Puerto Rico: Early years: The Olmsted Act, approved by the U.S. Congress in July 1909, gave the U.S. president a more direct role in Puerto Rican affairs. However, the majority of Puerto Ricans eventually demanded a larger measure of local control and many other changes. During World War I the…

Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect who designed a succession of outstanding public parks, beginning with Central Park in New York City. When Olmsted was 14 years old, sumac poisoning seriously affected his eyesight and limited his education. As an apprentice topographic

Olomouc, city, northeastern Czech Republic. The city lies along the Morava River at its confluence with the Bystřice River, at the northern edge of the fertile Haná farming region. Olomouc possibly originated as a Roman fort (Mons Iulii) and by the 9th century was an important stronghold. A

Punctation of Olmütz, (Nov. 29, 1850), agreement signed at Olmütz (Olomouc, Moravia, in modern Czech Republic) between Prussia and Austria that regulated those two powers’ relations. The development leading up to the punctation was triggered when the elector of Hesse in the autumn of 1850 appealed

Punctation of Olmütz, (Nov. 29, 1850), agreement signed at Olmütz (Olomouc, Moravia, in modern Czech Republic) between Prussia and Austria that regulated those two powers’ relations. The development leading up to the punctation was triggered when the elector of Hesse in the autumn of 1850 appealed

English literature: Poets and poetry after Pope: …was William Cowper in his Olney Hymns (1779). Both are worthy successors to the richly inventive work of Isaac Watts in the first half of the century. Elsewhere, Cowper can write with buoyant humor and satiric relaxation, as when, for instance, he wryly observes from the safety of rural seclusion…

Richard Olney was the U.S. secretary of state (1895–97) who asserted, under the Monroe Doctrine, the right of the United States to intervene in any international disputes within the Western Hemisphere. A Boston attorney who had served only one term in the Massachusetts legislature (1873–74), Olney

Ironwood Forest National Monument: …preserves a significant stand of desert ironwood trees (Olneya tesota), a species endemic to the Sonoran Desert. The ironwood was named for the extreme density of its wood; it can reach 45 feet (14 metres) in height and live for more than 800 years. It serves as a “nurse plant,”…

Oceanic art and architecture: The Sepik River regions: Among the Olo tribe, for example, the triangles are formed from a group of scrolls. Triangular designs can also be found painted on bark sheets used by various groups for initiations and on huge conical masks used by several groups in healing rituals. The Telefomin carved the…

Georg Stiernhielm was a poet and scholar, often called “the father of Swedish poetry.” Stiernhielm, the son of a miner, studied at Uppsala and spent several years at the German universities of Greifswald, Wittenberg, and Helmstedt. He returned to Sweden in 1626 and soon obtained a judicial position

Georg Stiernhielm was a poet and scholar, often called “the father of Swedish poetry.” Stiernhielm, the son of a miner, studied at Uppsala and spent several years at the German universities of Greifswald, Wittenberg, and Helmstedt. He returned to Sweden in 1626 and soon obtained a judicial position

Georg Stiernhielm was a poet and scholar, often called “the father of Swedish poetry.” Stiernhielm, the son of a miner, studied at Uppsala and spent several years at the German universities of Greifswald, Wittenberg, and Helmstedt. He returned to Sweden in 1626 and soon obtained a judicial position

Maasai: …by a ritual expert (oloiboni) who, although he has no political power, is religious head of his people.

Convolvulaceae: Major genera and species: The seeds of two species, Turbina corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea, are sources of hallucinogenic drugs of historical interest and contemporary concern.

El Salvador: Drainage: …miles [100 square km]), and Olomega (20 square miles [52 square km]).

Olomouc, city, northeastern Czech Republic. The city lies along the Morava River at its confluence with the Bystřice River, at the northern edge of the fertile Haná farming region. Olomouc possibly originated as a Roman fort (Mons Iulii) and by the 9th century was an important stronghold. A

Olomouc: At the Peace of Olomouc (1478), Moravia was ceded to Hungary. Olomouc was considered the Moravian capital during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), when it was occupied and plundered by the Swedes. The badly damaged town was displaced after 1640 by Brno as the foremost city of…

Karelian language: …dialects of Karelian—Karelian proper and Olonets. Ludic, a minor group of dialects spoken to the southeast of Karelia, is considered to be a blend of Karelian and Veps, a related Finno-Ugric language spoken to the south of Karelia. A four-line fragment written in Karelian dates from the 13th century. In…

Olongapo, city, western Luzon, Philippines. The city is situated in a lowland area near the head of Subic Bay. Olongapo was heavily damaged during World War II (1939–45). It became a municipality in 1959 and a chartered city in 1966. The U.S. military’s Subic Bay Naval Station was located nearby

Olongapo, city, western Luzon, Philippines. The city is situated in a lowland area near the head of Subic Bay. Olongapo was heavily damaged during World War II (1939–45). It became a municipality in 1959 and a chartered city in 1966. The U.S. military’s Subic Bay Naval Station was located nearby

African religions: Worldview and divinity: … hold that the Almighty Creator, Olorun, oversees a pantheon of secondary divinities, the orisha. Devotion to the orisha is active and widespread, but Olorun has neither priests nor cult groups. Similarly, in the Great Lakes region of East Africa, the Supreme Being, Mulungu, is thought to be omnipresent but is…

Lahaina: The Olowalu petroglyphs, 5 miles (8 km) east, are rock carvings (some thought to be more than 300 years old) that depict occupations of the early Hawaiians.

African literature: Yoruba: Femi Jeboda wrote Olowolaiyemo (1964), a realistic novel having to do with life in a Yoruba city. Adebayo Faleti’s works, such as the short novel Ogun awitele (1965; “A War Foreseen”) and the narrative poem Eda ko l’aropin (1956; “Don’t Underrate”), display fantasy roots. Faleti also published a…

Mbari Mbayo Club: Senabu Oloyede and Kikelomo Oladepo both worked in cloth dyeing (traditionally reserved for women) and used the traditional indigo dye, producing works contemporary in style.

Yves Béhar: …Negroponte and his nonprofit organization One Laptop per Child (OLPC).

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Olpidiopsidales Pathogenic on marine plants, including laver (nori); thallus infects cells of host; example genus is Olpidiopsis. Order Peronosporales Aquatic or terrestrial; parasitic on algae or vascular plants, the latter mostly obligate parasites causing downy mildews; in advanced

four-eyed opossum: Olrog’s four-eyed opossum (P. olrogi) occurs in Peru and Bolivia.

four-eyed opossum: Olrog’s four-eyed opossum (P. olrogi) occurs in Peru and Bolivia.

Full House: …by twins Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen). The show revolves around the everyday interactions and antics of the six “full house” members, with frequent visits from D.J.’s best friend, Kimmy Gibbler (Andrea Barber).

Elizabeth Olsen is an American actress who first gained notice for her work in independent films and later became an international star with her portrayal of Wanda Maximoff/Scarlet Witch in the Marvel Cinematic Universe blockbuster franchise. Her other notable credits include the crime-drama Wind

Gregory Olsen is an American scientist and entrepreneur, known as the third space tourist. Olsen earned a bachelor of science degree in physics in 1966, a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering in 1968, and a master of science degree in physics in 1968 from Fairleigh Dickinson

Gregory Olsen is an American scientist and entrepreneur, known as the third space tourist. Olsen earned a bachelor of science degree in physics in 1966, a bachelor of science degree in electrical engineering in 1968, and a master of science degree in physics in 1968 from Fairleigh Dickinson

children’s literature: Denmark: …Danish Children’s Book Prize, and Ib Spang Olsen, with his nonsense picture book The Boy in the Moon (1962). As for the complementary prose tradition of fireside tales, Denmark had to wait (Andersen was artist, not scholar) for its Grimm until 1884, when a collection made by Svend Grundtvig, the…

Tillie Olsen: Early writing: …hearing a young longshoreman named Jack Olsen call for a major strike on San Francisco’s waterfront, Tillie and Abe Goldfarb moved there to help support the strikers. Under her maiden name she submitted two angry political poems to the Partisan magazine and the Daily Worker newspaper, which accepted them immediately,…

decision making: Appropriate decision making: March and Johan P. Olsen showed how the logic of appropriateness inverts the causal logic of rational decision making. Individuals form opinions and make decisions to be appropriate in their surroundings, to fit in with those around them. This means that context precedes preference, and social interaction…

Full House: …and Michelle (played by twins Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen). The show revolves around the everyday interactions and antics of the six “full house” members, with frequent visits from D.J.’s best friend, Kimmy Gibbler (Andrea Barber).

Merlin Olsen was an American gridiron football player, sports announcer, and actor who was one of the most extraordinary defensive linemen in National Football League (NFL) history. Olsen, a 6-ft 5-inch (1.9 meter) tackle, was a consensus All-American in his senior season at Utah State University,

Merlin Olsen was an American gridiron football player, sports announcer, and actor who was one of the most extraordinary defensive linemen in National Football League (NFL) history. Olsen, a 6-ft 5-inch (1.9 meter) tackle, was a consensus All-American in his senior season at Utah State University,

The Brady Bunch: …(Eve Plumb), and Cindy (Susan Olsen); and Alice Nelson (Ann B. Davis), the wisecracking live-in housekeeper. While the initial season’s stories sometimes touched on the difficulties of adjusting to life in a combined family, the overall focus of the series was on the ordeals of growing up, such as…

Tillie Olsen was an American writer and social activist known for her powerful fiction about the inner lives of the working poor, women, and minorities. Her interest in long-neglected women authors inspired the development of academic programs in women’s studies, especially at the university level

Tillie Olsen was an American writer and social activist known for her powerful fiction about the inner lives of the working poor, women, and minorities. Her interest in long-neglected women authors inspired the development of academic programs in women’s studies, especially at the university level

Charles Olson was an American poet and literary theorist, widely credited with first using the term postmodern in discussing American poetry and known for his association with the Black Mountain poets. He also significantly influenced the generation of American poets who emerged after World War II.

Charles Olson was an American poet and literary theorist, widely credited with first using the term postmodern in discussing American poetry and known for his association with the Black Mountain poets. He also significantly influenced the generation of American poets who emerged after World War II.

Elder Olson was an American poet, playwright, and literary critic. He was a leading member of the Chicago critics—a Neo-Aristotelian, or “critical pluralist,” school of critical theory that came to prominence in the 1940s at the University of Chicago. After receiving a Ph.D. from the University of

Elder Olson was an American poet, playwright, and literary critic. He was a leading member of the Chicago critics—a Neo-Aristotelian, or “critical pluralist,” school of critical theory that came to prominence in the 1940s at the University of Chicago. After receiving a Ph.D. from the University of

personal identity: Animalism: According to the American philosopher Eric Olson and others, persons are biologically individuated animals whose persistence through time consists of biological continuity, which is constituted by the biological processes that make up an organism’s life. Animalism is additionally supported by the fact that in actual cases (not involving brain transplants…

Farmer-Labor Party: Its candidate, Floyd B. Olson, was elected governor in 1930 and reelected in 1932 and 1934. The party merged with the Democrats to form the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party in 1944.

music synthesizer: …by the American acoustical engineers Harry Olson and Herbert Belar in 1955 at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) laboratories at Princeton, New Jersey. The information was fed to the synthesizer encoded on a punched paper tape. It was designed for research into the properties of sound and attracted composers…

James Elias Olson was an American business executive and former chief executive officer of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). He is best known for the vital role he played in restructuring the communications giant after its 1984 divestiture of the Bell telephone companies and in

It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia: …as fellow actors Charlie Day, Kaitlin Olson, and Danny DeVito, It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an irreverent dark comedy about a group of friends who own and operate a dive bar in South Philadelphia. In its 16th season as of 2023, the series became the longest-running live-action sitcom in…

collective action problem: The challenges of common goods: …by the American political economist Mancur Olson, who wrote in 1965 that coercion or some other device must be present in order for a group of individuals to act in their common interest. Olson suggested that collective action problems were solved in large groups by the use of selective incentives.…

the Jayhawks: …band’s principal members have included Mark Olson (b. September 18, 1961, Minneapolis), Gary Louris (b. March 10, 1955, Toledo, Ohio), Marc Perlman (b. July 29, 1961, St. Petersburg, Florida), Karen Grotberg (b. March 18, 1959, International Falls, Minnesota), Tim O’Reagan (b. October 1, 1958, Chandler, Arizona), Kraig Johnson (b. May…

Sunset Boulevard: Cast:

Library of Congress Classification: …Congress Classification Schedules, compiled by Nancy B. Olson, was published independently in 1975. In place of standard subdivisions, each class may incorporate divisions for literary form and geography. Terminology may be explicit, exact, scientific, or popular, depending on the situation. There is no attempt to give mnemonic (memory) aids, and…

George Sidney: Later work: …Presley’s army induction; it starred Ann-Margret and Dick Van Dyke. Ann-Margret also appeared in Viva Las Vegas (1964), a hugely popular Presley musical; the singer played a cash-strapped race-car driver who takes a job in a casino to earn money. In 1967 Sidney directed his last feature film, the musical…

Poland: Transitioning from communism: …included one government headed by Jan Olszewski, which fell as a result of a clumsy attempt to produce a list of former high-ranking communist collaborators, and another led by Poland’s first woman prime minister, Hanna Suchocka, which was unexpectedly defeated by a somewhat frivolous no-confidence vote. The centrist Freedom Union…

Olsztyn, city, capital of Warmińsko-Mazurskie województwo (province), northeastern Poland. It lies along the Łyna River in the Masurian lake district. The city serves as a trade centre, with major rail and road connections, for the lake district. The Museum of Warmia and Mazury and a university are

Olt, județ (county), south-central Romania. It is bounded on the south by Bulgaria. The sub-Carpathian Mountains lie in the northern portion of the county, overlooking settlement areas in intermontane valleys and lowlands. The eastward-flowing Danube River and the southeastward-flowing Olt and

Olt Defile, defile in south-central Romania. The defile was cut into the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians) by the Olt River. It was particularly important during the Roman occupation (1st century bc to the 2nd century ad), when the Romans built a road and a line of fortifications along the

Olt River, river, rising close to the headwaters of the Mureş River, in the Ciuc Depression, east central Romania, at an elevation of 5,900 feet (1,800 m); it flows generally southwest and then south for 420 miles (670 km), entering the Danube at Turnu-Măgurele. The river exits from the Ciuc

Bela Lugosi was a Hungarian-born motion-picture actor who was most famous for his sinister portrayal of the elegantly mannered vampire Count Dracula. At age 12 Lugosi ran away from home and began working odd jobs, including stage acting. He studied at the Budapest Academy of Theatrical Arts and

Poltava, city, east-central Ukraine. It lies along the Vorskla River. Archaeological evidence dates the city from the 8th to the 9th century, although the first documentary reference is from 1174, when it was variously known as Oltava or Ltava. Destroyed by the Tatars in the early 13th century, it

Romania: Relief: …the Olt River and the Oltenian Plateau to the west. The whole region is covered by deposits of loess, on which rich black chernozem soils have developed, providing a strong base for agriculture. The Danube floodplain is important economically, and along the entire stretch of the river, from Calafat in…

Micronesia: History: Bailey Olter suffering an incapacitating stroke in July 1996, just after he had been reelected and just before a series of natural disasters swept the islands. Typhoons, flooding, and mudslides caused widespread destruction in 1996 and again in 1997, and in 1998 a prolonged drought…

African dance: Dance formations: The Olu Kanaanwa dance for unmarried Igbo girls is done in unison in a circular formation, from which each dancer breaks away to perform individually in the centre. Among Ijo women, the dance starts in a loosely knit semicircular line from which virtuoso performers move out…

Ogun: Major tourist attractions are Olumo rock, which according to tradition provided refuge for early Egba settlers; the Ake, the residence of the alake (the traditional ruler of Egbaland), built in 1854 and noted for its collection of antiquities and relics; and the Centenary Hall, all in Abeokuta. There are…

Iwo: …of the Iwo kingdom, the oluwo (“king”), whose palace now incorporates a modern building and the local government offices, still retains important social and traditional functions and is an adviser to the local government. Within the town, many of the traditional Yoruba compounds with their rectangular courtyards have been replaced…

Ana María Matute: Her novel Olvidado Rey Gudú, a massive allegorical folk epic that spans four generations in the story of rulers, gnomes, witches, and other creatures in the mythical medieval kingdom of Olar, was published in 1996. Among her later works are Aranmanoth (2000) and Paraíso inhabitado (2008; “Uninhabited…

bullying: Policies and prevention: The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, a “whole-school” approach involving school- and classroom-level training and monitoring, is among the most widely used school intervention programs, and it has been shown to significantly reduce bullying, primarily in European contexts. Reviews of various prevention programs, however, find that the…

bullying: …by Norwegian researcher and psychologist Dan Olweus says:

Olybrius was the Western Roman emperor from April to November 472. Before he became head of state, Olybrius was a wealthy senator; he married Placidia, the daughter of Valentinian III (Western emperor 425–455). Gaiseric, king of the Vandals, a Germanic people who maintained a kingdom in North

Olympia, ruined ancient sanctuary, home of the ancient Olympic Games, and former site of the massive Statue of Zeus, which had been ranked as one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Olympia is located near the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsula of southern Greece, 10 miles (16 km) inland

Olympia, city, capital of Washington, U.S., seat (1852) of Thurston county, on Budd Inlet and Capitol Lake (at the south end of Puget Sound), at the mouth of the Deschutes River, 29 miles (47 km) southwest of Tacoma. Laid out in 1851 as Smithfield, it became the site of a U.S. customs house and was

Olympia, oil painting by groundbreaking French artist Édouard Manet, created in 1863. The painting aroused shock and controversy when it was first exhibited but came to be considered a masterpiece of modern art. During the 1860s, Manet was France’s most notorious artist. Two years after the furor

Western sculpture: Early Classical (c. 500–450 bce): …are the works of the Olympia Master, an unidentified artist who decorated the pediments and frieze of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. In the east pediment, which shows men and women preparing for a chariot race, his figures display the sobriety and calm characteristic of the early Classical period.…

Maurice Girodias: …and in 1953 he founded Olympia Press. He quickly built a reputation for publishing books of merit that were censored or banned in other countries, including Vladimir Nabokov’s Lolita (1955) and various works by Miller, Samuel Beckett, J.P. Donleavy, Lawrence Durrell, Jean Genet, Nikos Kazantzakis, William S.

Olympic Games, athletic festival that originated in ancient Greece and was revived in the late 19th century. Before the 1970s the Games were officially limited to competitors with amateur status, but in the 1980s many events were opened to professional athletes. Currently, the Games are open to

Jan Baptista van der Noot: …and main poetical work, the Olympiados epic, he described in clear, unadorned language his dream of an allegorical journey toward his divine love, Olympia. Van der Noot interpolated numerous sonnets in the work, and their German translations are the earliest known instances of the pure sonnet in that language.

Western architecture: The Archaic period (c. 750–500 bce): …colossal Doric temple of Olympian Zeus at Acragas, begun in about 500 bce and left unfinished a century later. To carry the weight of the massive entablature, the outer columns were not freestanding but were half-columns engaged against (that is, partially attached to) a continuous solid wall. An earlier Sicilian…

Hadrian: Policies as emperor: …brought to completion the massive temple of Olympian Zeus that the Peisistratid tyrants had begun more than five centuries before. He created the Panhellenion, a federation of Greeks that was based at Athens, which gave equal representation to all Greek cities and thereafter played a conspicuous part in the history…

Olympias was the wife of Philip II of Macedonia and mother of Alexander the Great. She had a passionate and imperious nature, and she played important roles in the power struggles that followed the deaths of both rulers. The daughter of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus, Olympias apparently was

Berlin Olympic Stadium, stadium built for the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, part of a sport complex originally called the Reich Sports Field (German: Reichssportfeld), that is now used for international football matches. The Nazis were determined to make the 1936 Berlin Olympics a memorable

Olympic, British luxury liner that was a sister ship of the Titanic and the Britannic. It was in service from 1911 to 1935. To compete with the Cunard Line for the highly profitable transatlantic passenger trade, the White Star Line decided to create a class of liners noted more for comfort than

Olympic Airlines, Greek airline, formerly known as Olympic Airways, founded on April 6, 1957, by the Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis (1906?–75) but, from 1975, wholly owned by the Greek government. Services from Greece into western Europe began in 1957, and by 1980 services extended throughout

Olympic Airlines, Greek airline, formerly known as Olympic Airways, founded on April 6, 1957, by the Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis (1906?–75) but, from 1975, wholly owned by the Greek government. Services from Greece into western Europe began in 1957, and by 1980 services extended throughout

Olympic Airlines, Greek airline, formerly known as Olympic Airways, founded on April 6, 1957, by the Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis (1906?–75) but, from 1975, wholly owned by the Greek government. Services from Greece into western Europe began in 1957, and by 1980 services extended throughout

measurement system: Greeks and Romans: …and 24 fingers equaled 1 Olympic cubit. The coincidence with the Egyptian 24 digits equaling 1 small cubit suggests what is altogether probable on the basis of the commercial history of the era, that the Greeks derived their measures partly from the Egyptians and partly from the Babylonians, probably via…

flag consisting of a white field bearing five equal interlocking rings of blue, dark yellow, black, green, and red with separations wherever two rings intersect. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2:3.In 1914, when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) held its 20th anniversary meeting in

Olympic Games: The opening ceremony: The Olympic flame is then carried into the stadium by the last of a series of runners who have brought the torch on a very long journey from Olympia, Greece. The runner circles the track, mounts the steps, and lights the Olympic fire that burns night…

Olympic Games, athletic festival that originated in ancient Greece and was revived in the late 19th century. Before the 1970s the Games were officially limited to competitors with amateur status, but in the 1980s many events were opened to professional athletes. Currently, the Games are open to

What do Paris, Helsinki, Atlanta, Beijing, and Tokyo have in common? They all have hosted the Olympics. As the foremost international sporting event, the Olympic Games have been held in cities around the world—though certain regions, notably Africa, have yet to play host. In years past, the bidding

flag consisting of a white field bearing five equal interlocking rings of blue, dark yellow, black, green, and red with separations wherever two rings intersect. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2:3.In 1914, when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) held its 20th anniversary meeting in

marmot: …young every year, but the Olympic marmot (M. olympus) of the Olympic Mountains in the United States bears young every other year.

Olympic Mountains, segment of the Pacific mountain system of western North America. They extend across the Olympic Peninsula south of the Juan de Fuca Strait and west of Puget Sound in northwestern Washington, U.S. The mountains began to form about 35 million years ago when the Juan de Fuca Plate

Olympic National Park, ecologically diverse area occupying much of the Olympic Peninsula in northwestern Washington, U.S. Originally established as a national monument in 1909 and redesignated a national park in 1938, it preserves the Olympic Mountains and their magnificent forests and wildlife. It

Seoul: Cultural life: Olympic Park, to the east of the Sports Complex, is an expansive green space containing more of the facilities built for the 1988 Olympics as well as a sculpture park, an Olympics museum, the Korean National University of Physical Education, and an earthen fortress from…

Washington: Relief and drainage: In the northwest the Olympic Peninsula borders the Pacific Ocean south of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Dense rainforests extend along the western slopes of the rugged Olympic Mountains, which rise to 7,965 feet (2,428 metres) on Mount Olympus.

ProCon Debates: Should Performance-Enhancing Drugs and Technologies Be Allowed in Sports?; Are the Olympic Games Worth the Cost to Their Host Countries and Cities? ProCon Issue in the News: Ryan James Wedding was not accused of doping during his snowboarding career, but the Canadian Olympian is now

Montreal: Cultural life: …Summer Games, has a sports stadium (Big O) seating more than 70,000 spectators; Montreal Tower, an inclined structure 540 feet (165 metres) tall with three observation floors that are accessible via cable car; Montreal Biodome, in which four separate ecosystems have been re-created; and a sports and fitness complex containing…

Olympic Games: The opening ceremony: The Olympic flame is then carried into the stadium by the last of a series of runners who have brought the torch on a very long journey from Olympia, Greece. The runner circles the track, mounts the steps, and lights the Olympic fire that burns night…