saga: Kings’ sagas: …incorporated into later versions of Ólafs saga Tryggvasonar. Closely related to the lives of the kings of Norway are Færeyinga saga, describing the resistance of Faeroese leaders to Norwegian interference during the first part of the 11th century, and Orkneyinga saga, dealing with the rulers of the earldom of Orkney…

Eggert Ólafsson was an Icelandic poet and antiquarian, an outstanding figure in the history of Iceland’s fight to preserve and revivify its language, culture, and economy. Ólafsson was of an old farming family, and his major interests lay in natural history. He took a bachelor’s degree at the

St. Bridget of Sweden: To the prior, Peter Olafsson, she dictated the revelations that came to her, and he translated them into Latin. One was a command to found a new religious order, which she was not able to fulfill until near the end of her life, receiving papal permission from Pope…

Icelandic literature: The 17th century: The poet Stefán Ólafsson is remembered for both religious and secular works, the latter notable for exuberantly humorous portrayals of contemporaries and satiric observations of manners and customs.

George A. Olah was a Hungarian American chemist who won the 1994 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work conducted in the early 1960s that isolated the positively charged, electron-deficient fragments of hydrocarbons known as carbocations (or carbonium ions). In 1949 Olah received a doctorate from the

George A. Olah was a Hungarian American chemist who won the 1994 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work conducted in the early 1960s that isolated the positively charged, electron-deficient fragments of hydrocarbons known as carbocations (or carbonium ions). In 1949 Olah received a doctorate from the

George A. Olah was a Hungarian American chemist who won the 1994 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work conducted in the early 1960s that isolated the positively charged, electron-deficient fragments of hydrocarbons known as carbocations (or carbonium ions). In 1949 Olah received a doctorate from the

Georg Stiernhielm was a poet and scholar, often called “the father of Swedish poetry.” Stiernhielm, the son of a miner, studied at Uppsala and spent several years at the German universities of Greifswald, Wittenberg, and Helmstedt. He returned to Sweden in 1626 and soon obtained a judicial position

Hakeem Olajuwon is a Nigerian-born American professional basketball player who led the Houston Rockets to consecutive National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in 1994 and 1995. Olajuwon was unfamiliar with basketball until age 15, instead playing association football (soccer) and team

Hakeem Olajuwon is a Nigerian-born American professional basketball player who led the Houston Rockets to consecutive National Basketball Association (NBA) championships in 1994 and 1995. Olajuwon was unfamiliar with basketball until age 15, instead playing association football (soccer) and team

ʿolam ha-ba, in Jewish theology, either “the world after death” or the new creation or restoration of the world that is to follow the messianic millennium. Because this latter interpretation stemmed from the teachings and exhortations of the prophets, it was especially prevalent during the period

ʿolam ha-ze, (Hebrew: “this world”), in Jewish theology, present life on earth, as opposed to ʿolam ha-ba (“the world to come”). Though ʿolam ha-ze is full of misery and injustice, one’s view of life is transformed by realizing—as the Mishna (code of Jewish law) explains—that “this life” is but an

Puerto Castilla: …were upgraded to serve the Olancho Forestry Project, a plan to exploit and export timber resources of the interior, and a new road was constructed from San Esteban in Olancho department to the port to serve the forestry project. The Aguan River valley railway has been extended to the port,…

Öland, island and landskap (province) in the Baltic Sea, län (county) of Kalmar, Sweden. It is connected to Kalmar on the Swedish mainland by a road bridge across Kalmar Sound. It is the largest Swedish island after Gotland. Administratively, Öland, together with the surrounding islets, forms the

The Jazz Singer: Cast:

Olathe, city, seat (1858) of Johnson county, northeastern Kansas, U.S. Olathe, which lies 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Kansas City, was founded in 1857 on the Santa Fe Trail. Its name derives from the Shawnee Indian word for “beautiful.” The town was raided by the guerrilla leader William C.

Mbari Mbayo Club: Ashiru Olatunde’s aluminum panels are found on Nigerian banks, churches, and bars and in private collections in Europe and America. His quiet folk art, which comments on Nigerian life, was as popular with farmers and market women as it was with intellectuals. Yemi Bisiri made…

Olav V was the king of Norway (1957–91), succeeding his father, King Haakon VII. Olav was educated at the Norwegian military academy and at the University of Oxford in England. As crown prince he was a celebrated athlete and sportsman, excelling at ski jumping and yachting. He won a gold medal in

Olaf IV Haakonsson was the king of Denmark (as Olaf III, 1376–87) and of Norway (1380–87). He was the son of Haakon VI and of Margaret (Margrete), daughter of Valdemar IV, king of Denmark. After Valdemar’s death in 1375, Olaf was elected (1376) king of Denmark and succeeded his father as king of

Olaf III Haraldsson was the king of Norway (1066–93) who guided the nation through one of its most prosperous periods, maintaining an extended peace rare in medieval Norwegian history. He also strengthened the organization of the Norwegian church. A son of King Harald III Hardraade, Olaf fought in

Olav V was the king of Norway (1957–91), succeeding his father, King Haakon VII. Olav was educated at the Norwegian military academy and at the University of Oxford in England. As crown prince he was a celebrated athlete and sportsman, excelling at ski jumping and yachting. He won a gold medal in

the Go-Go’s: ), bassist Margot Olavarria, and drummer Elissa Bello). Drummer Gina Schock (b. August 31, 1957, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.) replaced Bello in 1979, and bassist Kathy Valentine (b. January 7, 1959, Austin, Texas, U.S.) replaced Olavarria in 1980. Other members included bassists

Latin American literature: Early novels: The Peruvian Pablo Antonio José de Olavide y Jáuregui was the quintessential Enlightenment reformer. Among other things, he worked at establishing immigrant colonies to expand the agricultural sector and reinforce the notion that manual labour was not dishonourable, and he was one of those who aimed at…

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: Greg Norman, Seve Ballesteros, José Maria Olazabal, Davis Love III, and Vijay Singh.

Keith Olbermann: …August 2013 he began hosting Olbermann on ESPN2. The late-night talk show, which aired during the week, was regularly preempted by live sporting events, and it was ultimately moved to an earlier time slot, where it failed to attract a wide audience. The program ended in 2015.

Keith Olbermann is an American television journalist, liberal political commentator, and sportscaster perhaps best known as the host of the nightly news and analysis program Countdown with Keith Olbermann (2003–11) on the cable news network MSNBC. Olbermann grew up in Westchester county, New York,

Olbers’ paradox, in cosmology, paradox relating to the problem of why the sky is dark at night. If the universe is endless and uniformly populated with luminous stars, then every line of sight must eventually terminate at the surface of a star. Hence, contrary to observation, this argument implies

Wilhelm Olbers was a German astronomer and physician who discovered the asteroids Pallas and Vesta, as well as five comets. In 1779 Olbers devised a new method of calculating the orbits of comets. Two years later he opened his medical practice in Bremen, where he equipped the upper portion of his

Wilhelm Olbers was a German astronomer and physician who discovered the asteroids Pallas and Vesta, as well as five comets. In 1779 Olbers devised a new method of calculating the orbits of comets. Two years later he opened his medical practice in Bremen, where he equipped the upper portion of his

Olbia, town, northeastern Sardinia, Italy, on the Gulf of Olbia, an inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Originating as the Greek colony of Olbia, it later passed to the Romans and was the scene in 259 bc of a Roman victory over the Carthaginian general Hanno. Largely rebuilt in 1198 by Pisan colonists,

Joseph Olbrich was a German architect who was a cofounder of the Wiener Sezession, the Austrian manifestation of the Art Nouveau movement. Olbrich was a student of Otto Wagner, one of the founders of the modern architecture movement in Europe. Olbrich designed the building in Vienna to house the

Joseph Olbrich was a German architect who was a cofounder of the Wiener Sezession, the Austrian manifestation of the Art Nouveau movement. Olbrich was a student of Otto Wagner, one of the founders of the modern architecture movement in Europe. Olbrich designed the building in Vienna to house the

July Plot: …Henning von Tresckow, Colonel General Friedrich Olbricht, and several other top officers. Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, one of Germany’s most prestigious commanders, agreed with the conspirators that Hitler should be removed from power, but he looked on assassination with distaste and took no active part in the assassination attempt. The…

Henry Steel Olcott was an American author, attorney, philosopher, and cofounder of the Theosophical Society, a religious sect incorporating aspects of Buddhism, Brahmanism, and Christian esotericism. Olcott was agricultural editor of the New York Tribune (1858–60), and with the rank of colonel he

M. Night Shyamalan: …the second Unbreakable sequel, and Old (2021). In Knock at the Cabin (2023), a vacationing family is told that one of them must be sacrificed to avert an impending apocalypse. In addition, Shyamalan served as an executive producer of the television series Servant (2019– ) and directed four episodes.

Vincent Sherman: Women’s pictures: Old Acquaintance (1943) was a popular drama starring Bette Davis and Miriam Hopkins as feuding writers. Sherman reteamed with Davis on Mr. Skeffington (1944), which was another box-office hit for the duo. The soap opera featured Davis in an Academy Award-nominated performance as a narcissistic…

old age, in human beings, the final stage of the normal life span. Definitions of old age are not consistent from the standpoints of biology, demography (conditions of mortality and morbidity), employment and retirement, and sociology. For statistical and public administrative purposes, however,

United Kingdom: State and society: The Old Age Pensions Act (1908) granted pensions under prescribed conditions to people over age 70, and in 1908 the miners were given a statutory working day of eight hours. In 1909 trade boards were set up to fix wages in designated industries in which there…

New Zealand: The Liberal era (1891–1912): …poverty, and old age; the Old Age Pensions Act of 1898 was the first measure of social security. Tariff protection to foster industrial employment was halfheartedly applied in the late 1880s. Revelations of oppression in industry led in the 1890s to a labour code to protect workers.

Canada: Health and welfare: The Old Age Security Act provides a monthly pension to all persons at least 65 years of age, while the guaranteed-income supplement provides additional income for pensioners. Financial aid is available under provincial or municipal auspices to persons in need and their dependents, though, as with…

cuneiform: Spread and development of cuneiform: …in Mesopotamia is called the Old Akkadian, seen for example in the inscriptions of the ruler Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2279 bce). Sumer, the southernmost part of the country, continued to be a loose agglomeration of independent city-states until it was united by Gudea of Lagash (died c. 2124…

Turkish language: …Turkish and its predecessor, so-called Old Anatolian Turkish, which was introduced into Anatolia by the Seljuq Turks in the late 11th century ce. Old Turkish gradually absorbed a great many Arabic and Persian words and even grammatical forms and was written in Arabic script. After the founding of the Turkish…

Sergei Eisenstein: …was Staroye i novoye (Old and New, also called The General Line), filmed in 1929 to illustrate the collectivization of the rural countryside. Eisenstein made of it a lyric poem, as calm and as expansive as Battleship Potemkin had been violent and compact.

Luigi Pirandello: …vecchi e i giovani (1913; The Old and The Young) and Uno, nessuno e centomila (1925–26; One, None, and a Hundred Thousand). Both are more typical than Il fu Mattia Pascal. The first, a historical novel reflecting the Sicily of the end of the 19th century and the general bitterness…

Moscow: The inner city: …to this bustling thoroughfare is Arbat Prospekt (also called Old Arbat), one of the most picturesque streets of Moscow and now closed to vehicular traffic.

Bill Klem was an American professional baseball umpire of the National League who is considered by many the greatest umpire of all time. Klem is credited with the introduction of hand and arm signals to indicate calls of pitched balls and strikes and foul and fair batted balls. He was also famous

Armenian language: Origins of the language: Grabar, as the language of the first translation was known, became the standard for all subsequent literature, and its use produced what has come to be considered the golden age of Armenian literature. It concealed the noticeable dialectal variations of the spoken language and was…

Anatolian religion: Prehistoric periods: Though the Old Assyrian tablets are concerned exclusively with commercial matters, the seal impressions that they bear contain a new and elaborate system of religious symbolism (iconography) that later reached its maturity under the Hittites. Here a whole pantheon of deities, some recognizably Mesopotamian, others native Anatolian,…

Greek language: Local dialects: Old Athenian was spoken in Athens itself until 1833, when Athens became the capital of the modern state, and on Aegina until early in the 20th century; a few elderly speakers still remain in Megara and in the Kími district of central Euboea. Its salient…

Greek language: Phonology: …which may be attributed to Old Attic of about 500 bce.

Margaret Atwood: Other fiction and nonfiction works: … (2006), Stone Mattress (2014), and Old Babes in the Wood: Stories (2023).

cuneiform: Spread and development of cuneiform: …of Hammurabi is written in Old Babylonian cuneiform, which developed throughout the shifting and less brilliant later eras of Babylonian history into Middle and New Babylonian types. Farther north in Mesopotamia the beginnings of Assur were humbler. Specifically Old Assyrian cuneiform is attested mostly in the records of Assyrian trading…

Mesopotamian art and architecture: Architecture: …suggests a logical development of Old Babylonian architecture. There are certain innovations, such as the incorporation of small twin ziggurats in the design of a single temple, while in the temples themselves the sanctuary was lengthened on its main axis, and the altar itself was withdrawn into a deep recess.…

William Congreve: Literary career: …Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, of The Old Bachelour, written, he said, in 1690 to amuse himself during convalescence. Warmly heralded by Dryden, who declared that he had never read so brilliant a first play, though it needed to be given “the fashionable Cutt of the Town,” it was an enormous…

Old Bailey, byname of the Central Criminal Court in London. It is perhaps the best known of several buildings housing the Crown Court, which handles the most serious criminal offenses in England and Wales. The present building (opened in 1907) is a familiar part of London’s skyline, with its copper

Los Angeles: …Santa Catalina and San Clemente; Mount San Antonio, familiarly known as Mount Baldy or Old Baldy, 10,046 feet (3,062 metres) high; more than 900 square miles (2,330 square km) of desert; and 75 miles (120 km) of seacoast.

Old Banten, historic site and former port city in Banten province, Java, Indonesia. It is near the present-day city of Banten, on Banten Bay, at the extreme northwest of the island, just north of Serang. Now almost entirely in ruins, Old Banten was the most important port on Java for the spice

Old Believer, member of a group of Russian religious dissenters who refused to accept the liturgical reforms imposed upon the Russian Orthodox Church by the patriarch of Moscow Nikon (1652–58). Numbering millions of faithful in the 17th century, the Old Believers split into a number of different

Central Asian arts: Arctic regions: …the contemporary or slightly later Old Bering Sea culture, where interest largely centres on animals, such as reindeer, elks, bears, and seals.

Bern: Old Bern, connected by several bridges to newer parts of the city on the right bank, preserves more of its medieval appearance than any other Swiss city. It is characterized by 2.3 square miles (6 square km) of covered arcades, towers, and 16th-century fountains. The…

circus: History: …second elephant on American shores, Old Bet, was even more popular and is credited with having established the circus tradition of the animal menagerie. Old Bet was owned by Hackaliah Bailey of Somers, New York. Between 1809 and 1816 Bailey toured with the elephant, walking with the animal from town…

canals and inland waterways: Ancient works: …the Li River, and the Bian Canal in Henan. Of later canals the most spectacular was the Grand Canal, the first 966-km (600-mile) section of which was opened to navigation in 610. This waterway enabled grain to be transported from the lower Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) and Huai River valleys…

Bruce Bairnsfather: His most famous character was Old Bill, a middle-aged Cockney soldier with a walrus moustache.

Great Purge: …1930s, in which many prominent Old Bolsheviks were found guilty of treason and executed or imprisoned. All the evidence presented in court was derived from preliminary examinations of the defendants and from their confessions. It was subsequently established that the accused were innocent, that the cases were fabricated by the…

Exterminator, (foaled 1915), American racehorse (Thoroughbred), a dependable and durable horse who won 50 of 100 races in eight seasons. Because of the length of his career and his extraordinary ability to win sprints and long-distance races under heavy weights, some horsemen considered him

John Belushi: Career: …projects, appearing in the drama Old Boyfriends (1979) and the Steven Spielberg–directed historical comedy 1941 (1979). He went on to star with Aykroyd in The Blues Brothers in 1980. The pair, clad in cheap suits, fedoras, and dark sunglasses, embark on “a mission from God” to save the orphanage in…

William Trevor: However, his next book, The Old Boys (1964), earned critical acclaim and was the recipient of Britain’s Hawthornden Prize. Its success led Trevor to move to Devon, England, and write full-time.

Stari Most, stone arch bridge spanning the Neretva River in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In a way, the bridge encapsulates the history of the country in a single architectural masterpiece. The original Stari Most was commissioned to replace a swaying wooden suspension bridge by the Ottoman

Bulgaria: The spread of Christianity: …as Old Church Slavonic or Old Bulgarian) and almost completed the translation of the Bible (most parts of both the Old and the New Testament) into the vernacular of the land. They also developed a Slavonic liturgy in Moravia. When Moravia committed to Rome and expelled the disciples of Cyril…

Calabar, town and port, capital of Cross River state, southern Nigeria. It lies along the Calabar River, 5 miles (8 km) upstream from that river’s entrance into the Cross River estuary. Settled in the early 17th century by the Efik branch of the Ibibio people, the town became a centre for trade

Old Castile, historic provincial region, north-central Spain, generally including the limits reached by the kingdom of Castile in the 11th century. Touching the Bay of Biscay on the north, it is separated from New Castile (Castilla la Nueva), to the south, by the ranges of the Sierra de Guadarrama.

Old Catholic church, any of the groups of Western Christians who believe themselves to maintain in complete loyalty the doctrine and traditions of the undivided church but who separated from the see of Rome after the First Vatican council of 1869–70. The steady process of centralization in the see

Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands, small independent Roman Catholic church in the Netherlands that dates from the early 18th century. A schism developed in the Roman Catholic Church in Holland in 1702 when Petrus Codde, archbishop of Utrecht, was accused of heresy for suspected sympathy with

Marseille: The city layout: Nearby is the Old Charity Hospital (Hospice de la Vieille Charité), built between 1660 and 1750. The interior courtyard surrounds a chapel by Pierre Puget, regarded as the most powerful of French Baroque sculptors. Close by is the Hôtel Dieu, the oldest hospital in the city, built at…

Chinese languages: …Proto-Sinitic (Proto-Chinese; until 500 bc), Archaic (Old) Chinese (8th to 3rd century bc), Ancient (Middle) Chinese (through ad 907), and Modern Chinese (from c. the 10th century to modern times). The Proto-Sinitic period is the period of the most ancient inscriptions and poetry; most loanwords in Chinese were borrowed after…

Delft: The medieval Old Church (a Gothic church) contains memorials to the admirals Maarten Tromp and Piet Heyn and to Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a native of Delft. The Gothic New Church (formerly St. Ursula’s; 1381–1496) contains tombs of the members of the house of Orange-Nassau (that of William…

Old Church Slavonic language, Slavic language based primarily on the Macedonian (South Slavic) dialects around Thessalonica (Thessaloníki). It was used in the 9th century by the missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius, who were natives of Thessalonica, for preaching to the Moravian Slavs and for

Old Church Slavonic language, Slavic language based primarily on the Macedonian (South Slavic) dialects around Thessalonica (Thessaloníki). It was used in the 9th century by the missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius, who were natives of Thessalonica, for preaching to the Moravian Slavs and for

Jakarta: City layout: The Kota (“City”; also called Kota Tua [“Old City”] or Old Batavia) area, sometimes called the downtown section, is the historical city centre, and it houses a significant part of the Chinese population. The contemporary city’s business and financial hub lies somewhat to the south of…

Warsaw: City layout: In the Old Town, which was designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage site in 1980, the Gothic St. John’s Cathedral and the red-brick fortifications known as the Barbican remain from the medieval period. The houses of the Old Town Market Square have been rebuilt in the…

The Old City of Jerusalem, adorned with its ancient stone structures and garnished with gray and gold-plated domes, is a mosaic of the communities that through history have viewed the city as one of the most sacred meeting points between heaven and earth. For Jews, the city’s Mount Zion was

Jerusalem: Architecture: …most conspicuous feature is the city wall erected in 1538–40 by the Ottoman sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, largely on the foundations of earlier walls dating chiefly to the period of the Crusades but in some places to Byzantine, Herodian, and even Hasmonean times. The Old City may be entered through…

Suriname: Relief: …New Coastal Plain is the Old Coastal Plain, which covers some 1,550 square miles (4,000 square km). It consists largely of fine clays and sands and contains a variety of topographies, including old ridges, clay flats, and swamps.

construction: Early steel-frame high-rises: …first used in the neighboring Old Colony Building (1893) by the architects William Holabird and Martin Roche. The all-steel frame finally appeared in Jenney’s Ludington Building (1891) and the Fair Store (1892).

Old Comedy, initial phase of ancient Greek comedy (c. 5th century bc), known through the works of Aristophanes. Old Comedy plays are characterized by an exuberant and high-spirited satire of public persons and affairs. Composed of song, dance, personal invective, and buffoonery, the plays also

Pilgrim Fathers, in American colonial history, settlers of Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first permanent colony in New England (1620). Of the 102 colonists, 35 were members of the English Separatist Church (a radical faction of Puritanism) who had earlier fled to Leiden, the Netherlands, to escape

Native American: Eastern Archaic cultures: Their aptly named Old Copper culture appeared about 3000 bce and lasted approximately 2,000 years. Its tools and weapons, particularly its adzes, gouges, and axes, clearly indicate an adaptation to the forest environment.

Old Cordilleran culture, ancient North American culture of the Pacific Northwest that appeared about 9000 or 10,000 bc and persisted until about 5000 bc in some areas. Subsistence was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering. Simple willow-leaf-shaped, bipointed projectile points are characteristic

George W. Cable: Cable’s first books—Old Creole Days (1879), a collection of stories, and The Grandissimes (1880), a novel—marked Creole New Orleans as his literary province and were widely praised. In these works he sought to recapture the picturesque life of the old French-Spanish city. Yet he employed a realism…

John Crome was an English landscape painter, founder and chief representative of the Norwich school. He is often called Old Crome, to distinguish him from his son, the painter and teacher John Bernay Crome. During his apprenticeship to a housepainter, Crome devoted what leisure time he had to

The Old Curiosity Shop, novel by Charles Dickens, first issued serially in 1840–41 in Dickens’s own weekly, Master Humphrey’s Clock; it was published in book form in 1841. The novel was enormously popular in its day but in a later age was scorned for its unabashed sentimentality. The Old Curiosity

Austria: Political realignment: …of belligerence; because the moderate Old Czechs failed to live up to radical demands, the nationalistic Young Czechs were able to gain support from the electorate. In 1890 Taaffe tried to negotiate an agreement between the Old Czechs and the German liberals, whereby Bohemia would be divided for administrative and…

Charles Laughton: …of a good-natured industrialist in The Old Dark House (1932). Shortly afterward he switched gears again to play the depraved Nero in The Sign of the Cross (1932). He returned to England in 1933 to play the title role in The Private Life of Henry VIII, a rich, robust performance…

Kingsley Amis: … (1969), Jake’s Thing (1978), and The Old Devils (1986). As a poet, Amis was a representative member of a group sometimes called “The Movement,” whose poems began appearing in 1956 in the anthology New Lines. Poets belonging to this school wrote understated and disciplined verse that avoided experimentation and grandiose…

Old Dominion University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. It is a sea- and space-grant institution. The university comprises the Darden College of Education and colleges of arts and letters, business and public administration, sciences, health

Virginia, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the original 13 colonies. It is bordered by Maryland to the northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, North Carolina and Tennessee to the south, Kentucky to the west, and West Virginia to the northwest. The state capital is

Old Dominion University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S. It is a sea- and space-grant institution. The university comprises the Darden College of Education and colleges of arts and letters, business and public administration, sciences, health

Dongola: The historic town of Old Dongola (Dunqulah al-Qadīmah or Dunqulah al-ʿAjūz) was situated on the east bank of the Nile about 100 miles (160 km) southeast of present-day Dongola. Old Dongola was the capital of the Christian kingdom of Makurra from the mid-6th century. Old Dongola was besieged in…

Dorchester: …overlooking the Ashley River is Old Dorchester State Park, site of a settlement (1696–1778) by Congregationalists from Massachusetts. Middleton Place, an early American landscaped garden, dates from the 18th century. Rice and indigo were important exports from the region in colonial times, when Summerville was among South Carolina’s first inland…

Edward Boscawen was a British admiral who played a distinguished part in the Seven Years’ War. The third son of Hugh, 1st Viscount Falmouth, Boscawen entered the navy at an early age, serving under Vice Admiral Francis Hosier in the West Indies in 1726 and under Admiral Edward Vernon at Portobelo