Laudato si’, papal encyclical issued by Pope Francis on May 24, 2015. It was the second encyclical of Francis’s papacy (2013– ) and his first social encyclical (i.e., it specifically addresses moral issues). Also known as “On Care for Our Common Home,” Laudato si’ (“Praise Be to You”) is the first

epistemology: Mental and nonmental conceptions of knowledge: … (1889–1951), for example, said in On Certainty, published posthumously in 1969, that “ ‘Knowledge’ and certainty belong to different categories. They are not two mental states like, say, surmising and being sure.” Philosophers who deny that knowledge is a mental state typically point out that it is characteristic of mental…

Ian McEwan: On Chesil Beach (2007; film 2017) describes the awkwardness felt by two virgins on their wedding night. Climate change is the subject of McEwan’s satirical novel Solar (2010). Sweet Tooth (2012) is the Cold War-era tale of a young woman recruited by MI5 to secretly…

rhetoric: The Middle Ages: Book IV of On Christian Doctrine is usually considered the first rhetorical theory specifically designed for the minister. Of course, the kind of truth to which Augustine sought to give verbal effectiveness was the “revealed” truth as contained in the Scriptures. The first three books of On Christian…

Alan Turing: Early life and career: …1936 Turing’s seminal paper “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem [Decision Problem]” was recommended for publication by the American mathematical logician Alonzo Church, who had himself just published a paper that reached the same conclusion as Turing’s, although by a different method. Turing’s method (but not…

Archimedes: His works: On Conoids and Spheroids deals with determining the volumes of the segments of solids formed by the revolution of a conic section (circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola) about its axis. In modern terms, those are problems of integration. (See calculus.) On Spirals develops many properties…

Stoicism: Revival of Stoicism in modern times: His treatises De constantia (1584; On Constancy) and Politicorum sive civilis doctrinae libri sex (1589; Six Books of Politics or Political Instruction) were widely known in many editions and translations. His defense of Stoic doctrine in Manuductio ad Stoicam Philosophiam (1604; Digest of Stoic Philosophy) and Physiologia Stoicorum (1604; Physics…

Mao Zedong: The road to power of Mao Zedong: …entitled “On Practice” and “On Contradiction.” More important, Mao produced the major works that synthesized his own experience of revolutionary struggle and his vision of how the revolution should be carried forward in the context of the united front. On military matters there was first Strategic Problems of China’s…

humanism: Desiderius Erasmus: …copia verborum et rerum (On Copia of Words and Ideas) and published his satirical Moriae encomium (Praise of Folly). These two works have much in common. De copia concerns the stylistic strategy of creating abundant variations on common ideas. Praise of Folly is a case in point: a book-length…

penology: …of Cesare Beccaria’s pamphlet on Crimes and Punishments in 1764. This represented a school of doctrine, born of the new humanitarian impulse of the 18th century, with which Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu in France and Jeremy Bentham in England were associated. This, which came afterwards to be known as…

Western painting: Cubism and its consequences: …theoretical work on the movement, On Cubism, by the French painters Albert Gleizes and Jean Metzinger, was published in 1912. It was argued that geometric and mathematical principles of general validity could be deduced from the style. An exhibition in the same year represented all Cubism’s adherents except the two…

Ida Lupino: Directing: …in the potent crime yarn On Dangerous Ground (1951). But she again found herself behind the camera (in an uncredited capacity) when director Nicholas Ray suffered a nervous breakdown.

Euclid: Other writings: On Divisions (of figures)—restored and edited in 1915 from extant Arabic and Latin versions—deals with problems of dividing a given figure by one or more straight lines into various ratios to one another or to other given areas.

Athenodorus Cananites: …in the composition of the De Officiis) provide the main sources of information about him.

Ocean Vuong: On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous, Vuong’s first novel, highlights themes of familial ancestry and otherness. Published in 2019, it became a New York Times best seller and won the New England Book Award for fiction. In this epistolary novel, the protagonist, Little Dog, as his…

Ronald Knox: His Old Testament and On Englishing the Bible, a penetrating examination of the problems of a translator, were published in 1949. These were followed by his New Testament Commentaries in 1953, 1954, and 1956.

Denys Arcand: …On est au coton (Cotton Mill, Treadmill), an exposé of the textile industry that was so controversial that it was banned by the NFB. He soon moved into feature films, beginning with La Maudite Galette (Dirty Money) in 1972. He directed the film Le Crime d’Ovide Plouffe (Murder in…

theatre: The influence of Brecht: …argument is Brecht’s essay “On Experimental Theatre” (1940), in which he reviews the work of Vakhtangov, Meyerhold, Antoine, Reinhardt, Okhlopkov, Stanislavsky, Jessner, and other Expressionists. Brecht traces through the modern theatre the two lines running from Naturalism and Expressionism. Naturalism he sees as the “assimilation of art to science,”…

Alexander Of Aphrodisias: …most important of these are On Fate, in which he defends free will against the Stoic doctrine of necessity, or predetermined human action; and On the Soul, in which he draws upon Aristotle’s doctrine of the soul and the intellect. According to Alexander, the human thought process, which he calls…

nonfictional prose: Dialogues: …Syriac, rendered into English as On Fate, are on the subject of the laws of the country. A hundred years earlier, Lucian, who was also Syrian, proved himself a master of flowing and ironical Greek prose in his satirical dialogues. The Italian Renaissance writer Pietro Aretino (1492–1556) proved himself the…

Seneca: Philosophical works and tragedies: De beneficiis (On Favours) is a diffuse treatment of benefits as seen by giver and recipient. De brevitate vitae (On the Brevity of Life) demonstrates that the human span is long enough if time is properly employed—which it seldom is. Best written and most compelling are the…

Naomi Klein: In the essay collection On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal (2019), she continued to address the climate crisis.

On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer, sonnet by John Keats, first published in The Examiner in 1816 and later published in Poems (1817), Keats’s first collection. Considered the poet’s first mature poem, the sonnet was inspired by Keats’s having pored over a 1616 folio edition of George Chapman’s

Archimedes: His works: On Floating Bodies (in two books) survives only partly in Greek, the rest in medieval Latin translation from the Greek. It is the first known work on hydrostatics, of which Archimedes is recognized as the founder. Its purpose is to determine the positions that various…

gardening: Early history: …garden in his essay “On Gardens.” He saw it as a place that should be planted for year-round enjoyment, offering a wide range of experiences through colour, form and scent, exercise and repose. The flower garden, already well established by the early 17th century, was set against a background…

Aristotle: Physics and metaphysics of Aristotle: In works such as On Generation and Corruption and On the Heavens, he presented a world-picture that included many features inherited from his pre-Socratic predecessors. From Empedocles (c. 490–430 bce) he adopted the view that the universe is ultimately composed of different combinations of the four fundamental elements of…

Norman Mailer: On God (2007) records conversations about religion between Mailer and the scholar Michael Lennon.

Mark Rydell: …biggest success—both critically and commercially—with On Golden Pond (1981), Ernest Thompson’s Oscar-winning adaptation of his play about the joys and pains of growing old. Henry Fonda (in his last feature film) and Katharine Hepburn portrayed long-married New Englanders, and Jane Fonda was their angry daughter. Hepburn and Henry Fonda won…

Crantor: …Greek academic philosopher whose work On Grief created a new literary genre, the consolation, which was offered on the occasion of a misfortune such as death. One of Crantor’s consolatory arguments, reminiscent of Plato’s Phaedo or Aristotle’s Eudemus, was that life is actually punishment; death, the release of the soul.…

Sir D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson: …noted for his influential work On Growth and Form (1917, new ed. 1942).

guerrilla warfare: Origins of modern guerrilla warfare: …of protracted revolutionary war, Mao’s On Guerrilla Warfare (1937), which was later called “the most radical, violent and extensive theory of war ever put into effect.”

On Her Majesty’s Secret Service, British spy film, released in 1969, that was the sixth installment in the popular James Bond series and the first not to feature Sean Connery. Although largely dismissed by critics at the time of its release, the movie subsequently grew in reputation. The movie

Ernesto Sábato: …Sobre héroes y tumbas (1961; On Heroes and Tombs), is a penetrating psychological study of man, interwoven with philosophical ideas and observations previously treated in his essays. Tres aproximaciones a la literatura de nuestro tiempo (1968; “Three Approximations to the Literature of Our Time”) are critical literary essays that deal…

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History, six essays by Thomas Carlyle, published in 1841 and based on a series of lectures he delivered in 1840. The lectures, which glorified great men throughout history, were enormously popular. In the essays he discusses different types of heroes and

nuclear weapon: The Teller-Ulam configuration: …containing both alternatives, titled “On Heterocatalytic Detonations I: Hydrodynamic Lenses and Radiation Mirrors.” A second report, dated April 4, by Teller, included some extensive calculations by Frederic de Hoffmann and elaborated on how a thermonuclear bomb could be constructed. The two-stage radiation implosion design proposed by these reports, which…

Cicero: Letters and poetry: …epics De consulatu suo (On His Consulship) and De temporibus suis (On His Life and Times), which were criticized in antiquity for their self-praise. Cicero’s verse is technically important; he refined the hexameter, using words of two or three syllables at the end of a line, so that the…

Cicero: Letters and poetry: …and De temporibus suis (On His Life and Times), which were criticized in antiquity for their self-praise. Cicero’s verse is technically important; he refined the hexameter, using words of two or three syllables at the end of a line, so that the natural word accent would coincide with the…

Xenophon: Other writings: De re equestri (“On Horsemanship”) deals with various aspects of horse ownership and riding, and Cavalry Commander is a somewhat unsystematic (but serious) discussion of how to improve the Athenian cavalry corps. Also Athenocentric is Ways and Means, a plan to alleviate the city’s financial problems (and remove…

Michael Oakeshott: On Human Conduct (1975), which many regard as his masterpiece, comprises three complex essays on human conduct, civil association, and the modern European state. Oakeshott’s most famous work, however, is Rationalism in Politics (1962), an essay that criticizes the modern tendency to elevate formal theory…

ethics: Moral realism: …subsequently by the same author’s On Human Nature (1978) and Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (1999). Wilson, a biologist rather than a philosopher, claimed that new developments in the application of evolutionary theory to social behaviour would allow ethics to be “removed from the hands of philosophers” and “biologicized.” He…

Luigi Pirandello: …the long essay L’umorismo (1908; On Humor), in which he examines the principles of his art. Common to both books is the theory of the subconscious personality, which postulates that what a person knows, or thinks he knows, is the least part of what he is. Pirandello had begun to…

Xenophon: Other writings: Cynegeticus (“On Hunting”) offers technical advice on hunting (on foot, with dogs and nets, the usual prey being a hare); Xenophon sees the pursuit as a pleasurable and divinely ordained means of promoting military, intellectual, and moral excellence (something neither sophists nor politicians can match). De…

Johannes Müller: Müller’s monograph “On Imaginary Apparitions” was also published in 1826. According to this theory the eye as a sensory system not only reacts to external optical stimuli but can also be excited by internal stimuli generated by the imagination. Thus, persons who report seeing religious visions, ghosts,…

Hippolyte Taine: Publication of De l’intelligence: In 1870 he published the two volumes of De l’intelligence (On Intelligence), a major work in the discipline of psychology, which had interested him since his youth. His devotion to science is most fully illustrated here; he opposes the speculative and introspective approach…

Aristotle: Propositions and categories: The De interpretatione, like the Prior Analytics, deals mainly with general propositions beginning with Every, No, or Some. But its main concern is not to link these propositions to each other in syllogisms but to explore the relations of compatibility and incompatibility between them. Every swan…

patristic literature: Late 2nd to early 4th century: …once attributed to Cyprian); in On Jewish Foods he maintains that the Old Testament food laws no longer apply to Christians, the animals that were classified as unclean having been intended to symbolize vices.

musical criticism: Historical development: In his pamphlet On John Field’s Nocturnes (1859), Liszt wrote, in the purple prose of the time, of their “balmy freshness, seeming to exhale copious perfumes; soothing as the slow, measured rocking of a boat or the swinging of a hammock, amid whose smoothly placid oscillations we seem…

Hortense Calisher: …other novels include Queenie (1971), On Keeping Women (1977), and Mysteries of Motion (1983). Age (1987) is the story of an elderly husband and wife in which each decides to keep a diary to be read by the living spouse after the other dies. The novel In the Palace of…

China: Readjustment and reaction, 1961–65: …wrote a document titled “On Khrushchev’s Phony Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World,” which summarized most of Mao’s doctrinal principles on contradiction, class struggle, and political structure and operation. This summary provided the basis for the reeducation (“revolutionization”) of all youth hoping to succeed to the revolutionary…

John Stuart Mill: The later years of John Stuart Mill: The essay On Liberty appeared in 1859 with a touching dedication to her and the Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform in the same year. In his Considerations on Representative Government (1861) he systematized opinions already put forward in many casual articles and essays. It has been remarked how…

Western philosophy: Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon: His treatise De luce (1215–20; On Light) presents light as the basic form of all things and God as the primal, uncreated light.

On Love, philosophical discourse by Stendhal, published in 1822 as De l’amour. The work was prompted by Stendhal’s hopeless love for Métilde Dembowski. The first part of On Love is an analysis of love, in which Stendhal lists four kinds of love: physical love, purely sexual in scope; love as a

Santorio Santorio: His De Statica Medicina (1614; “On Medical Measurement”) was the first systematic study of basal metabolism.

Cinna: …based on a passage in De clementia by Seneca the Younger, the Neoclassical tragedy recounts a plot to assassinate the Roman emperor Augustus and the mercy he shows to the conspirators after their arrest. It is noted for its elevated language and powerful characterizations.

Soranus Of Ephesus: Soranus’ remarkable work, On Midwifery and the Diseases of Women, includes numerous descriptions of contraceptive measures; he also describes the obstetric chair and podalic version (delivery of the fetus feet first)—hailed as new discoveries during the 15th century—and renders a recognizable account of rickets. His On Acute and…

Dante: Exile, Il convivio, and De monarchia: 1313; On Monarchy), in which he expands the political arguments of the Convivio. In the embittered atmosphere caused by Clement’s deceit, Dante turned his argumentative powers against papal insistence on its superiority over the political ruler—that is, against the argument that the empire derived its political…

Roy Del Ruth: Later work: Rather better was On Moonlight Bay (1951), with Doris Day and Gordon MacRae starring in a musical version of Booth Tarkington’s Penrod novels.

Athenodorus Cananites: …in the composition of the De Officiis) provide the main sources of information about him.

Edmund Burke: Political life: …American Taxation” (1774) and “On Moving His Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies” (1775), and “A Letter to…the Sheriffs of Bristol, on the Affairs of America” (1777). British policy, he argued, had been both imprudent and inconsistent, but above all legalistic and intransigent, in the assertion of imperial rights.…

Christianity: Eastern Christianity: …the chief works of Pseudo-Dionysius, Mystical Theology and On the Divine Names, the main emphasis was on the ineffability of God (“the Divine Dark”) and hence on the “apophatic” or “negative” approach to God. Through a gradual process of ascension from material things to spiritual realities and an eventual stripping…

Alfred Kazin: …study of modern American literature, On Native Grounds (1942), that won him instant recognition as a perceptive critic with a distinct point of view. The book traces the social and political movements that inspired successive stages of literary development in America from the time of William Dean Howells to that…

Eleaticism: The rigorous ontologism of Parmenides and Melissus: Parmenides’ poem Peri physeōs (On Nature) is divided into three parts: (1) a proem (preface), in which his chariot ride through the heavens to the very seat of the goddess Alētheia (Truth) is described and their initial conversation is related, in which she announces that he is…

Saint Gregory of Nyssa: His brief treatise On Not Three Gods relates the Cappadocian Fathers’ theology of three Persons in the Godhead (i.e., the Trinity) to Plato’s teachings of the One and the Many. As a Christian Platonist, Gregory followed the great Alexandrian theologian Origen, though not slavishly. Most notably, he shared…

Steele Rudd: …book was the largely autobiographical On Our Selection (1899), and it was followed by a similar volume, Sandy’s Selection (1904). He later adapted On Our Selection into a successful play that was produced in London; six other dramas followed. In more than 20 volumes Rudd depicted farm life in the…

Steele Rudd: He later adapted On Our Selection into a successful play that was produced in London; six other dramas followed. In more than 20 volumes Rudd depicted farm life in the Darling Downs area of southern Queensland. His early work was often realistic yet farcically tragic, and he later…

Knut Hamsun: …with Paa gjengrodde stier (On Overgrown Paths), which was in part memoir, in part self-defense, but first and foremost a treasure trove of vibrant impressions of nature and the seasons. His deliberate irrationalism and his wayward, spontaneous, impressionistic style had wide influence throughout Europe, and such writers as Maxim…

perspective: …his seminal Della pittura (1436; On Painting), Leon Battista Alberti codified, especially for painters, much of the practical work on the subject that had been carried out by earlier artists; he formulated, for example, the idea that “vision makes a triangle, and from this it is clear that a very…

Gu Kaizhi: …essay “Hua Yuntaishan Ji” (“On Painting the Cloud Terrace Mountain”) is also Daoist in content. The famous hand scroll entitled The Admonitions of the Court Instructress bears a signature of Gu Kaizhi, though it is not originally recorded as having been painted by him. Nonetheless, it accurately maintains a…

Piero della Francesca: Last years of Piero della Francesca: …wrote a treatise on painting, De prospectiva pingendi (“On Perspective in Painting”), dedicated to his patron, the Duke of Urbino. In its range of topics and method of organization, the book follows Alberti and the ancient Greek geometer Euclid. The principal manuscript, in Parma (Biblioteca Palatina), was handwritten by the…

Explore other episodes of Botanize! Hello and welcome! I am Melissa Petruzzello, the plant and environmental science editor for Encyclopædia Britannica. Part of my job at Britannica is to help inspire curiosity. You might even say that’s my entire job. But my subject area is a bit tricky. I’m in

Lorenzo Valla: …public his De voluptate (On Pleasure), a dialogue about the nature of the true good. That work surprised many of its readers by its then-unfashionable defense of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who maintained that, with the attainment of virtue, a wise man may live a life of prudent pleasure,…

Mao Zedong: The road to power of Mao Zedong: …portions are those entitled “On Practice” and “On Contradiction.” More important, Mao produced the major works that synthesized his own experience of revolutionary struggle and his vision of how the revolution should be carried forward in the context of the united front. On military matters there was first Strategic…

Origen: Writings: The tract On Prayer, preserved in one manuscript at Cambridge, was written in about 233; it expounds the Lord’s Prayer and discusses some of the philosophical problems of petition, arguing that petition can only be excluded by a determinism false to the experience of personality, while the…

Mao Zedong: The road to power of Mao Zedong: …at the time), and then On Protracted War and other writings of 1938 on the tactics of the anti-Japanese war. As to his overall view of the events of those years, Mao adopted an extremely conciliatory attitude toward the Nationalists in his report entitled On the New Stage (October 1938),…

Philo Judaeus: Works: …world is uncreated and indestructible; On Providence, extant in Armenian, a dialogue between Philo, who argues that God is providential in his concern for the world, and Alexander, presumably Philo’s nephew Tiberius Julius Alexander, who raises doubts; and On Alexander, extant in Armenian, concerning the irrational souls of animals.

St. Augustine: Early writings: …the Academics), De ordine (386; On Providence), De beata vita (386; On the Blessed Life), and Soliloquia (386/387; Soliloquies). These works both do and do not resemble Augustine’s later ecclesiastical writings and are greatly debated for their historical and biographical significance, but the debates should not obscure the fact that…

Speusippus: …long excerpt from his work On Pythagorean Numbers, a few other fragments, and reports by other writers. Like his contemporaries and early successors in the beginning years of the Academy, he stressed the importance of numbers and numerical combinations and deemphasized ideas. The excerpt from Numbers, for example, explains the…

Roland Barthes: His Sur Racine (1963; On Racine) set off a literary furor in France, pitting Barthes against traditional academics who thought this “new criticism,” which viewed texts as a system of signs, was desecrating the classics. Even more radical was S/Z (1970), a line-by-line semiological analysis of…

Christianity: Apologetics: defending the faith: …into emergent Romanticism in his On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799). Refusing to identify religion with metaphysics or morals, Schleiermacher located its essence in intuition (Anschauung) and feeling (Gefühl), the “sense and taste for the infinite” (Sinn und Geschmack fürs Unendliche). The founder of Christianity, Schleiermacher noted in…

Hannah Arendt: …Between Past and Future (1961), On Revolution (1963), Men in Dark Times (1968), On Violence (1970), and Crises of the Republic (1972). Her unfinished manuscript The Life of the Mind was edited by her friend and correspondent Mary McCarthy and published in 1978. Responsibility and Judgment, published in 2003, collects…

Fairchild Semiconductor: …by ON Semiconductor (after 2022, onsemi).

John Milton: Early translations and poems of John Milton: “On Shakespeare,” though composed in 1630, first appeared anonymously as one of the many encomiums in the Second Folio (1632) of Shakespeare’s plays. It was Milton’s first published poem in English. In the 16-line epigram Milton contends that no man-made monument is a suitable tribute…

cricket: Strategy and technique: …divided lengthwise into off and on, or leg, sides in relation to the batsmen’s stance, depending upon whether he bats right- or left-handed; the off side is the side facing the batsman, and the on, or leg, side is the side behind him as he stands to receive the ball.…

Hipparchus: Solar and lunar theory: In On Sizes and Distances (now lost), Hipparchus reportedly measured the Moon’s orbit in relation to the size of Earth. He had two methods of doing this. One method used an observation of a solar eclipse that had been total near the Hellespont (now called the…

Roy Medvedev: In On Socialist Democracy (1975), Medvedev presented his own political views, calling for both democratic reforms and the continuation of the Soviet system of state socialism.

Aristotle: The Academy: …disputation, the Topics and the Sophistical Refutations, belong to this early period. The former demonstrates how to construct arguments for a position one has already decided to adopt; the latter shows how to detect weaknesses in the arguments of others. Although neither work amounts to a systematic treatise on formal…

Eudoxus of Cnidus: Astronomer: …the first to attempt, in On Speeds, a geometric model of the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in antiquity. His model consisted of a complex system of 27 interconnected, geo-concentric spheres, one for the fixed stars, four for each planet, and three each for…

Archimedes: His works: ) On Spirals develops many properties of tangents to, and areas associated with, the spiral of Archimedes—i.e., the locus of a point moving with uniform speed along a straight line that itself is rotating with uniform speed about a fixed point. It was one of only…

[…] Until the technology affords some way of handling three-dimensional images moving through space, it’s always going to feel as though technology is offering only the icon, the translation of what the experience really is. With television, for example, the more people are exposed to dance in that

Jennifer Lopez: Pop music success and business ventures: …release of her debut album, On the 6. To the surprise of many critics (but not to her devoted fans), the album quickly went platinum and subsequently sold more than eight million copies worldwide. It spawned several hits, including the Latin-tinged “Let’s Get Loud” and the club banger “Waiting for…

Piero della Francesca: Last years of Piero della Francesca: Del abaco (“On the Abacus”) is a pamphlet on applied mathematics.

Thomism: Thomism in the 16th century: …was displayed in his work On the Analogy of Names, in which he proposed the influential division of kinds of analogy into inequality, attribution, and proportionality, as well as in his opinion that the human soul’s immortality can be supported only by probable reasons.

Stoicism: Stoic undercurrents in medieval thought: …called De ira Dei (313; On the Anger of God). It poses a problem of how to deal with the essentially Greek, or philosophical, view that God cannot feel anger because he is not subject to passions and that apatheia (“apathy,” or “imperturbableness”) is not merely the mark of the…

Frans Cornelis Donders: Donders summarized his studies in On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction (1864), the first authoritative work in the field.

Isocrates: Early life and influences: …(380), “On Peace” (355), “On the Areopagus” (354?), “To Philip” (346), and the “Panathenaic” oration (begun 342, completed 339) will have gained considerably in understanding of the larger issues of the age.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus: …essay “Peri syntheseos onomaton” (“On the Arrangement of Words”; often cited by its Latin title, “De compositione verborum”) is the only extant ancient discussion of word order. Dionysius was a mediocre historian but a first-rate literary critic who examined authors’ style and historical context.

Henry Horatio Dixon: “On the Ascent of Sap” (1894) presented the hypothesis that the sap or water in the vessels of a woody plant ascends by virtue of its power of resisting tensile stress and its capacity to remain cohesive under the stress of great differences of pressure.…

Roy Del Ruth: Middle years: …were two musicals from 1937: On the Avenue and Broadway Melody of 1938. The former featured a number of Irving Berlin tunes, including “The Girl on the Police Gazette,” and the latter was especially noted for Judy Garland’s rendition of “Dear Mr. Gable (You Made Me Love You).”

Christianity: Controversy: fighting over the faith: …at Rome was the treatise On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520), which attacked the current sacramental system and left Christ himself as the sole sacrament in the scriptural sense (cf. 1 Timothy 3:16) and baptism and the Lord’s Supper as his “sacramental signs.” Luther also attacked the “enthusiasts”…

On the Beach, American dramatic film, released in 1959, that was set in the aftermath of an imagined World War III. It was based on the apocalyptic novel of the same name by Nevil Shute. The fatal fallout of nuclear war in the year 1964 serves as the fictional backdrop for romance between a navy