open cluster, in astronomy, any group of young stars held together by mutual gravitation. See star

noun: Types of nouns: Finally, open compound nouns are those that consist of more than one word. Examples of open compound nouns include high school, ice cream, and post office.

craps: …version of the game called money craps, or open craps, is found in simpler or illegal gaming houses and is mostly played for cash on a table without the elaborate layout found in bank craps. The players may gamble with each other on the shooter’s point numbers, but all other…

salt: Use of artificial heat: …quantity is made in so-called open crystallizers or grainers that produce a type of crystal preferred for use in some of the food industries. The brine, natural or artificial, is first pumped into settling tanks, where calcium and magnesium compounds may be removed by chemical treatment. In grainer operations the…

Open Door policy, statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900 for the protection of equal privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. The statement was issued in the form of circular notes dispatched

World Economic Forum: …developing countries and introduced the Open Forum Davos (2003), a free public forum held in parallel with the WEF.

John Cornyn: …of open government, championing the OPEN Government Act (2007), a program that revised the Freedom of Information Act to ensure more timely action on the part of government agencies being petitioned. He also proposed legislation that would prohibit Congress from enacting bills that did not have an accompanying statement of…

computer graphics: Processors and programs: The OpenGL (open graphics library) specifies a standard set of graphics routines that may be implemented in computer programming languages such as C or Java. PHIGS (programmer’s hierarchical interactive graphics system) is another set of graphics routines. VRML (virtual reality modeling language) is a graphics description…

open habitat, part of a landscape that is not enclosed by trees. Open habitat may include plains, tundra, polar barrens, forest clear-cuts, and other areas free of tree cover. It may be limited to certain portions of ecosystems, or it may encompass whole ecosystems or biomes, such as grasslands or

Google: Android OS and entry into the smartphone market: …announced the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of dozens of technology and mobile telephone companies, including Intel Corporation, Motorola, Inc., NVIDIA Corporation, Texas Instruments Incorporated, LG Electronics, Inc., Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel Corporation, and T-Mobile (Deutsche Telekom). The consortium was created in order to

Ellen DeGeneres: …as One Night Stand (1989), Open House (1989–90), and Laurie Hill (1992). In 1994 she starred in These Friends of Mine; its name changed to Ellen the following season. The show was a success, earning nominations for Golden Globe, American Comedy, and Emmy awards. In 1997 DeGeneres revealed that she…

sugar: Open pan sugar: In industrial sugarcane processing, crystallization is conducted under vacuum in order to lower operating temperatures, but some sugar is produced in the tropics by “open pan” processes. In these processes, crudely clarified juices are boiled down in open containers until a sludgy…

keyboard instrument: Flue pipes: … lower in pitch than an open pipe of the same speaking length.

Robert Gober: …in scale from their sources—Open Playpen (1987), for example, lacks the protective bars on one side, while X Playpen (1987) effectively reduces the “play” area to one of two tiny triangular spaces—those sculptures seemed exercises in wistful memory, exposing a stark poetry embedded within the mundane and the domestic.

poker: Stud poker: Each player receives one card facedown—his hole card—and one card faceup. The deal is then interrupted for a betting interval. There follow three rounds of dealing, each deal distributing one card faceup to each active player, with a betting interval after…

fat and oil processing: Pressing machines: In open presses, the ground seed material was confined in cloths of human hair or, less commonly, camel hair. Pressures on the cake varied from approximately 70 to 140 kilograms per square centimetre (1,000 to 2,000 pounds per square inch), and in the closed-type press, in…

primary election: …party members to vote, or open (nonpartisan), enabling all voters to choose which party’s primary they wish to vote in without declaring any party affiliation. Primaries may be direct or indirect. A direct primary, which is now used in some form in all U.S. states, functions as a preliminary election…

ethics: Moore and the naturalistic fallacy: ”) The “open-question argument,” as it came to be known, was in fact used by Sidgwick and to some extent by the 18th-century intuitionists, but Moore’s statement of it somehow caught the imagination of philosophers during the first half of the 20th century. The upshot was that…

Kevin Costner: Open Range, Hidden Figures, and Molly’s Game: …his third film, the western Open Range (2003), in which he also starred. He continued to act in such movies as Thirteen Days (2000), a dramatization of the Cuban missile crisis; the comic dramas The Upside of Anger (2005) and Swing Vote (2008); and the action movie The Guardian (2006).…

open range, in U.S. history, any of several areas of public domain north of Texas where from about 1866 to 1890 more than 5,000,000 head of cattle were driven to fatten and be shipped off to slaughter. The open ranges of western Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, Montana, Wyoming, and other Western

economic regionalism: In “open” forms there are no elements of exclusion or discrimination against nonmembers. Trade liberalization and unconditional most-favoured-nation status, in compliance with Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), are characteristic features of open regionalism. The EU, NAFTA, and APEC contain many…

Martin Lawrence: …his numerous other films are Open Season (2006), Wild Hogs (2007), and College Road Trip (2008). He reunited with Smith for Bad Boys II (2003) and Bad Boys for Life (2020).

Alice Munro: Later work: Her book Open Secrets (1994) contains stories that range in setting from the semicivilized hills of southern Ontario to the mountains of Albania. In Runaway (2004) Munro explores the depths of ordinary lives through the use of temporal shifts and realistically rendered reminiscences; it also was awarded…

metalogic: Truth definition of the given language: An open sentence, such as x = 1, is one that may be either true or false depending on the value of x, but a closed sentence, such as 0 = 1 and (∀x) (x = 0) or “All x’s are zero,” is one that has…

topology: Topological space: …sets in T are called open sets and T is called a topology on X. For example, the real number line becomes a topological space when its topology is specified as the collection of all possible unions of open intervals—such as (−5, 2), (1/2, π), (0, 2), …. (An analogous…

union shop: …not join the union) or open shops (which require neither membership nor dues payment). Employees in open shops who benefit from the gains that unions achieve through collective bargaining, without sharing the expenses, are sometimes called “free riders.”

20th-century international relations: Arms control and defense: …stunned the Soviets with his “open skies” proposal. The United States and the Soviet Union, he said, should exchange blueprints of all military installations and each allow the other side to conduct unhindered aerial reconnaissance. After some hesitation, Khrushchev denounced the plan as a capitalist espionage device. The Geneva summit…

minority: An open society, on the other hand, allows the individual to change his role and to benefit from corresponding changes in status. Unlike a closed society, which stresses hierarchical cooperation between social groups, an open society permits different social groups to vie for the same resources,…

F.A. Hayek: Life and major works: …a publisher for Popper’s book The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945). Popper and Hayek would remain lifelong friends.

Alexander Soros: Philanthropy and inheritance of George Soros’s empire: …the board of directors for Open Society Foundations, the family’s philanthropic arm. In December 2022 the board elected him as its chair, replacing his aging father. In June 2023 a spokesperson for George Soros announced that he would hand control of his holdings to the younger Soros.

open source: Hacker culture: …“open” system and formed the Open Software Foundation. This set off the so-called “UNIX wars” among minicomputer enthusiasts.

Wole Soyinka: …ills and Western responsibility in The Open Sore of a Continent (1996) and The Burden of Memory, the Muse of Forgiveness (1999).

open source, social movement, begun by computer programmers, that rejects secrecy and centralized control of creative work in favour of decentralization, transparency, and unrestricted (“open”) sharing of information. Source refers to the human-readable source code of computer programs, as opposed

Linus Torvalds: …under the auspices of the Open Source Development Labs (OSDL), a consortium created by such high-tech companies as IBM, Intel, and Siemens to promote Linux development. In 2007 OSDL merged with the Free Standards Group to form the Linux Foundation. In 2012 Torvalds was awarded the Millennium Technology Prize by…

open stage, theatrical stage without a proscenium, projecting into the audience and surrounded on three sides by the audience. The open stage was used in the corrales of Spain’s Golden Age of theatre (beginning about 1570) and in the traditional Noh theatre of Japan. It was also used in the first

stoping: …the operation is known as open stoping. A common open-stoping method is room-and-pillar mining, in which pillars of ore are left standing to support the rock over a flat-lying ore body.

Tim Winton: …35, for his first novel, An Open Swimmer (1982). He won the Miles Franklin Award, Australia’s most prestigious literary prize, for his second novel, Shallows (1984). More novels followed, and by the time his international best seller The Riders (1995) was short-listed for the Booker Prize, Winton had become Australia’s…

telecommunications network: Open systems interconnection: Different communication requirements necessitate different network solutions, and these different network protocols can create significant problems of compatibility when networks are interconnected with one another. In order to overcome some of these interconnection problems, the open systems interconnection (OSI) was approved in…

Joseph Chaikin: …Living Theatre before founding the Open Theatre (1963), which became an influential force in experimental theatre. His celebrated productions, the results of intense collaboration between writer, director, and actors, included America Hurrah (1966), The Serpent (1969), Terminal (1970), The Mutation Show (1971), and Nightwalk (1973). He published his ideas about…

textual criticism: Recension: This is called “horizontal” transmission, and a tradition of this kind is called “open” or “contaminated.” The practice of critics faced with contamination tends to vary, for historical reasons, from field to field. Editors of classical texts generally adopt a controlled eclecticism, classifying the witnesses broadly by groups…

sound: Open tubes: In an open tube, the standing wave of the lowest possible frequency for that particular length of tube (in other words, the fundamental) has antinodes at each end and a node in the centre. This means that an open tube is one-half wavelength…

slide guitar: …slide guitar usually use “open tunings,” in which all the strings are tuned to the pitches of a single chord.

cosmology: Friedmann-Lemaître models: …as negatively curved spaces (“open” universes). The difference between the approaches of Friedmann and Lemaître is that the former set the cosmological constant equal to zero, whereas the latter retained the possibility that it might have a nonzero value. To simplify the discussion, only the Friedmann models are considered…

Netherlands: Education: In addition, the Open University, established in 1984, provides for both university and vocational education through correspondence courses.

Open University, British experiment in higher education for adults. It opened in January 1971 with headquarters at the new town of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. There are no academic prerequisites for enrollment in Open University, the aim of which is to extend educational opportunities to all.

Israel: Education: The Open University of Israel (formerly Everyman’s University) in Tel Aviv opened in 1974, and teachers’ training colleges include two for Arabs. The language of instruction at Israeli universities is Hebrew, while the teaching system represents a mixture of European and American methods. In the 1990s…

animal: Water/vascular systems: Most animals have open circulatory systems. Those few animals with closed circulatory systems have a continuous series of vessels to circulate fluid to the vicinity of all cells, whereas those with open systems have vessels only near the heart. (Actually, no system is entirely closed or open.) In…

Tai languages: Phonological characteristics: …follows: level (using no diacritic), low (using a grave accent), falling (using a circumflex), high (using an acute accent), and rising (using a wedge, or haček); for example, maa (with no diacritic) ‘to come,’ màak (with a grave accent) ‘areca nut,’ mâak (with a circumflex) ‘much,’ máa (with an acute…

construction: Steel: …efficient structural shape is the bar (or open web) joist, a standard truss made with angles for the top and bottom chords, joined by welding to a web made of a continuous bent rod. It is used almost exclusively to support roofs and can span up to 45 meters (150…

The Open Window, frequently anthologized short story by Saki, first published in the collection Beasts and Super-Beasts in 1914. Vera, a charming teenager, plays a practical joke on a nervous visitor, causing him to flee the house. The story’s surprise ending, its witty, concise narrative, and its

solid-waste management: Digesting and processing: …for composting either by the open windrow method or in an enclosed mechanical facility. Windrows are long, low mounds of refuse. They are turned or mixed every few days to provide air for the microbes digesting the organics. Depending on moisture conditions, it may take five to eight weeks for…

Umberto Eco: 1972, 1976; The Open Work), which suggests that in much modern music, Symbolist verse, and literature of controlled disorder (Franz Kafka, James Joyce) the messages are fundamentally ambiguous and invite the audience to participate more actively in the interpretive and creative process. From that work he went…

British Open, one of the world’s four major golf tournaments—with the Masters Tournament, the U.S. Open, and the PGA Championship—and the oldest continually run championship in the sport. Best known outside the United States as the Open Championship or, simply, the Open, it has been held annually

museum: From mouseion to museum: Open-air museums, comprising a series of buildings preserved as objects, and ecomuseums, involving the interpretation of all aspects of an outdoor environment, provide examples of this. In addition, so-called virtual museums exist in electronic form on the Internet. Although virtual museums provide interesting opportunities for…

Western theatre: Spain’s Golden Age: The theatre was open to the sky, but an awning could be drawn over the audience to provide protection against sunlight and rain. It was a stage well adapted for rhetoric and poetry, where the imagination of the audience could be stimulated. Furthermore, it was a…

South Asian arts: Parsi theatre: Sondhi built the Open-Air Theatre, situated on a small artificial hillock in the Lawrence Gardens, one of the finest in all of South Asia. It has remained the centre of dramatic contests and festivals and is a favourite of visiting dancers and actors.

marketing: Purchasing procedures: Under open-bid buying, the government disseminates very specific information about the products and services required and requests bids from suppliers. Contracts generally are awarded to the lowest bidder. In negotiated-contract buying, a government agency negotiates directly with one or more companies regarding a specific project or…

stork: Two open-billed storks, openbills, or shell storks, Anastomus lamelligerus of tropical Africa and A. oscitans of southern Asia, are small storks that eat water snails. When the mandibles of these birds are closed, a wide gap remains except at the tips, probably an adaptation for holding…

gardening: Training and pruning: In the open-centre or vase system, the main stem is terminated and growth forced through a number of branches originating close to the upper end of the trunk. An intermediate system is called the modified-leader system. In espalier systems plants are trained to grow flat along a wire or…

Latin American dance: Social dances: These included open-couple dances, in which couples generally did not touch—such as minuet, allemande, sarabande (zarabande in Spanish), chaconne, galliard, pavane, and volta. The interdependent-couple contredanse (contradanza in Spanish) and its variations (

gas-turbine engine: Idealized simple open-cycle gas-turbine engine: Most gas turbines operate on an open cycle in which air is taken from the atmosphere, compressed in a centrifugal or axial-flow compressor, and then fed into a combustion chamber. Here, fuel is added and burned at an essentially constant pressure with…

magnetohydrodynamic power generator: Coal-fired MHD systems: …arrangement is known as an open-cycle, or once-through, system.

ocean thermal energy conversion: …centred their attention on an open-cycle OTEC system that employs water vapour as the working fluid and dispenses with the use of a refrigerant. In this kind of system, warm surface seawater is partially vaporized as it is injected into a near vacuum. The resultant steam is expanded through a…

metallurgy: Forging: Open-die forging is usually done by hammering a part between two flat faces. It is used to make parts that are too big to be formed in a closed die or in cases where only a few parts are to be made and the cost…

infitāḥ, program of economic liberalization in Egypt initiated by Pres. Anwar Sadat in the early 1970s. Sadat’s program of infitāḥ, officially outlined in the October Paper of April 1974, represented a marked departure from the socialist framework of his predecessor, Gamal Abdel Nasser. The

mutual fund, company that invests the funds of its subscribers in diversified securities and in return issues units representing shares in those holdings. It differs from the investment trust (q.v.), which issues shares in its own capital. In contrast to closed-end investment companies, which have

wrench: …these tools are known as open-end wrenches and are made in various sizes to fit specific bolt and nut sizes.

tunnels and underground excavations: Soft-ground moles: The open-face-wheel type is probably the most common. In the wheel the cutter arm rotates in one direction; in a variant model it oscillates back and forth in a windshield-wiper action that is most suitable in wet, sticky ground. While suitable for firm ground, the open-face…

open-field system, basic community organization of cultivation in European agriculture for 2,000 years or more. Its best-known medieval form consisted of three elements: individual peasant holdings in the form of strips scattered among the different fields; crop rotation; and common grazing. Crop

open-heart surgery, any surgical procedure that requires an incision into the heart, thus exposing one or more of the cardiac chambers, or requires the use of a heart-lung machine, a device that allows circulation and oxygenation of the blood to be maintained outside the patient’s body. The

crucible process: After 1870 the Siemens regenerative gas furnace replaced the coke-fire furnace; it produced even higher temperatures. The Siemens furnace had a number of combustion holes, each holding several crucibles, and heated as many as 100 crucibles at a time. All high-quality tool steel and high-speed steel was long…

open-hearth process, steelmaking technique that for most of the 20th century accounted for the major part of all steel made in the world. William Siemens, a German living in England in the 1860s, seeking a means of increasing the temperature in a metallurgical furnace, resurrected an old proposal

open-market operation, any of the purchases and sales of government securities and sometimes commercial paper by the central banking authority for the purpose of regulating the money supply and credit conditions on a continuous basis. Open-market operations can also be used to stabilize the prices

polynya: Open-ocean polynyas, the larger and longer-lasting of the two types, form within the ice cover and are believed to be caused by the upwelling of deep warmer water. This type is best exemplified by the vast Weddell Polynya in the antarctic Weddell Sea.

open-pit mining, surface mining (q.v.) to obtain minerals other than

pedagogy: The organization of instruction: …ideas are introduced in the open-plan system. At both the primary and the secondary levels, however, there is insufficient evidence on the effectiveness of the systems. The attitude and action of teachers remains the strongest factor, and they may still require some privacy for their teaching.

zoo: Design and architecture: A number of open-range zoos have been established since the early 1930s in rural surroundings. The prototype is Whipsnade Park, established by the Zoological Society of London in 1932. Fewer species of animals are exhibited in such zoos than in urban zoos, but they are kept in more…

resource dependency theory: Open-systems frameworks, on the other hand, stress the impact of the environment, which consists of other organizations, institutions, the professions, and the state. According to the open-systems perspective, an organization will be effective to the extent that it recognizes changes in its environment and adjusts…

organization theory: Key questions, units of analysis, and debates: Last, the open-system perspective argues that one cannot look at an individual organization in isolation. In that view, organizations are intertwined with their environments to the extent that the organization-environment boundary is indistinct.

pingo: …types of pingos are recognized: open-system and closed-system.

freight car: …since the early 1800s: the open-top car, the boxcar, and the flatcar.

chromatography: Subsequent developments: …or Golay, columns, now called open-tubular columns and characterized by their open design and an internal diameter of less than one millimetre, had an explosive impact on chromatographic methodology. It is now possible to separate hundreds of components of a mixture in a single chromatographic experiment.

telecommunications media: Open-wire pair: In order to overcome the insufficiencies of single-wire transmission, the early telephone industry shifted to a two-wire system called the open-wire pair. In an open-wire pair the forward and return conductors are copper wires that run in parallel and in a common plane.…

telecommunications media: Open-wire pair: In order to overcome the insufficiencies of single-wire transmission, the early telephone industry shifted to a two-wire system called the open-wire pair. In an open-wire pair the forward and return conductors are copper wires that run in parallel and in a common plane.…

OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence (AI) research organization consisting of two entities: OpenAI Inc., a nonprofit research segment, and OpenAI Global LLC, a for-profit subsidiary established to commercialize its AI technologies and applications. It was founded in 2015 by a consortium of

stork: Two open-billed storks, openbills, or shell storks, Anastomus lamelligerus of tropical Africa and A. oscitans of southern Asia, are small storks that eat water snails. When the mandibles of these birds are closed, a wide gap remains except at the tips, probably an adaptation for holding…

open-pit mining, surface mining (q.v.) to obtain minerals other than

open-pit mining, surface mining (q.v.) to obtain minerals other than

computer graphics: Processors and programs: The OpenGL (open graphics library) specifies a standard set of graphics routines that may be implemented in computer programming languages such as C or Java. PHIGS (programmer’s hierarchical interactive graphics system) is another set of graphics routines. VRML (virtual reality modeling language) is a graphics description…

chess: Hypermodernism: …a new approach to the opening. The two leading members of the new school, Réti and Nimzowitsch, attacked Tarrasch’s emphasis on building a solid centre in the first dozen moves, starting with 1 e4 or 1 d4. Réti often began a game with 1 Nf3 and did not advance more…

John Cassavetes: Independent filmmaker: 1960s and ’70s: The ambitious Opening Night (1977) also had its problems, including one that often plagued Cassavetes’s films, the perception of excessive length. Nevertheless, Rowlands again excelled as a stage actress suffering an existential crisis after a fan dies on the opening night of her new play. Cassavetes the…

Roger Ebert: …Ebert & the Movies (later Siskel & Ebert). As part of his on-air commentary, Ebert originated the famed thumbs-up, thumbs-down rating system, and the phrase “two thumbs up” was later copyrighted. Each week Ebert and Siskel carried on unscripted discussions of the films they reviewed, and their immense popularity was…

Painesville, city, seat (1840) of Lake county, northeastern Ohio, U.S., near the mouth of the Grand River and Lake Erie, 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Cleveland. The site, first settled permanently by Gen. Edward Paine with a party of 66, was laid out around 1805; it was known variously as The

museum: Early period of reassessment: …museums at Arnhem, Netherlands (Netherlands Open Air Museum; opened 1912), and at St. Fagans, Wales (the Museum of Welsh Life; opened as the Welsh Folk Museum in 1948). The preservation and restoration of buildings or entire settlements in situ also began; particularly well known is Colonial Williamsburg, founded in…

5G: How 5G works: 5G also supports “OpenRoaming” capabilities that allow a user to switch seamlessly and automatically from a cellular to a Wi-Fi connection while traveling, eliminating any interruption of service and the need for entering passwords to access the latter.

non-fungible token: NFT forms and the future: The largest is OpenSea, a peer-to-peer platform that allows members to purchase NFTs directly. Rarible is another open marketplace, while Foundation is moderated by a community of artists who must invite or “upvote” other artists to participate, limiting the size of the marketplace. Lazy allows the display of…

Richard Wagner: Exile: …and Oper und Drama (Opera and Drama). The latter outlined a new, revolutionary type of musical stage work—the vast work, in fact, on which he was engaged. By 1852 he had added to the poem of Siegfrieds Tod three others to precede it, the whole being called Der Ring…

opera, a staged drama set to music in its entirety, made up of vocal pieces with instrumental accompaniment and usually with orchestral overtures and interludes. In some operas the music is continuous throughout an act; in others it is broken up into discrete pieces, or “numbers,” separated either

Opéra, Parisian opera house designed by Charles Garnier. The building, considered one of the masterpieces of the Second Empire style, was begun in 1861 and opened with an orchestral concert on Jan. 5, 1875. The first opera performed there was Fromental Halévy’s work La Juive on Jan. 8, 1875. A

Richard Wagner: Exile: …and Oper und Drama (Opera and Drama). The latter outlined a new, revolutionary type of musical stage work—the vast work, in fact, on which he was engaged. By 1852 he had added to the poem of Siegfrieds Tod three others to precede it, the whole being called Der Ring…