomat and scholar who introduced tobacco to the French court in the 16th century, which gave rise to the culture of snuffing and to the plant’s eventual dissemination and popularization throughout Europe.

Solanales: Tobacco: Another species, N. rustica, was the tobacco first taken to Europe by the Spanish in 1558; this tobacco continued to be used long after the milder Virginia tobacco (N. tabacum) was generally accepted. Tobacco is a robust, erect annual herb. Its leaves are prepared for use by…

tobacco, common name of the plant Nicotiana tabacum and, to a limited extent, Aztec tobacco (N. rustica) and the cured leaf that is used, usually after aging and processing in various ways, for smoking, chewing, snuffing, and extraction of nicotine. Various other species in the genus Nicotiana are

heterocyclic compound: Six-membered rings with one heteroatom: …equivalent form of niacin is nicotinamide, or niacinamide. Pyridoxine is another member of the B complex, vitamin B6. The structures of pyridoxine and nicotinamide are:

cell: Formation of the electron donors NADH and FADH2: …important hydrogen acceptors, the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), yielding NADH and FADH2. It is the subsequent oxidation of these hydrogen acceptors that leads eventually to the production of ATP.

human genetic disease: Molecular oxygen: …by a multicomponent enzyme called nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. A defect in any of the components of this oxidase will lead to the absence of the respiratory burst, giving rise to the constant infections indicative of CGD. Before the discovery and clinical application of antibiotics, people born with…

nicotine, an organic compound that is the principal alkaloid of tobacco. (An alkaloid is one of a group of nitrogenous organic compounds that have marked physiological effects on humans.) Nicotine occurs throughout the tobacco plant and especially in the leaves. The compound constitutes about 5

human genetic disease: Molecular oxygen: …by a multicomponent enzyme called nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. A defect in any of the components of this oxidase will lead to the absence of the respiratory burst, giving rise to the constant infections indicative of CGD. Before the discovery and clinical application of antibiotics, people born with…

smoking: Nicotine gum and lozenges: Nicotine gum, usually available in 2- and 4-mg formulations, is available in many countries without a physician’s prescription. The gum is chewed a few times and then placed between the cheek and gums to allow the nicotine to be absorbed through…

smoking: Nicotine inhaler: The nicotine inhaler, which consists of a nicotine-filled cartridge and a mouthpiece, was developed in order to imitate the behavioral and sensory characteristics of smoking without mimicking the actual delivery of nicotine to the lungs. The user inhales nicotine vapour into the mouth.…

smoking: Nicotine gum and lozenges: Nicotine lozenges in 2- and 4-mg dosages are also available in many countries. The lozenges are similar to nicotine gum in use except that they are not chewed.

smoking: Nicotine nasal spray: Nicotine nasal spray was designed to deliver nicotine more rapidly than is possible with a patch or gum. It is available by prescription only because it appears to carry a somewhat higher cardiovascular risk and a potentially higher risk for abuse than…

smoking: Nicotine patch: Nicotine patches are available without a prescription in many countries. A new patch is applied to the skin every day and is left in place for a recommended amount of time (usually 16 to 24 hours) while it delivers a controlled amount of…

smoking: Nicotine replacement therapy: Nicotine replacement therapy delivers nicotine to the body in controlled, relatively small doses, typically by means of a transdermal patch, chewing gum, a nasal spray, an inhaler, or tablets. These products do not contain the tar, carbon monoxide, or other toxic ingredients…

ion channel: Toxins and disease: …several other organisms; the irreversible nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin, from the venom of snakes in the genus Bungarus (kraits); and plant-derived alkaloids, such as strychnine and d-tubocurarine, which inhibit the activation of ion channels that are opened by the neurotransmitters glycine and acetylcholine,

niacin, water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. It is also called the pellagra-preventive vitamin because an adequate amount in the diet prevents pellagra, a chronic disease characterized by skin lesions, gastrointestinal disturbance, and nervous symptoms. Niacin is interchangeable in metabolism

nervous system: Acetylcholine: The nicotinic receptor is a channel protein that, upon binding by acetylcholine, opens to allow diffusion of cations. The muscarinic receptor, on the other hand, is a membrane protein; upon stimulation by neurotransmitter, it causes the opening of ion channels indirectly, through a second messenger. For…

Nicoya Peninsula, peninsula in western Costa Rica that is bounded on the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, on the northeast by the Cordillera de Guanacaste, and on the southeast by the Gulf of Nicoya. Costa Rica’s largest peninsula, Nicoya measures about 85 miles (140 km) northwest–southeast and

Gulf of Nicoya, inlet that indents the west-central part of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The inlet extends northward and northwestward from Cape Blanco (Cabo Blanco) for about 50 miles (80 km). Cape Blanco, on the Nicoya Peninsula, is about 25 miles (40 km) from the mainland, but the gulf

the Troubles: Civil rights activism, the Battle of Bogside, and the arrival of the British army: …rights groups such as the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA).

Brady Law: …required to use a federal National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to conduct background checks on individuals purchasing any firearm. Before the measure became law, it was popularly known as the Brady bill, named for James Brady, the White House press secretary who was seriously injured in an attempted…

Niterói, city, Rio de Janeiro estado (state), eastern Brazil. It lies on the eastern side of the entrance to Guanabara Bay. The city of Rio de Janeiro on the opposite side is connected to Niterói by ferry, railroad, and, since 1974, the President Costa e Silva Bridge, spanning Guanabara Bay; this

crocodile: Form and function: …upper and lower eyelids, the nictitating membrane (that is, a thin, translucent eyelid) may be drawn over the eye from the inner corner while the lids are open. The delicate eyeball surface is thus protected under the water, while a certain degree of vision is still possible. Unlike the ears…

infant stimulation program: …prematurely and hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are exposed to high levels of intense and aversive sensory stimulation related to necessary medical care (e.g., heal sticks and injections) and to the general NICU environment (e.g., intense lights and alarms). Furthermore, these sick infants do not receive the…

drug use: Extent of contemporary drug abuse: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which is part of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, is tasked with conducting research on drug use in the United States. NIDA monitors trends in drug abuse primarily through the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)…

Poland: The Little Poland Uplands: …these two regions lies the Nida River basin, with an average height of 650 to 1,000 feet (198 to 305 metres). East of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, the uplands are cut by the valley of the Vistula, beyond which lie the Lublin (Lubelska) Uplands. In the south occur patches of loess…

Ennahda Party: …worked intently with the secularist Nida Tounes party, drafting a new constitution with concessions from both Islamists and secularists that went into effect in 2014. In the subsequent parliament it supported a unity government led by Nida Tounes.

Ninlil: …god of the stores, and Ninshebargunu (or Nidaba). The myth recounting the rape of Ninlil by her consort, the wind god Enlil, reflects the life cycle of grain: Enlil, who saw Ninlil bathing in a canal, raped and impregnated her. For his crime he was banished to the underworld, but…

animal reproductive system: Tracts: Fertilization takes place above the shell gland, which may be immense or almost undifferentiated. Half of the shell gland secretes a substance high in protein content (albumen), and the other half secretes the shell—delicate in viviparous forms, thick and horny in most oviparous species. Horny shells may have spiral ridges…

aṅgā: Nidāna (“cause”), a classification for introductory material and historical narratives.

Trondheim: …in 1075; the present edifice, Nidaros Cathedral (12th–14th century; in Norman–Gothic style), is one of the finest churches in Scandinavia. It has frequently been damaged and rebuilt; the latest reconstruction, begun in 1869, is still incomplete. The archbishopric of Nidaros was formed in 1152.

Khuddaka Nikaya: Niddesa (“Exposition”), a commentary within the canon itself, attributed to Sariputta (Shariputra). Its two parts give a philological exegesis of the last two (fourth and fifth) sections of the Suttanipata, discussed earlier.

diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes, accounting for about 90 percent of all cases. The frequency of type 2 diabetes varies greatly within and between countries and is increasing throughout the world. Most patients with type…

Niderviller ware, French faience (tin-glazed earthenware) and porcelain produced in the 18th and 19th centuries by a factory at Niderviller, in Lorraine. Production of the faience falls into three periods. In 1755–70, under the ownership of Baron de Beyerlé and the artistic directorship of his

Hel: …suffered torment, while the dragon Nidhogg sucked the blood from their bodies. Mention is made in an early poem of the nine worlds of Niflheim. It was said that those who fell in battle did not go to Hel but to the god Odin, in Valhalla, the hall of the…

psittaciform: Reproduction: …parental care—and they are also nidicolous—that is, they remain in the nest for some time after hatching. The young are fed by regurgitation, typically by both parents. In some species at least, care of the young may continue for several weeks after they have left the nest.

borane: Structure and bonding of boranes: …of n boron atoms; (2) nido- (from Latin nidus, meaning “nest”), nonclosed structures in which the Bn cluster occupies n corners of an (n + 1)-cornered polyhedron—i.e., a closo-polyhedron with one missing vertex; (3) arachno- (Greek, meaning “spider’s web”), clusters that are even more open, with boron atoms occupying n…

carborane: Reactions and synthesis of carboranes: …the case with boranes, the nido- and arachno-carboranes are less thermally stable and reactive toward air and chemical reagents than the corresponding closo-carboranes, most of which are stable to 400 °C (750 °F), although they may rearrange to more stable isomeric forms.

Avalokiteshvara, in Buddhism, and primarily in Mahayana (“Greater Vehicle”) Buddhism, the bodhisattva (“buddha-to-be”) of infinite compassion and mercy, possibly the most popular of all figures in Buddhist legend. Avalokiteshvara is beloved throughout the Buddhist world—not only in Mahayana

Nidularium, genus of about 25 South American plants of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae) that grow upon the branches of trees. Several species are cultivated indoors as decorative plants for their handsome foliage and colourful red, purplish, or white flowers. The best-known Nidularium is the

Nidularium: blushing bromeliad (N. fulgens), not to be confused with Neoregelia carolinae, which is also commonly known as blushing bromeliad. Both it and Nidularium innocenti have white flowers surrounded by bright red bracts.

Nidwalden, Halbkanton (demicanton), central Switzerland, formerly part of the canton of Unterwalden. Drained by the Engelberger Aa (river), it occupies the eastern part of former Unterwalden canton. Nidwalden means “below the forest” and refers to the great forest of Kerns that divided the two

Iran: Nuclear program and sanctions: A National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) report issued by the U.S. intelligence community in December 2007 indicated with high confidence that Iran had halted its nuclear weapons program in 2003 and assessed with moderate confidence that work had not resumed by mid-2007. However, in February 2008 the…

nuclear weapon: China: …and direction was provided by Marshal Nie Rongzhen, chairman of the State Science and Technology Commission from 1958 until 1967. As part of Mao’s “Third Line” program to build a duplicate industrial infrastructure in remote regions of China as a strategic reserve in the event of war, a more modern…

Hou Hsiao-hsien: …movies included Nie Yinniang (2015; The Assassin), for which he was named best director at the Cannes film festival.

Olympic Games: Oslo, Norway, 1952: Bobsledders Andreas Ostler and Lorenz Nieberl of Germany each claimed two titles. However, their victory in the four-man was marred by controversy. The total weight of the German team in the event was over 1,000 pounds (454 kg), and other teams complained that size and momentum, not skill, led…

Jan Parandowski: …notable exception was a novel, Niebo w płomieniach (1936; “Heaven in Flames”), detailing the experiences of a young man who undergoes a religious crisis. From 1933 until his death Parandowski was chairman of the Polish PEN writers’ organization and from 1962 he was vice president of the International PEN.

Zygmunt Krasiński: In Nieboska komedia (1835; The Undivine Comedy) he presents a future struggle between the masses and the privileged that represents the first literary expression of class war. In his second important play, Irydion (1836; Eng. trans. Irydion)—the story of a Greek named Irydion who seeks vengeance on imperial Rome—Krasiński…

Barthold Georg Niebuhr was a German historian who started a new era in historical studies by his method of source criticism; all subsequent historians are in some sense indebted to him. Niebuhr was the only son of the Danish explorer Carsten Niebuhr. Up to his matriculation at the University of

Carsten Niebuhr was a German traveler who was the sole survivor of the first scientific expedition to Arabia and the compiler of its results. He learned surveying and in 1760 was invited to join the Arabian expedition being sent out by Frederick V of Denmark. The party visited the Nile, Mount

Helmut Richard Niebuhr was an American Protestant theologian and educator who was considered a leading authority on ethics and U.S. church history. He was a foremost advocate of theological existentialism. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) The younger brother of the theologian

Reinhold Niebuhr was an American Protestant theologian who had extensive influence on political thought and whose criticism of the prevailing theological liberalism of the 1920s significantly affected the intellectual climate within American Protestantism. His exposure, as a pastor in Detroit, to

German language: …either the High German or Low German dialectal groups. The main difference between High and Low German is in the sound system, especially in the consonants. High German, the language of the southern highlands of Germany, is the official written language.

Niedere Tauern, range of the Eastern Alps in central Austria; lying between the Enns and Mur rivers, it extends 75 miles (120 km) westward to the headstreams of the two rivers. The scenic, well-forested mountains rise to their highest elevation at Hochgolling (9,393 feet [2,863 m]), and a road

canals and inland waterways: Boat lifts: …was used in 1932 at Niederfinow, Germany, for 1,000-ton vessels.

Alex Katz: …Fairfield Porter, Philip Pearlstein, and Jane Freilicher struggled against the prevailing artistic trend. Indeed, Katz at first rendered the figure in a painterly style, looking to the example of Abstract Expressionism. This manner of painting quickly gave way in the mid-1950s to a flatter, more reductive way of painting. He…

landing ship, tank: …LSTs in November 1941, and John Niedermair of the Bureau of Ships designed a ship with a large ballast system. Deep-draft ships were necessary to cross the ocean, and shallow-draft vessels were required to bridge the water gap. A newly proposed ballast system gave one ship both capabilities: when at…

Vienna porcelain: …State period, until 1784, had Johann Josef Niedermayer, who produced porcelain figures of distinction from 1747 to 1784 as Modellmeister. In the period from Sorgenthal’s direction onward, the Neoclassical taste was paramount, and the artistry was that of the miniaturist. The use of gilding gave a jewellike appearance to the…

Niederösterreich, Bundesland (federal state), northeastern Austria. It is bordered by the Czech Republic on the north, Slovakia on the east, and by Bundesländer Burgenland on the southeast, Steiermark (Styria) on the south, and Oberösterreich (Upper Austria) on the west. Niederösterreich Bundesland

Lower Saxony, Land (state) of Germany. The country’s second largest state in size, Lower Saxony occupies an important band of territory across the northwestern part of the country. It is bordered by the North Sea and the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg to the north and by the states

Herta Müller: …short stories titled Niederungen (1982; Nadirs), was censored by the Romanian government, but she won a following in Germany when the complete version of the book was smuggled out of the country. After publishing a second book of stories, Drückender Tango (1984; “Oppressive Tango”)—which, like her first collection, depicted frankly…

nuclear weapon: China: …and direction was provided by Marshal Nie Rongzhen, chairman of the State Science and Technology Commission from 1958 until 1967. As part of Mao’s “Third Line” program to build a duplicate industrial infrastructure in remote regions of China as a strategic reserve in the event of war, a more modern…

Phil Niekro: That year Joe Niekro, pitching for the Houston Astros, also won 21 games. (Together, the Niekro brothers notched 539 career wins, an MLB record for sibling pitchers, besting Jim and Gaylord Perry, who recorded 529 wins between them.) In 1982 Phil Niekro won 17 games and lost…

Phil Niekro: That year Joe Niekro, pitching for the Houston Astros, also won 21 games. (Together, the Niekro brothers notched 539 career wins, an MLB record for sibling pitchers, besting Jim and Gaylord Perry, who recorded 529 wins between them.) In 1982 Phil Niekro won 17 games and lost…

Phil Niekro was arguably the greatest knuckleball pitcher in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB). He employed the pitch—which has become a rarity and is difficult to master but is less taxing on a pitcher’s arm than other pitches—in a 24-year MLB career that took him to the All-Star Games

Phil Niekro was arguably the greatest knuckleball pitcher in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB). He employed the pitch—which has become a rarity and is difficult to master but is less taxing on a pitcher’s arm than other pitches—in a 24-year MLB career that took him to the All-Star Games

Adolphe Niel was a French army officer and marshal who, as minister of war, made an unsuccessful attempt to reorganize the French army in 1868. Niel was trained as an engineer and spent most of his life in military service after receiving his commission in 1825. In 1849 he distinguished himself in

protist: Defining the protists: …universally overlooked, Roger Yate Stanier, Cornelius B. van Niel, and their colleagues formally proposed the division of all living things into two great groups, the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. This organization was based on characteristics—such as the presence or absence of a true nucleus, the simplicity or complexity of the…

niello, black metallic alloy of sulfur with silver, copper, or lead that is used to fill designs that have been engraved on the surface of a metal (usually silver) object. Niello is made by fusing together silver, copper, and lead and then mixing the molten alloy with sulfur. The resulting

Denmark: The monarchy: …(1086–95), Erik Ejegod (1095–1103), and Niels (1104–34). Their reigns were marked by conflict over the extent of the king’s power, and both Canute and Niels were assassinated. By 1146 civil war had divided the kingdom between three contenders.

Niels Bohr: Bohr’s Institute for Theoretical Physics: In the spring of 1916, Bohr was offered a new professorship at the University of Copenhagen; dedicated to theoretical physics, it was the second professorship in physics there. As physics was still pursued in the cramped quarters of the Polytechnic Institute,…

Jens Peter Jacobsen: Niels Lyhne), his second novel, is a contemporary story of a man’s vain struggle to acquire a philosophy of life. The intensity of its atmosphere and the depth of its psychology interested Sigmund Freud and Thomas Mann, among others, but its lack of ideological progressiveness…

dubnium (Db), an artificially produced radioactive transuranium element in Group Vb of the periodic table, atomic number 105. The discovery of dubnium (element 105), like that of rutherfordium (element 104), has been a matter of dispute between Soviet and American scientists. The Soviets may have

Nielsen ratings, national ratings of the popularity of American television shows. The system was developed by A.C. Nielsen in 1950, and by the early 21st century it sampled television viewing in about 25,000 homes. A meter attached to each television set records the channel being watched and sends

A.C. Nielsen was an American market-research engineer and business executive, best known for the “Nielsen ratings,” which offer a national rating of television viewing. Nielsen’s parents were both accountants, and he acquired mathematical interests at an early age. In 1918 he graduated from the

Alice Nielsen was an American lyric soprano whose successful career in light opera was followed by a second one in grand opera. Nielsen’s first opera experience was in a touring production in 1886 of The Mikado by W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan. In 1896 Nielsen won a position with the Bostonians,

A.C. Nielsen was an American market-research engineer and business executive, best known for the “Nielsen ratings,” which offer a national rating of television viewing. Nielsen’s parents were both accountants, and he acquired mathematical interests at an early age. In 1918 he graduated from the

Larry Holmes: …next four bouts, Holmes fought Brian Nielsen for the International Boxing Organization heavyweight title on January 24, 1997, but was defeated. Holmes retired from the sport in 2002, with a record of 69 wins (44 by knockout) and 6 losses. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame…

Carl Nielsen was a violinist, conductor, and Denmark’s foremost composer, particularly admired as a symphonist. Nielsen studied at the Royal Conservatory in Copenhagen from 1884 to 1886. He was a violinist in the court orchestra at Copenhagen intermittently from 1886 to 1905. He subsequently served

Carl Nielsen was a violinist, conductor, and Denmark’s foremost composer, particularly admired as a symphonist. Nielsen studied at the Royal Conservatory in Copenhagen from 1884 to 1886. He was a violinist in the court orchestra at Copenhagen intermittently from 1886 to 1905. He subsequently served

Evelyn Wood was an American educator who developed a widely used system of high-speed reading. The daughter of Mormon parents, she graduated from the University of Utah in 1929 and married Myron Douglas Wood that same year. In the 1930s she helped her husband in his missionary activities and then

string theory: Relativity and quantum mechanics: Holger Nielsen of the Niels Bohr Institute, and Yoichiro Nambu of the University of Chicago—significantly amplified Veneziano’s insight by showing that the mathematics underlying his proposal described the vibrational motion of minuscule filaments of energy that resemble tiny strands of string, inspiring the name string…

Forbidden Planet: Cast:

Morten Nielsen was a Danish poet who became the symbol of his generation’s desire for freedom and who was killed as a result of his participation in the organized Danish resistance to the German occupation during World War II. Nielsen was only 22 when he was killed, but the role he played in

Leon Czolgosz was an American labourer and anarchist who fatally shot U.S. Pres. William McKinley on September 6, 1901; McKinley died eight days later. Czolgosz was found guilty and executed. While various sources, including police documents, list his birthplace as Detroit, others claim that

Milwaukee Journal Sentinel: …was founded in 1882 by Lucius W. Nieman as the Milwaukee Daily Journal, an independent, community-oriented newspaper, and was renamed The Milwaukee Journal in 1890. It became noted for its coverage of Milwaukee and state affairs, gained extensive statewide circulation, and became distinguished for its editorial stance. It tended over…

Niemann-Pick disease, inherited metabolic disorder in which a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase impairs the breakdown of the phospholipids lecithin and sphingomyelin, causing them to accumulate in various body tissues. Symptoms consist of extreme liver and spleen enlargement, mental

Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann is a German speed skater who dominated the sport throughout the 1990s, capturing eight world championships and eight Olympic medals. She left home for a sports school when she was 12 years old, originally playing volleyball but soon taking up athletics (track and field).

Nikolaus Lenau was an Austrian poet known for melancholy lyrical verse that mirrors the pessimism of his time as well as his personal despair. Severe depression and dissatisfaction characterized Lenau’s life. He began, but never completed, studies in law, medicine, and philosophy. A legacy in 1830

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was a Polish playwright, poet, novelist, and translator whose writings, inspired by patriotism and concern for social and governmental reform, reflect the turbulent political events of his day. He was the first Polish writer to know English literature thoroughly, and he

Leon Kruczkowski: His finest play, Niemcy (1949; “The Germans”), analyzed the rapid spread of Nazi ideology among the German people. His drama Juliusz i Ethel (1954; “Julius and Ethel”) presented the case of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, whom the U.S. government had sentenced as Soviet spies and executed. Kruczkowski depicted…

Neman River, river in Belarus and Lithuania. The Neman River is 582 miles (937 km) long and drains about 38,000 square miles (98,000 square km). It rises near Minsk in the Minsk Upland and flows west through a broad, swampy basin; it then turns north into Lithuania, cutting through terminal

Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect, an early exponent of modern architecture in Latin America, particularly noted for his work on Brasília, the new capital of Brazil. Niemeyer studied architecture at the National School of Fine Arts, Rio de Janeiro. Shortly before he graduated in 1934, he

Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect, an early exponent of modern architecture in Latin America, particularly noted for his work on Brasília, the new capital of Brazil. Niemeyer studied architecture at the National School of Fine Arts, Rio de Janeiro. Shortly before he graduated in 1934, he

Television in the United States: TV violence and self-regulation: In 1981 the complainants in Niemi v. National Broadcasting Company argued that the mechanics of a brutal rape were learned on a made-for-TV movie called Born Innocent (NBC, 1974). Other cases not directly related to violence sought to hold television broadcasters responsible for behaviour learned from their programs. A boy…