University of Oregon, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Eugene, Oregon, U.S. The university comprises colleges of arts and sciences, business, and education; schools of architecture and allied arts, law, music, and journalism and communication; and a graduate school. In

The Oregonian, morning daily newspaper published in Portland, Oregon, one of the leading dailies of the U.S. Northwest and for many years during the 19th century the only newspaper in the seven northwesternmost states. It was founded as a weekly in 1850, when Portland had only 700 inhabitants. The

Henri Oreiller was a French skier and auto racer who won a double championship in the downhill and combined events of Alpine skiing during the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. His downhill medal came at the debut of the event at the Winter Olympics. Oreiller was a member of the

Boreas: He carried off the beautiful Oreithyia, a daughter of Erechtheus, king of Athens; they lived in Thrace as king and queen of the winds and had two sons, Calais and Zetes, and two daughters, Cleopatra and Chione. To show friendliness toward the Athenians, Herodotus wrote, Boreas wrecked the fleet of…

Orekhovo-Zuyevo, city in Moscow oblast (region), western Russia, east of Moscow city, along the Klyazma River. Formed in 1917 through the amalgamation of several industrial villages, Orekhovo-Zuyevo is one of the largest textile-manufacturing cities of Russia, specializing in cotton. Chemicals and

Orekhovo-Zuyevo, city in Moscow oblast (region), western Russia, east of Moscow city, along the Klyazma River. Formed in 1917 through the amalgamation of several industrial villages, Orekhovo-Zuyevo is one of the largest textile-manufacturing cities of Russia, specializing in cotton. Chemicals and

Oryol, oblast (region), western Russia. It occupies an area of rolling hills of the Central Russian Upland, into which are cut many broad, shallow river valleys. The greater part is in the basin of the upper Oka River. The region, centred on Oryol city, lies on the boundary of the mixed forest and

Oryol, city and administrative centre of Oryol oblast (region), western Russia. It is located on the headwaters of the Oka River at its confluence with the Orlik River. Founded in 1564 as a fortress of the Muscovite State against Tatar attacks, it was the scene of heavy fighting during World War

Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier and the first European explorer of the Amazon River. After participating with Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of Peru in 1535, Orellana moved to Guayaquil and was named governor of that area in 1538. When Pizarro’s half brother, Gonzalo, prepared an

Italian literature: Poetry after World War II: …well as the Italian Swiss Giorgio Orelli. All three are from northern Italy and, along with Roberto Rebora and others, have been seen as the continuers of a hypothetical linea lombarda (“Lombard line”) of sober moral realism that, according to critic Luciano Anceschi, originated with Giuseppe Parini (see above). Other…

Orem, city, Utah county, north-central Utah, U.S., 4 miles (6.5 km) north of Provo. The Provo River flows to the east in Provo River canyon (containing the scenic Bridal Veil Falls), and to the west lies Utah Lake, a 150-square-mile (390-square-km) remnant of ancient Lake Bonneville. The city was

Orenburg, oblast (region), western Russia, occupying an area that extends across the southern end of the Ural Mountains. It stretches from the limestone plateaus of the Obshchy Syrt in the west, across the low Urals ridges, to the flat Turgay Plateau in the east. Most of the oblast lies in the

Orenburg, city and administrative center of Orenburg oblast (region), western Russia, on the Ural River at the Sakmara confluence. Founded as a fortress in 1735 at the Ural-Or confluence, where Orsk now stands, it was moved to its present site in 1743. It was originally the military center of the

mana: …be parallel, especially wakan and orenda among the Dakota (Sioux) and Iroquois Indians. From these anthropologists in the early part of the 20th century developed the theory that mana was a worldwide phenomenon that lay behind all religions but was later supplanted by personified forces and deities.

Joseph Boyden: Novels: …novel in the Bird saga, The Orenda (2013), is a fictional take on 17th-century missionaries in Wendake (modern-day central Ontario). The story follows three main characters said to be based on Jean de Brébeuf, a Huron leader, and a Haudensosaunee captive, in the lead-up to the dispersal of the Huron…

Ourense, city, capital of Ourense provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. Ourense is situated along the eastern bank of the Miño River, south-southeast of A Coruña. Its name derives from its hot springs, which were known to the Romans as

Ourense, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It is the only landlocked province in Spain. Ourense is bounded by the provinces of A Coruña to the north, Lugo to the northeast, León and Zamora to the east, and Pontevedra to the west.

tilapia: …into mouth-brooding genera (Sarotherodon and Oreochromis) and those that deposit eggs on the bottoms of ponds and lakes (Tilapia).

tilapia: …cultured and introduced species is Oreochromis niloticus.

oreodont, any member of a diverse group of extinct herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived from the Middle Eocene through the end of the Miocene (between about 40 million and 5.3 million years ago). Though the best-known species, such as Leptauchenia and

oreodont, any member of a diverse group of extinct herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived from the Middle Eocene through the end of the Miocene (between about 40 million and 5.3 million years ago). Though the best-known species, such as Leptauchenia and

gastropod: Classification: Helicacea Land snails without (Oreohelicidae and Camaenidae) or with (Bradybaenidae, Helminthoglyptidae, and Helicidae) accessory glands on the genitalia; dominant land snails in most regions, including the edible snails of Europe (Helicidae).

bellbird: The crested bellbird (Oreoica gutturalis), also of Australia, is a whistler (see thickhead) with bristles around its nostrils. This species is a member of the Old World flycatchers (family Muscicapidae).

woolly monkey: The yellow-tailed, or Hendee’s, woolly monkey (Oreonax flavicauda) is very different from Lagothrix and is not closely related, hence its classification as a separate genus. This species has silky mahogany-coloured fur, a whitish nose, and a yellow stripe on the underside of the tail. It is…

Oreopithecus, extinct genus of primates found as fossils in Late Miocene deposits in East Africa and Early Pliocene deposits in southern Europe (11.6 to 3.6 million years ago). Oreopithecus is best known from complete but crushed specimens found in coal deposits in Europe. The relation of the genus

quail: …mountain, or plumed, quail (Oreortyx pictus), gray and reddish with a long straight plume, is perhaps the largest New World quail, weighing as much as 0.5 kg (about 1 pound). The singing, or long-clawed, quail (Dactylortyx thoracicus), of Central America, has a musical call. The tree quail, or long-tailed…

klipspringer, (Oreotragus oreotragus), rock-climbing antelope, resident in mountains of eastern and southern Africa. Its Kiswahili name “goat of the rocks” is apt, although it more closely resembles Eurasian goat antelopes such as the chamois and is radically different from other dwarf antelopes of

Bulgaria: Bulgaria’s transition: …an ethnic Turkish party, with Plamen Oresharski, a former finance minister, installed as the nonpartisan technocratic prime minister. Although technically a minority government—the two parties commanded exactly half the seats in parliament—its creation was given silent assent by the nationalist Ataka party, which abstained from the vote that approved it.

Shlisselburg, town, Leningrad oblast (region), northwestern European Russia. It is located on the Neva River where it flows out of Lake Ladoga, east of St. Petersburg city. Founded as Oreshek in 1323 by the republic of Novgorod, the town was captured in the early 17th century by the Swedes, who

Croatia: Independent Croatia: In January 2016 Tihomir Orešković was sworn in as the nonpartisan technocratic head of a centre-right coalition government. Orešković, a pharmaceutical executive who held dual Croatian and Canadian citizenship, seemingly was chosen for his financial acumen, as Croatia struggled to maintain the fragile economic recovery that had begun…

Nicholas Oresme was a French Roman Catholic bishop, scholastic philosopher, economist, and mathematician whose work provided some basis for the development of modern mathematics and science and of French prose, particularly its scientific vocabulary. It is known that Oresme was of Norman origin,

Nicholas Oresme was a French Roman Catholic bishop, scholastic philosopher, economist, and mathematician whose work provided some basis for the development of modern mathematics and science and of French prose, particularly its scientific vocabulary. It is known that Oresme was of Norman origin,

Oresteia, trilogy of tragic dramas by the ancient Greek dramatist Aeschylus, first performed in 458 bce. It is his last work and the only complete trilogy of Greek dramas that has survived. The Oresteia tells the story of the house of Atreus. The first play, Agamemnon, portrays the victorious

Orestes, play by Euripides, performed in 408 bce, that retells the story of the aftermath of Orestes’ matricide. Euripides set the play in a world where courts of law already exist. In his version, Orestes, his sister Electra, and his cousin and friend Pylades are condemned to death by the men of

Orestes, in Greek mythology, son of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae (or Argos), and his wife, Clytemnestra. According to Homer, Orestes was away when his father returned from Troy to meet his death at the hands of Aegisthus, his wife’s lover. On reaching manhood, Orestes avenged his father by killing

Blossius Aemilius Dracontius: The tragedy Orestes—927 lines on the murder of Agamemnon and the revenge of his son, Orestes—has been transmitted without Dracontius’s name but is now held to be his. Dracontius demonstrates wide familiarity with pagan Latin literature and with the Bible.

Orestes was the regent of Italy and minister to Attila, king of the Huns. He obtained control of the Roman army in 475 and made his own son Romulus, nicknamed Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor. Of Germanic origin, Orestes’ family had been Roman citizens for a few generations. Orestes

Lake Titicaca: …two species of killifish (Orestias)—a small fish, usually striped or barred with black—and a catfish (Trichomycterus). In 1939, and subsequently, trout were introduced into Titicaca. A large frog (Telmatobius), which may reach a length of nearly a foot, inhabits the shallower regions of the lake.

The Sound, strait between Zealand (Sjælland), Denmark, and Skåne, Sweden, connecting the Kattegat strait (northwest) and the Baltic Sea (south). The Sound is one of the busiest sea-lanes in the world. Its total length, between the Kullen peninsula in the north and Falsterbo in the south (both in

The Sound, strait between Zealand (Sjælland), Denmark, and Skåne, Sweden, connecting the Kattegat strait (northwest) and the Baltic Sea (south). The Sound is one of the busiest sea-lanes in the world. Its total length, between the Kullen peninsula in the north and Falsterbo in the south (both in

Copenhagen: The contemporary city: In 2000 the Øresund Link, a combined tunnel-and-bridge system connecting Copenhagen with Malmö, Sweden, opened. It also serves Copenhagen Airport at Kastrup and supports cooperation and regional growth on both sides of The Sound.

narcolepsy: …of a hormone known as hypocretin (also known as orexin), which promotes wakefulness. The loss of hypocretin may in turn be linked to an underlying autoimmune disorder in which immune cells target the hormone for destruction. In some persons, autoimmunity against hypocretin is suspected to occur as a result of…

sore mouth, viral disease of sheep and goats. The disease is characterized by the emergence of blisters, pustules, ulcers, and scabs on the lips especially but also on the face, the ears, and sometimes the legs. In severe cases, sores form inside the mouth. Sores may also appear on the teats of

Austria: Media and publishing: …were the monopoly of the Österreichischer Rundfunk (ORF), a state-owned corporation that enjoys political and economic independence. Several private local and regional radio stations have been licensed, although ORF still operates the country’s main radio stations. ORF also operates a number of television channels, and Austria’s terrestrial television signal was…

ide, (Leuciscus idus), common sport and food fish of the carp family, Cyprinidae, widely distributed in rivers and lakes of Europe and western Siberia. An elongated, rather stout fish, the ide is blue-gray or blackish with silvery sides and belly and is usually about 30–50 cm (12–20 inches) long.

Poliziano: …that he wrote in Mantua Orfeo (1480; “Orpheus”), a short dramatic composition in the vernacular, based on the myth of Orpheus and Eurydice and inspired by the same humanist ideal of beauty that pervades his Stanze. Orfeo is less refined than the Stanze, but it nevertheless reveals the author’s poetic…

Orpheus: …operas by Claudio Monteverdi (Orfeo, 1607), Christoph Gluck (Orfeo ed Euridice, 1762), and Jacques Offenbach (Orpheus in the Underworld, 1858); Jean Cocteau’s drama (1926) and film (1949) Orphée; and Brazilian director Marcel Camus’s film Black Orpheus (1959).

Orpheus: >Orfeo ed Euridice, 1762), and Jacques Offenbach (Orpheus in the Underworld, 1858); Jean Cocteau’s drama (1926) and film (1949) Orphée; and Brazilian director Marcel Camus’s film Black Orpheus (1959).

Orpheus: …Brazilian director Marcel Camus’s film Black Orpheus (1959).

Rabbe Enckell: …series of verse plays including Orfeus och Eurydike (1938) and Alkman (1959). Enckell reflects upon this continuous preoccupation with the classical myths of Greece in his most remarkable collection of poetry, Andedräkt av koppar (1946; “Breath of Copper”). In 1960 he was made poet laureate of Swedish Finland.

Carl Orff was a German composer known particularly for his operas and dramatic works and for his innovations in music education. Orff studied at the Munich Academy of Music and with the German composer Heinrich Kaminski and later conducted in Munich, Mannheim, and Darmstadt. His Schulwerk, a manual

perpetual motion: …marquess of Worcester (1601–67), and Johann Bessler, known as Orffyreus (1680–1745). Both machines gave impressive demonstrations by virtue of their ability to operate for long periods of time, but they could not run indefinitely.

Alejandro Orfila is an Argentine diplomat who served as secretary-general of the Organization of American States (OAS) from 1975 to 1984. Orfila was educated at the University of Buenos Aires and at Stanford and Tulane universities in the United States. As a career diplomat, he served as secretary

toxicology: …was first systematized by Matthieu Orfila (1787–1853) in the 19th century. Traditionally, the toxicologist’s functions have been to identify poisons and to search for antidotes and other means of treating toxic injuries. An area related to the ancient practice of toxicology, forensic toxicology, dealing with the criminal use of poisons,…

Alejandro Orfila is an Argentine diplomat who served as secretary-general of the Organization of American States (OAS) from 1975 to 1984. Orfila was educated at the University of Buenos Aires and at Stanford and Tulane universities in the United States. As a career diplomat, he served as secretary

Horace Walpole was an English writer, connoisseur, and collector known for his novel The Castle of Otranto (1764), the first Gothic novel in the English language and one of the earliest literary horror stories. He was perhaps the most assiduous letter writer of his era, and he built Strawberry

Robert Walpole, 1st earl of Orford was a British statesman (in power 1721–42), generally regarded as the first British prime minister. He deliberately cultivated a frank, hearty manner, but his political subtlety has scarcely been equaled. Walpole was the third son of Colonel Robert Walpole by his

orphrey, highly elaborate embroidery work, or a piece of such embroidery. More specifically orphrey is an ornamental border, or embroidered band, especially as used on ecclesiastical vestments. Orphreys often utilized cloth of gold, gold trimming, or gold and silk weft, or filling. They were

orphrey, highly elaborate embroidery work, or a piece of such embroidery. More specifically orphrey is an ornamental border, or embroidered band, especially as used on ecclesiastical vestments. Orphreys often utilized cloth of gold, gold trimming, or gold and silk weft, or filling. They were

organ, in music, a keyboard instrument, operated by the player’s hands and feet, in which pressurized air produces notes through a series of pipes organized in scalelike rows. The term organ encompasses reed organs and electronic organs but, unless otherwise specified, is usually understood to

organ, in biology, a group of tissues in a living organism that have been adapted to perform a specific function. In higher animals, organs are grouped into organ systems; e.g., the esophagus, stomach, and liver are organs of the digestive system. In the more advanced animals, there are usually 10

transplant: Organ and tissue banks: Without a blood supply, organs deteriorate rapidly. Cooling can slow down the process but cannot stop it. Organs differ in their susceptibility to damage. At body temperature, irreversible destruction of the brain occurs after more than 3 to 5 minutes; of…

organ donation, the act of giving one or more organs (or parts thereof), without compensation, for transplantation into someone else. Organ donation is a very personal yet complex decision, intertwined with medical, legal, religious, cultural, and ethical issues. Today organ donation, strictly

organ donation, the act of giving one or more organs (or parts thereof), without compensation, for transplantation into someone else. Organ donation is a very personal yet complex decision, intertwined with medical, legal, religious, cultural, and ethical issues. Today organ donation, strictly

human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …the basilar membrane is the organ of Corti, which contains the hair cells that give rise to nerve signals in response to sound vibrations. The side of the triangle is formed by two tissues that line the bony wall of the cochlea: the stria vascularis, which lines the outer wall…

Springfield: The “Organ of Muskets” (so called for the resemblance of rifles on the double racks to organ pipes), made famous by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem “The Arsenal at Springfield,” is displayed in the museum of the Armory. The Armory was closed in the 1960s.

heteropteran: Other systems: …abdomen and is called the organ of Ribaga. During mating the spermatozoa are deposited in this pouch. They then penetrate the pouch wall, travel through the body cavity, and burrow into the spermatheca, remaining there until needed to fertilize the eggs. Excess spermatozoa are absorbed as nutrients by special cells…

keyboard instrument: Parts, mechanism, and production of sound: The proper placement of an organ is acoustically crucial, and for most organ music a resonant room with three seconds or more of reverberation time is desirable. Organs having pipes that are installed in deep chambers adjoining the room occupied by the listeners, or placed in an acoustically “dead” environment,…

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, large desert area in southwestern Arizona, U.S. It is situated along the Mexican border, its northern boundary about 15 miles (24 km) south of Ajo by road. The cities of Yuma (northwest) and Tucson (east-northeast) lie about 140 and 185 miles (225 and 300 km),

pedal point, in music, a tone sustained through several changes of harmony that may be consonant or dissonant with it; in instrumental music it is typically in the bass. The name originates from the technique of prolonging a tone on the pedal keyboard of the organ; hence the occasional use, chiefly

organ donation: Organ demand: In 1988 the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), a national computerized system, was implemented to track organ donation in the United States. In its first two decades of operation, the OPTN recorded the procurement of organs from some 125,000 deceased and 100,000 living donors. During that period…

Organ Symphony, orchestral work by French composer Camille Saint-Saëns, notable especially for its grand use of an organ in the final movement. The work premiered on May 19, 1886, in London, where Saint-Saëns was engaged in a concert tour, and it became one of the first widely praised symphonies by

human trafficking: Types of exploitation: …the involuntary removal of bodily organs for transplant. For years there have been reports from China that human organs were harvested from executed prisoners without the consent of family members and sold to transplant recipients in various countries. There have also been reported incidents of the removal and transport of…

transplant, in medicine, a section of tissue or a complete organ that is removed from its original natural site and transferred to a new position in the same person or in a separate individual. The term, like the synonym graft, was borrowed from horticulture. Both words imply that success will

organ-pipe cactus, (Stenocereus thurberi), large species of cactus (family Cactaceae), native to Mexico and to southern Arizona in the United States. Organ-pipe cactus is characteristic of warmer rocky parts of the Sonoran Desert in Baja California, Sonora (Mexico), and southern Arizona. It and

organ-pipe coral, (genus Tubipora), any of a genus of marine animals of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria). The single known species, Tubipora musica, occurs on reefs in shallow waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans and is characterized by long, parallel upright polyps, or stalks, supported by

organ donation: Organ procurement: In the United States, local organ-procurement organizations (OPOs) coordinate deceased donation. OPOs evaluate potential donors, discuss donation with surviving relatives, and arrange for the surgical removal and transport of donated organs. Organs in good condition are removed in a sterile surgical procedure; all incisions are closed, so the donor can…

autoimmunity: An organ-specific disease is one in which an immune response is directed toward antigens in a single organ. Examples are Addison disease, in which autoantibodies attack the adrenal cortex, and myasthenia gravis, in which they attack neuromuscular cells. In systemic diseases the immune system attacks self…

organelle, any of the specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum). Organelles in unicellular organisms are the equivalent of organs in multicellular organisms. The contractile vacuole of protozoans, for example,

portative organ, small musical instrument played from the 12th through the 16th century, popular for secular music. It had one rank of flue pipes (producing a flutelike sound), sometimes arranged in rows to save space, and was slung from the player’s neck by a strap. The keys and pipes lay at right

organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.

metabolic disease: Organic acidemias: Organic acids are carbon-based compounds that appear at abnormally elevated levels when metabolic pathways involving specific enzymes are blocked. Organic acidemias are conditions characterized by the accumulation of organic acids in body tissues and fluids, especially urine. The most common of these disorders…

Washington, D.C.: Government of Washington, D.C.: Congress then approved the Organic Act of 1878, which established a permanent form of government in which the District of Columbia was a municipal corporation governed by three civilian commissioners, one being from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

National Park Service: It was established in 1916 by an act of the U.S. Congress that was signed into law by U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson. The law stipulated that the new service was to “conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and…leave them unimpaired for…

Guam: Government and society: …United States governed under the Organic Act of Guam, passed by the U.S. Congress and approved by the president on August 1, 1950. The Organic Act made all Chamorros U.S. citizens. Although they do not have the right to vote in national elections, voters do caucus during the presidential primary…

United States Virgin Islands: Government and society: …government is organized under the Organic Act of the Virgin Islands, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1936 and amended in 1954 and subsequently. The government has three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The governor, elected by universal adult (18 years and older) suffrage to a maximum of two consecutive…

organic farming, sustainable agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers derived largely from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Modern organic farming was developed as a response to the environmental harm caused by the use of

Fallingwater: …masterpiece of Wright’s theories on organic architecture, which sought to integrate humans, architecture, and nature together so that each one would be improved by the relationship. Wright believed that architecture must not only sit comfortably within its natural landscape, replicate its forms, and use its materials, but must also cultivate…

food preservation: Organic chemical preservatives: Sodium benzoate and other benzoates are among the principal chemical preservatives. The use of benzoates in certain products in prescribed quantity (usually not exceeding 0.1 percent) is permitted in most countries, some of which require a declaration of its use on the…

organic chemistry, field of science concerned with the composition, properties, and structure of chemical elements and compounds that contain carbon atoms. Carbon is unique in the variety and extent of structures that can result from the three-dimensional connections of its atoms. Organic chemistry

agricultural sciences: Liebig’s contribution: …auf Agrikulturchemie und Physiologie (1840; Organic Chemistry in Its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology), launched the systematic development of the agricultural sciences. In Europe, a system of agricultural education soon developed that comprised secondary and postsecondary instruction. The old empirical-training centres were replaced by agricultural schools throughout Europe and North…

Nevil Vincent Sidgwick: …nitrogen compounds, presented in his Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen (1910), was of enduring value. With Sir Ernest Rutherford he developed an interest in the forces that hold molecules together. After World War I he advanced the idea of the hydrogen bond to explain the behaviour of some organic molecules. During…

organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.

electrochemical reaction: Organic electrode reactions: A very large number of electrochemical reactions involving organic molecules are known. An example is the oxidation of ethylene according to the equation:

organic farming, sustainable agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers derived largely from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Modern organic farming was developed as a response to the environmental harm caused by the use of

organic food, fresh or processed food produced by organic farming methods. Organic food is grown without the use of synthetic chemicals, such as human-made pesticides and fertilizers, and does not contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Organic foods include fresh produce, meats, and dairy

organic food: Policy: In the United States, the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 began the process of establishing enforceable rules to mandate how agricultural products are grown, sold, and labeled. The regulations concerning organic food and organic products are based on a National List of Allowed and Prohibited Substances, which is a…

organic form, the structure of a work that has grown naturally from the author’s subject and materials as opposed to that of a work shaped by and conforming to artificial rules. The concept was developed by Samuel Taylor Coleridge to counter the arguments of those who claimed that the works of

organic farming, sustainable agricultural system that uses ecologically based pest controls and biological fertilizers derived largely from animal and plant wastes and nitrogen-fixing cover crops. Modern organic farming was developed as a response to the environmental harm caused by the use of

biogeochemistry: …geologic scope as opposed to organic geochemistry, which is the study of the organic compounds found in geologic materials and meteorites, including those of problematic biological origin. Topics that are classified within biogeochemistry and organic geochemistry include the origin of petroleum, the origin of life, composition of primitive atmospheres, biogeochemical…