Martial: Life and career: Martial’s first book, On the Spectacles (ad 80), contained 33 undistinguished epigrams celebrating the shows held in the Colosseum, an amphitheatre in the city begun by Vespasian and completed by Titus in 79; these poems are scarcely improved by their gross adulation of the latter emperor. In the…

Archimedes: His works: The principal results in On the Sphere and Cylinder (in two books) are that the surface area of any sphere of radius r is four times that of its greatest circle (in modern notation, S = 4πr2) and that the volume of a sphere is two-thirds that of the…

St. Augustine: Controversial writings: De spiritu et littera (412; On the Spirit and the Letter) comes from an early moment in the controversy, is relatively irenic, and beautifully sets forth his point of view. De gratia Christi et de peccato originali (418; On the Grace of Christ and on Original Sin) is a more…

Alaa al-Aswany: Published that same year, On the State of Egypt translated into English a number of political essays that he had written for Egyptian newspapers in the preceding years. His 2018 novel Jumhūriyyah kaʾan (The Republic, As If), whose setting is the 2011 protests, was published in Beirut and banned…

Matthew Arnold: Poetic achievement: …ignoble and eccentric—and the lectures On the Study of Celtic Literature (1867), in which, without much knowledge of his subject or of anthropology, he used the Celtic strain as a symbol of that which rejects the despotism of the commonplace and the utilitarian.

On the Sublime, treatise on literary criticism by Longinus, dating to about the 1st century ce. The earliest surviving manuscript, from the 10th century, was first printed in 1554. On the Sublime is given a 1st-century-ce date because it was a response to a work of that period by Caecilius of

aesthetics: Three approaches to aesthetics: In his famous treatise On the Sublime and Beautiful (1757), Edmund Burke attempted to draw a distinction between two aesthetic concepts and, by studying the qualities that they denoted, to analyze the separate human attitudes that are directed toward them. Burke’s distinction between the sublime and the beautiful was…

computer: The Difference Engine: …then wrote a paper, “On the Theoretical Principles of the Machinery for Calculating Tables,” which he read to the society later that year. (It won the Royal Society’s first Gold Medal in 1823.) Tables then in use often contained errors, which could be a life-and-death matter for sailors at…

Misty Copeland: …Smith in Leonard Bernstein’s musical On the Town.

On the Town, American musical film, released in 1949, that was a major hit in the post-World War II era, especially noted for its lively numbers. The movie marked the first memorable pairing of Frank Sinatra and Gene Kelly. On the Town, which was based on a Broadway play, tells the adventures of

John Adams: Other notable works from the 21st century: …commissioned a work from Adams: On the Transmigration of Souls, for orchestra, chorus, children’s choir, and prerecorded soundtrack, first performed September 19, 2002. The text of the work derived from three sources: fragments from notices posted at the World Trade Center site by friends and relatives of the missing, interviews…

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia: ) and On the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Diseases (4 vol.), both written in the Ionic Greek dialect, were discovered. These works not only include model descriptions of pleurisy, diphtheria, tetanus, pneumonia, asthma, and epilepsy but also show that he was the first to distinguish between…

Christianity: The nature and functions of doctrine: …the mid-4th century in his On the Trinity (IV.4), “God is to be believed when he speaks of himself, and whatever he grants us to think concerning himself is to be followed.”

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: The Hanoverian period of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: …1697 De Rerum Originatione (On the Ultimate Origin of Things) developed a cosmological argument for the existence of God, attempting to prove that the ultimate origin of things can be none other than God. In 1698 De Ipsa Natura (“On Nature Itself”) explained the internal activity of nature in…

St. Cyprian: Relations with Rome: …on his behalf the treatise On the Unity of the Catholic Church, which stressed the centrality of the see of Peter (Rome) as the source of the episcopacy. Though Cyprian may have written two drafts of an important passage concerning the primacy of the chair of Peter, he implied no…

Rabanus Maurus: …most extensive work is the De rerum naturis (842–847; “On the Nature of Things”), also known as De universo (“On the Universe”), an encyclopaedia of knowledge in 22 books synthesizing intellectual history until the 9th century. Drawing from the Platonism of Augustine and from the noted Latin Church Father Pope…

A.J. Ayer: Early life: … (1872–1970), one of which, “On the Value of Scepticism” (1928), proposed a “wildly paradoxical and subversive” doctrine that Ayer would adopt as a lifelong philosophical motto: “It is undesirable to believe a proposition when there is no ground whatever for supposing it true.” At Oxford, Ayer studied A Treatise…

Charles Darwin: The patriarch in his home laboratory: …Origin was, to everyone’s surprise, The Various Contrivances by which British and Foreign Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862). He showed that the orchid’s beauty was not a piece of floral whimsy “designed” by God to please humans but honed by selection to attract insect cross-pollinators. The petals guided the…

On the Waterfront, American dramatic film, released in 1954, that presented a powerful account of union corruption and was directed by Elia Kazan. The movie, which featured one of Marlon Brando’s most memorable performances, was a critical and popular success, winning eight Academy Awards,

Niccolò Machiavelli: Early life and political career: …Val di Chiana ribellati (On the Way to Deal with the Rebel Subjects of the Valdichiana). Anticipating his later Discourses on Livy, a commentary on the ancient Roman historian, in this work he contrasts the errors of Florence with the wisdom of the Romans and declares that in dealing…

Arthur Schopenhauer: Scholarly retirement in Frankfurt: …Willen in der Natur (On the Will in Nature), which skillfully employed the queries and findings of the rapidly expanding natural sciences in support of his theory of the will. The preface for the first time openly expressed his devastating verdict on the “charlatan” Hegel and his clique. He…

the Everly Brothers: …included the minor hit “On the Wings of a Nightingale.” The Everly Brothers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.

Australian literature: Nationalism and expansion: …the great Western plains (On the Wool Track [1910]) and down the Darling River (The Dreadnought of the Darling [1911]). Like Banfield and Murdoch, he identified a genial world and men whose essential character he admired, and, when he entered the world of torrid events as Australia’s official war…

futurology: …Kahn applied this technique in On Thermonuclear War (1960), a book that examines the potential consequences of a nuclear conflict. During the time of Kahn’s first studies, the mathematician Olaf Helmer, also at RAND, proposed a theoretical basis for the use of expert opinion in forecasting.

W. H. Auden: Life: In On This Island (1937; in Britain, Look, Stranger!, 1936) his verse became more open in texture and accessible to a larger public. For the Group Theatre, a society that put on experimental and noncommercial plays in London, he wrote first The Dance of Death (a…

Matthew Arnold: Poetic achievement: …professorship were the three lectures On Translating Homer (1861)—in which he recommended Homer’s plainness and nobility as medicine for the modern world, with its “sick hurry and divided aims” and condemned Francis Newman’s recent translation as ignoble and eccentric—and the lectures On the Study of Celtic Literature (1867), in which,…

Andrey Donatovich Sinyavsky: …of which was published in On Trial (1966), prompted domestic and international protest. Sinyavsky was released from prison in 1971 and two years later moved to Paris, where he taught Russian literature at the Sorbonne. His later works include Mysli vrasplokh (1966; Unguarded Thoughts), Golos iz khora (1973; A Voice…

Elmer Rice: His first work, the melodramatic On Trial (1914), was the first play to employ on stage the motion-picture technique of flashbacks, in this case to present the recollections of witnesses at a trial. In The Adding Machine (1923) Rice adapted techniques from German Expressionist theatre to depict the dehumanization of…

Regiomontanus: …plane and spherical trigonometry in De triangulis omnimodis (1464; “On Triangles of All Kinds”) to his discovery of a Greek manuscript (incomplete) of Arithmetica, the great work of Diophantus of Alexandria (fl. c. ad 250). His writings also show his interest in perfect numbers (numbers equal to the sum of…

continental philosophy: Nietzsche: …a brilliant early text, “On Truth and Lies in a Non-Moral Sense” (1873), he offered a number of insightful observations about the vocation of philosophy that would ultimately find their way into his mature thought of the 1880s. The will to philosophy, with its pretensions to objectivity, should not…

Hannah Arendt: …Men in Dark Times (1968), On Violence (1970), and Crises of the Republic (1972). Her unfinished manuscript The Life of the Mind was edited by her friend and correspondent Mary McCarthy and published in 1978. Responsibility and Judgment, published in 2003, collects essays and lectures on moral topics from the…

Arthur Schopenhauer: Active maturity: Schopenhauer finished his treatise Über das Sehn und die Farben (1816; “On Vision and Colours”), supporting Goethe against Isaac Newton.

Carl von Clausewitz: …whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy.

Derek Parfit: …writing his second major work, On What Matters, two volumes of which were published in 2011 and a third in 2017. The book was almost as well known to its academic audience before its publication as after: Parfit had circulated sections in draft form to hundreds of colleagues in order…

Pierre Charron: …and De la sagesse (1601; On Wisdom). In the first of these, which was intended as a Counter-Reformation tract against the reformed theology of John Calvin, Charron claimed that the nature and existence of God are unknowable because of God’s infinitude and man’s weakness. Faith, not reason, he claimed, is…

Dante: Exile, Il convivio, and De monarchia: 1313; On Monarchy), in which he expands the political arguments of the Convivio. In the embittered atmosphere caused by Clement’s deceit, Dante turned his argumentative powers against papal insistence on its superiority over the political ruler—that is, against the argument that the empire derived its political…

Tess Gallagher: …1978 Gallagher published Portable Kisses, On Your Own, and Under Stars; the last volume contains a section based on her 1976 trip to Ireland. Several poems in Willingly (1984) eulogize her late father, and the collections Amplitude (1987) and Moon Crossing Bridge (1992) examine her relationship with her third husband,…

Zeami: …became shogun in 1429, favoured On’ami (Zeami’s nephew) and refused to allow the son to perform before him. Motomasa died in 1432, and Yoshinori exiled Zeami to the island of Sado in 1434. After the shogun died in 1441, Zeami returned to Kyōto.

on, one of two alternate readings (the other is kun, or kun’yomi) for a kanji (Japanese: “Chinese character”). The ambiguity of a kanji arises from its having two values: the meaning of the original Chinese character and a Chinese pronunciation of the character. In the on reading the character is

Colleen McCullough: On, Off (2006), Too Many Murders (2009), and Sins of the Flesh (2013) were entries in her murder-mystery series featuring the police captain Carmine Delmonico. She also wrote the biography The Courage and the Will: The Life of Roden Cutler, V.C. (1999).

On-balance volume (OBV) is a technical analysis indicator and a powerful tool that can help you recognize both the beginning and end of a stock market trend, as well as identify potential reversals. When used with other complementary indicators, on-balance volume can be a great addition to your

library: Vehicles for catalogs: …is known as OPAC (on-line public access computer). Further development of this system has made it possible to integrate other library records with the OPAC, so that patrons can reserve materials that are still on order and can determine if items in the library’s collection are already on loan.…

information processing: Information searching and retrieval: State-of-the-art approaches to retrieving information employ two generic techniques: (1) matching words in the query against the database index (key-word searching) and (2) traversing the database with the aid of hypertext or hypermedia links.

Dōkyō: …government department of divination, the On-myō-ryō (“Bureau of On-myō” [Chinese: Yin-Yang]), patterned after the Chinese practice, existed as early as 675 ad but later died out. One of the duties of the bureau, in keeping with the Yin-Yang theory of the balance of complementary forces, was to regulate the calendar…

Hungary: The Árpáds: …to its neighbours as the On-Ogur (literally “Ten Arrows” or “Ten Tribes”). From the Slavic pronunciation of this term, the name Hungarian is derived, with the initial H added because they were thought by some scholars to be descendants of the Huns.

hazardous-waste management: Remedial action: An alternative is on-site remediation, which reduces the production of leachate and lessens the chance of groundwater contamination. On-site remediation may include temporary removal of the hazardous waste, construction of a secure landfill on the same site, and proper replacement of the waste. It may also include treatment…

wastewater treatment: On-site septic tanks and leaching fields: …homes make use of an on-site subsurface disposal system.

Kagoshima: …(Sakura-jima), with its active volcano On-take, originally was a true island in the bay until an eruption in 1914 connected it to the eastern shore of the mainland. Rough topography, volcanic-ash soil, and relative isolation limit agriculture to grains, tobacco, and sweet potatoes. Forests in the interior are exploited, and…

employee training, vocational instruction for employed persons. During and after World War II, in-service training by employers became a common practice. The rapid changeover in industry from peace to war led to training schemes for semiskilled workers, for workers transferred to new jobs, and for

Ona, South American Indians who once inhabited the island of Tierra del Fuego. They were historically divided into two major sections: Shelknam and Haush. They spoke different dialects and had slightly different cultures. The Ona were hunters and gatherers who subsisted chiefly on guanaco, small

Pedro de Oña was the first known poet born in Chile. After studying at the University of San Marcos in Lima, he entered the army and served in several battles against rebellious Indians. His most famous work is Primera parte de Arauco domado (1596; “First Part of the Araucan Conquest”), a verse

bird: Modern birds: …the largest of them (Onactornis) standing 2.5 metres (8 feet) tall and having a skull 80 cm (31 inches) long and 40 cm (16 inches) high.

onager, (Equus onager), species of Asian wild ass that ranges from northwest Iran to Turkmenistan. The onager is pale-coloured and has a short erect mane and fairly large ears. It stands 1.5 metres (4.5 feet) at the shoulder and weighs about 250 kg (550 pounds). The onager was domesticated in

onager, in weaponry, ancient Roman torsion-powered weapon, similar to a catapult. It consisted of a single vertical beam thrust through a thick horizontal skein of twisted cords. The skein was twisted tight by geared winches, and the beam was then pulled down to a horizontal position, further

Onagraceae, evening primrose family of flowering plants, belonging to the myrtle order (Myrtales), comprising 18 genera and 655 species, and concentrated in the temperate region of the New World. The family is characterized by flowers with parts mostly on the plan of four (four sepals, four petals,

Onam, Hindu harvest festival that occurs in the Malayali month of Chingam, which overlaps with August and September in the Gregorian calendar. The 10-day harvest festival celebrates the Malayali New Year and is observed predominantly in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Other Indian regions,

masturbation: …it as the sin of Onan, who in the Old Testament was censured for spilling his seed; and the Roman Catholic church still officially condemns masturbation as a mortal sin.

Naruto: Ōnaruto Bridge spans the strait, connecting Naruto with Awaji Island and ultimately providing a road link with Kōbe, on the island of Honshu. Pop. (2005) 63,198; (2010) 61,513.

Aristotle Socrates Onassis was a Greek shipping magnate who developed a fleet of supertankers and freighters larger than the navies of many countries. Although originally wealthy tobacco dealers, Onassis’s family lost almost everything when Smyrna (modern İzmir), which had become a Greek city after

Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was an American first lady (1961–63), who was the wife of John F. Kennedy, 35th president of the United States, and was noted for her style and elegance. Her second husband, Aristotle Onassis, was one of the wealthiest men in the world. Jacqueline was the elder of two

Spain: Spain and Europe: His successor, the conde de Oñate, negotiated the secret Treaty of Graz (1617) by which the Jesuit-educated archduke Ferdinand of Styria (later Emperor Ferdinand II) was designated as heir to Matthias. In return for giving up Philip III’s claims to the Austrian succession, which Madrid had never seriously…

Juan de Oñate was a conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic governorship, he vainly sought the mythical riches of North America and succeeded instead in unlocking the geographical secrets of what is now the southwestern United States. The son of wealthy

Ireland: Visual arts: Once (2006) brought a lighter mood with its focus on the musical life of Dublin but also on the new multiculturalism of the city. Meanwhile, a stream of Irish actors and directors have made an imprint on the global film industry, including directors Jim Sheridan…

Buenos Aires: City neighborhoods: Abasto and Once are quintessential working-class neighborhoods; both are located west of Avenida 9 de Julio. Carlos Gardel, one of Argentina’s renowned tango singers, lived in Abasto. Once is famous for its Art Deco buildings. To the north of Once lies Belgrano, home to a relatively small…

John Legend: His sophomore effort, Once Again (2006), won plaudits as well as Legend’s second Grammy for best male R&B vocal performance (for the single “Heaven”). Legend was a cowinner (with Joss Stone and Van Hunt) of the award for best R&B performance by a duo or group with vocals…

The Once and Future King, quartet of novels by T.H. White, published in a single volume in 1958. The quartet comprises The Sword in the Stone (1938), The Queen of Air and Darkness—first published as The Witch in the Wood (1939)—The Ill-Made Knight (1940), and The Candle in the Wind (published in

cribbage: Scoring: …less frequently played game of once around. Each player has two pegs, and each scoring point is marked by jumping the rearmost peg ahead of the other (thus showing at a glance the number of points scored on a move as well as the total). Scores must be pegged in…

Richard Dreyfuss: …What About Bob? (1991), and Once Around (1991)—were more critical favourites than box-office successes. His sensitive multilayered performance as a musician who foregoes dreams of a composing career to teach high school in Mr. Holland’s Opus (1995) earned Dreyfuss another Oscar nomination.

Leo McCarey: Middle years: Less successful was Once Upon a Honeymoon (1942), a witless comedy-drama-romance. It starred Grant as a radio reporter who has to save a chorus girl (Ginger Rogers) from her Nazi husband (Walter Slezak) as the newlyweds honeymoon across war-torn Europe. A misfire for McCarey, it drew particular criticism…

Muhammad ʿAli Jamalzadah: …was reprinted in 1921/22 in Yakī būd yakī nabūd (Once Upon a Time), a collection of his short stories that laid the foundation for modern Persian prose. Yakī būd yakī nabūd caused a great stir, not only because of its innovative prose style, modern diction, and its use of colloquial…

Sergio Leone: …last film he completed was Once upon a Time in America (1984), a grand-scale and somber drama about Jewish gangsters in New York City who encounter greed, betrayal, and regret.

Jet Li: …1991 film Wong Fei-hung (Once Upon a Time in China), Li played his most famous character, the historical martial arts master Wong Fei-hung, who fought against injustice and foreign encroachment at the end of the Qing dynasty. Li became a top star in Hong Kong and played Wong in…

Antonio Banderas: Hollywood success: Philadelphia and Interview with the Vampire: …of El Mariachi in Rodriguez’s Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003). In addition, he provided the voice of Puss in Boots in the popular Shrek sequels (2004, 2007, and 2010) and in a spin-off film, Puss in Boots (2011).

Once upon a Time in the West, Italian western film, released in 1968, that was considered by many to be Sergio Leone’s operatic masterpiece. The epic is also notable for Henry Fonda’s playing against type as a villainous killer. Jill (played by Claudia Cardinale) is a mail-order bride who arrives

John Goodman: Film career: …action thrillers Kong: Skull Island,e Once Upon a Time in Venice, and Atomic Blonde. His later movies included Captive State (2019), in which aliens have colonized Earth and face a resistance movement.

Quentin Tarantino: His next film, Once Upon a Time…in Hollywood (2019), centers on a washed-up actor (Leonardo DiCaprio) and his stuntman (Brad Pitt), both of whom cross paths with Charles Manson in 1969 Los Angeles. The movie received a standing ovation when it premiered at the Cannes film festival. In…

Japanese art: Wood-block prints: …leader of this movement was Onchi Kōshirō. Also prominent was Yamamoto Kanae. A notable feature of sōsaku hanga works was a movement toward defining shapes using colour rather than outlines, as in traditional wood-block prints.

gastropod: Classification: …or invaginable, tentacles; marine (Onchidiidae), terrestrial and herbivorous (Veronicellidae), or terrestrial and carnivorous (Rathouisiidae); about 200 species. Superorder Basommatophora Mantle cavity present; eyes at base of 1 pair of tentacles; male and female gonopore separate, usually on right side of body; shell conical to patelliform; mostly

onchocerciasis, filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of black flies in the genus Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Brazil and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa, in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the

filariasis: Types of filariasis: … (river blindness) is caused by Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by flies of the genus Simulium. These flies breed along fast-moving streams. The condition is widespread in southern Mexico and Guatemala and is common in central Africa. Characteristic lesions are nodules beneath the skin, usually in the head…

onchocerciasis, filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of black flies in the genus Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Brazil and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa, in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the

onchocerciasis, filarial disease caused by the helminth Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted to humans by the bite of black flies in the genus Simulium. The disease is found chiefly in Brazil and Venezuela in the Americas and in sub-Saharan Africa, in a broad belt extending from Senegal on the

alkaptonuria: …to a condition known as onchronosis. The pigment, bound to collagen fibres in the deeper layers of joint cartilage and intervertebral disks (the fibrous pads between adjacent bones of the spine), causes these tissues to lose their normal resiliency and become brittle. The erosion of the abnormal cartilage leads to…

long-horned beetle: The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) deposits eggs in twigs and then girdles, or cuts, a groove around the twig. Eventually the twig dies and breaks off, and the larvae develop inside the dead twig. The Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis), native to China and Korea, is…

Oncidium, genus of some 300 species of tropical and subtropical American orchids (family Orchidaceae). Oncidium species are known variously as bee orchids, tiger orchids, and dancing ladies because of their appearance. A number of them are cultivated horticulturally. The plants vary greatly in size

Geoffroy’s cat, (Oncifelis geoffroyi), South American cat of the family Felidae, found in mountainous regions, especially in Argentina. It is gray or brown with black markings and grows to a length of about 90 cm (36 inches), including a tail of about 40 cm (16 inches). Geoffroy’s cat climbs well

Baptist: Growth outside the United States: …pioneer Baptist in Europe was Johann Gerhardt Oncken, who organized a church at Hamburg in 1834. Oncken had become acquainted with Barnas Sears of Colgate Theological Seminary, who was studying in Germany, and with six others he was baptized by Sears. From this centre, evangelistic activity was extended throughout Germany,…

oncogene, genetic material that carries the ability to induce cancer. An oncogene is a sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that has been altered or mutated from its original form, the proto-oncogene. Operating as a positive growth regulator, the proto-oncogene is involved in promoting the

carcinogen: A number of viruses are suspected of causing cancer in animals, including humans, and are frequently referred to as oncogenic viruses. Examples include human papillomaviruses, the Epstein-Barr virus, and the hepatitis B virus, all of which have genomes made up of DNA. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I…

lygaeid bug: The large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus) is distinguished by its broad red and black bands. They range from 3 to 15 mm (0.1 to 0.6 inch) in length, although they are usually less than 10 mm.

trout: ), and the golden trout. The golden trout (O. aguabonita) is a mountain trout of clear waters in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. The brown trout (q.v.), Salmo trutta, is a common European trout that has been widely introduced into suitable waters around the world. Salmon trout…

cutthroat trout, (Oncorhynchus clarki), black-spotted game fish, family Salmonidae, of western North America named for the bright-red streaks of colour beneath the lower jaws. It strikes at flies, baits, and lures and is considered a good table fish. Size is usually up to 2 to 4 kg (4.4 to 8.8

pink salmon, (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), North Pacific food fish, family Salmonidae, weighing about 2 kilograms (4 12 pounds) and marked with large, irregular spots. It often spawns on tidal flats, the young entering the sea immediately after hatching. The alternative name humpback salmon refers to

chum salmon, (Oncorhynchus keta), lightly speckled North Pacific fish, family Salmonidae, weighing up to 15 kg (33 pounds). During the spawning season in autumn, it may swim more than 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon River. (See also

coho, (Oncorhynchus kisutch), species of salmon, family Salmonidae, prized for food and sport. The coho may weigh up to 16 kg (35 pounds) and is recognized by the small spots on the back and upper tail-fin lobe. Young coho stay in fresh water for about one year before entering North Pacific waters;

salmon: …the Klamath River; and the cherry salmon (O. masu), which is found off Japan. The Atlantic salmon is native to the rivers on both sides of the North Atlantic.

rainbow trout, (Oncorhynchus mykiss), game fish of the family Salmonidae noted for its spectacular leaps and hard fighting when hooked. It has been introduced from western North America to many other countries. A brightly coloured fish of lakes and swift streams, it is covered with small black

sockeye salmon, (Oncorhynchus nerka), North Pacific food fish of the family Salmonidae that lacks distinct spots on the body. It weighs about 3 kg (6.6 pounds); however, some specimens may weigh as much as 7.7 kg (17 pounds). Sockeye salmon range from the northern Bering Sea to Japan and from

sockeye salmon: The kokanee (O. nerka kennerlyi) is a small nonmigratory freshwater form of sockeye. See also salmon.

chinook salmon, (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) prized North Pacific food and sport fish of the family Salmonidae. It weighs up to 60 kg (130 pounds) and is silvery with round black spots. Spawning runs occur in spring, adults swimming as far as 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon. Young chinook salmon