Carleton S. Coon: …of the highly controversial work Origin of Races (1962). In 1949 Coon unearthed approximately 31,000 agricultural artifacts—some dating to about 6050 bce—while exploring Belt Cave in northern Iran. Two years later he returned to Iran and excavated Hotu Cave, which contained thick rock deposits that revealed an unbroken cultural sequence…

heredity: DNA replication: …on the DNA called the origin of replication. In higher organisms, replication begins at multiple origins of replication and moves along the DNA in both directions outward from each origin, creating two replication “forks.” The events at both replication forks are identical. In order for DNA to replicate, however, the…

Elaine Pagels: …their way into two books: The Origin of Satan (1995), which discusses the tendency within the Christian tradition to demonize one’s opponents, and Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (2003), which argues that the Gospel of Thomas—whose composition she dated to the mid-1st century, about a century earlier than…

instinct: Darwin’s conception of motivational instinct: …“Instinct” in his crucial work On the Origin of Species (1859), he declined to attempt to define the term:

Robert Coover: Books: …first, and most conventional, novel, The Origin of the Brunists (1966), tells of the rise and eventual disintegration of a religious cult. The protagonist of The Universal Baseball Association, Inc. (1968) creates an imaginary baseball league in which fictitious players take charge of their own lives. Written in the voice…

Ernesto Cardenal: …Especies, y Otros Poemas (2011; Origin of the Species, and Other Poems). He won numerous awards and honours.

Irving Stone: … (1971), about Sigmund Freud; and The Origin (1980), a life of Charles Darwin centred on the voyage of the Beagle and its aftermath.

Nikolai Vavilov: …conclusions were summarized in The Origin, Variation, Immunity and Breeding of Cultivated Plants (Eng. trans. by K.S. Chester, 1951). In 1920 he expanded the theory, stating that the region of greatest diversity of a species of plant represents its centre of origin. He eventually proposed 13 world centres of plant…

lifeboat: Named the “Original,” the double-ended, ten-oared craft remained in service for 40 years and became the prototype for other lifeboats. In 1807 the first practical line-throwing device was invented. In 1890 the first mechanically powered, land-based lifeboat was launched, equipped with a steam engine; in 1904 the…

property: …be acquired by various “original modes” of acquisition. For instance, “occupancy” is a means of original acquisition when the thing possessed belonged to no one formerly. A thing can also be acquired if someone possesses it for a certain period of time as if he were the owner. This…

Black Hebrew Israelites, African American religious community in Israel, the members of which consider themselves to be the descendents of a lost tribe of Israel. Black Hebrew Israelites hold religious beliefs that differ from those of modern Jewish communities in Israel. Black Hebrew Israelites

Television in the United States: Reality TV: …competition in the tradition of The Original Amateur Hour, which had aired on the radio in the 1930s and ’40s and then on television from 1948 through 1970, spending some time on each of the four networks. As was the case with The Original Amateur Hour, American Idol was responsible…

Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo: …Ballet Russe and finally the Original Ballet Russe (1939); the company toured internationally before dissolving in 1948.

basketball: U.S. professional basketball: …heralded professional team was the Original Celtics, which started out in 1915 as a group of youngsters from New York City, kept adding better players in the early 1920s, and became so invincible that the team disbanded in 1928, only to regroup in the early 1930s as the New York…

Dixieland: …Laine’s band when forming the Original Dixieland Jazz (originally “Jass”) Band (ODJB) in 1916. A highly influential group, the ODJB also borrowed from the marching band tradition in employing the trumpet (or cornet), clarinet, and trombone as front-line instruments. The following year, the ODJB cut what is regarded as the…

Dixieland: …Laine’s band when forming the Original Dixieland Jazz (originally “Jass”) Band (ODJB) in 1916. A highly influential group, the ODJB also borrowed from the marching band tradition in employing the trumpet (or cornet), clarinet, and trombone as front-line instruments. The following year, the ODJB cut what is regarded as the…

Spike Lee: …to direct nonfiction films, including The Original Kings of Comedy (2000), which showcased African American stand-up comedians, and When the Levees Broke (2006), a four-part HBO series outlining the U.S. government’s inadequate response to Hurricane Katrina. A follow-up series, If God Is Willing and da Creek Don’t Rise, aired in…

Signing up for Medicare is straightforward if you’re eligible. Apply online at the Social Security Administration website (ssa.gov) or visit a regional office. Within weeks, you’ll receive your red, white, and blue Medicare card in the mail. After enrolling in Medicare, your next step is choosing a

Vladimir Nabokov: The Original of Laura: …to become his final novel, The Original of Laura. On his deathbed, he instructed his wife, Véra, to burn the unfinished work. She instead placed it in a Swiss bank vault, where it remained the object of much speculation for three decades. With Véra’s death in 1991, responsibility for the…

children’s literature: From T.W. to Alice (1712?–1865): …century was not Blake but Original Poems for Infant Minds (1804), by “Several Young Persons,” including Ann and Jane Taylor. The Taylor sisters, though adequately moral, struck a new note of sweetness, of humour, at any rate of nonpriggishness. Their “Twinkle, twinkle, little star,” included in Rhymes for the Nursery…

printmaking: …between a reproduction and an original print? In the very early days of printmaking, this was not a serious problem, because the print was not looked upon as a precious art object and prices were low. The question of originality became an issue only in the 18th century, and in…

original sin, in Christian doctrine, the condition or state of sin into which each human being is born; also, the origin (i.e., the cause, or source) of this state. Traditionally, the origin has been ascribed to the sin of the first man, Adam, who disobeyed God in eating the forbidden fruit (of

St. John Paul II: Ecclesiastical and theological contributions: …of brief homilies (published as Original Unity of Man and Woman, 1981) that some stories in Genesis, including the story of Adam and Eve, should be understood as inspired metaphor. In 1984 the Vatican declared that the church’s condemnation of Galileo in 1633 had been in error; John Paul subsequently…

marketing: Business marketing: Original-equipment manufacturers incorporate the purchased goods into their final products, which are then sold to final consumers. Industrial resellers are middlemen—essentially wholesalers but in some cases retailers—who distribute goods to user customers, to original-equipment manufacturers, and to other middlemen. Industrial-goods wholesalers include mill-supply houses, steel…

Federalist Society: …constitutional and statutory interpretation—known as originalism and textualism, respectively—that supposedly prevent judicial misreadings of the law by emphasizing the public meanings of the words in which a constitutional or legal provision was expressed at the time it was written rather than the intentions of the provision’s drafters. Notably, the Federalist…

Marcus Porcius Cato: He was the author of Origines, the first history of Rome composed in Latin. This work, of whose seven books only a few fragments survive, related the traditions of the founding of Rome and other Italian cities. Cato’s only surviving work is De agri cultura (On Farming), a treatise on…

Paul Rivet: His book Les Origines de l’homme américain (1943; “The Origins of American Man”) contained linguistic and anthropological evidence supporting his migration thesis.

Hippolyte Taine: Historical theories: …to his great historical work, Les Origines de la France contemporaine (“The Origins of Contemporary France”), a monumental analysis, claiming scientific objectivity (although its factual and interpretative reliability have been challenged). It seeks to show that France’s primary fault lay in excessive centralization, originating during the ancien régime, and intensified…

John Toland: In Origines Judaicae (1709; “Origins of the Jews”), Toland claimed that the Jewish people were of Egyptian origin. During his last years, spent primarily in political pamphleteering in England, he wrote Reasons for Naturalizing the Jews (1713) and Nazarenus (1718), in which he discussed the role…

Richard Leakey: …with science writer Roger Lewin, Origins (1977) and People of the Lake (1978), Leakey presented his view that, some 3 million years ago, three hominin forms coexisted: Homo habilis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus boisei. He argued that the two australopith forms eventually died out and that H. habilis evolved into…

According to nearly all ornithologists, birds are not only the descendants of ancient dinosaurs, they are, in fact, dinosaurs themselves! Dinosaurs are a branch of reptiles that emerged during the middle of the Triassic Period (about 252 million to 201 million years ago) and thrived during the

Freeman Dyson: …including Weapons and Hope (1984), Origins of Life (1985), Infinite in All Directions (1988), Imagined Worlds (1998), and The Sun, the Genome, and the Internet (1999). Disturbing the Universe (1979) and the epistolary Maker of Patterns (2018) are autobiographies.

kinship: The evolution of family forms: Engels’s The Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884) was in fact largely based on Morgan’s Ancient Society. It traced the evolution of family forms, linking them, as Morgan had done, to changes in technology and arrangements for the ownership of property. Despite…

al-Balādhurī: …condensation of a longer history, Futūḥ al-buldān (The Origins of the Islamic State, 1916, 1924), tells of the wars and conquests of the Muslim Arabs from the time of the Prophet Muhammad. It covers the conquests of lands from Arabia west to Egypt, North Africa, and Spain and east to…

C. Vann Woodward: In Origins of the New South 1877–1913 (1951), he examined the disenfranchisement of Southern blacks in the 1890s in the light of political struggles between poor white farmers, agrarian reformers, and Populist politicians on the one hand and the large mercantile, industrial, and landholding interests on…

Origins of the Olympic Winter Games, The first organized international competition involving winter sports was introduced just five years after the birth of the modern Olympics in 1896. This competition, the Nordic Games, included only athletes from the Scandinavian countries and was held

Kaufmann Kohler: A posthumous work, The Origins of the Synagogue and the Church (1929), concerns the relationship of the Jews and the early Christians and speculates that Jesus and John the Baptist were Essenes—members of a Jewish sect that believed that the messianic era was imminent.

Sidney Bradshaw Fay: His Origins of the World War, 2 vol. (1928), resulted from his exhaustive study of previously uninvestigated archives and documents. He proposed the thesis of collective responsibility for the outbreak of war, placing blame on Serbia’s independent role in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June…

Jacob Talmon: …remains associated with his work The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (1952), for which he was awarded the Israel Prize for Social Sciences in 1956. In that work, Talmon sought to uncover the roots of modern political ideologies, tracing a direct line between, for instance, Jacobinism and Stalinism. Talmon also argued…

Hannah Arendt: …thinker was established by her Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), which also treated 19th-century anti-Semitism, imperialism, and racism. Arendt viewed the growth of totalitarianism as the outcome of the disintegration of the traditional nation-state. She argued that totalitarian regimes, through their pursuit of raw political power and their neglect of material…

OSIRIS-REx, American spacecraft that orbited the asteroid Bennu and returned a sample of it to Earth. The roughly 250-gram (9-ounce) sample was the largest extraterrestrial sample returned to Earth since the Apollo missions to the Moon and the first asteroid sample collected by an American

Germanic religion and mythology: Early medieval records: … is given in a tract, Origo gentis Langobardorum (“Origin of the Nation of Lombards”), of the late 7th century. It relates how the goddess Frea, wife of Godan (Wodan), tricked her husband into granting the Lombards victory over the Vandals. The story shows that the divine pair, recognizable from Scandinavian…

Cornish literature: …examples of Middle Cornish literature: Origo mundi (“Origin of the World”) addresses the Creation, the Fall, and the promise of salvation; Passio Domini (“Passion of the Lord”) describes Christ’s temptation and his Crucifixion; Resurrexio Domini (“Resurrection of the Lord”) covers the Resurrection and Ascension. The Ordinalia cannot be dated with…

Orihuela, city, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain. Orihuela lies in the fertile Vega (flat lowland) del Segura, just northeast of Murcia city. A pre-Roman settlement, it became the Roman Orcelis. Captured by the Moors in

praise song, one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa; a series of laudatory epithets applied to gods, men, animals, plants, and towns that capture the essence of the object being praised. Professional bards, who may be both praise singers to a chief and court historians of their tribe,

Orillia, city, Simcoe county, southeastern Ontario, Canada, 60 miles (100 km) north of Toronto, between Lakes Couchiching and Simcoe. The name, probably derived from the Spanish orilla (“border,” “shore,” or “bank”), was suggested by Sir Peregrine Maitland, lieutenant governor of Upper Canada

Katherine Philips was an English poet who, as Orinda, the central figure in a literary group in Cardigan, Wales, wrote lyrics on friendship that represent a transition from courtly poetry to the Augustan style typical of Restoration

tobacco: Cultivation: Orinoco strains, used for flue curing, are grown in rows 1.2 metres (4 feet) apart, with plants 50 to 60 cm (20 to 24 inches) apart in the row. Varieties in the Pryor group are grown to produce the dark air-cured and fire-cured types and…

Orinoco River: …to the south, the river basin covers an area of about 366,000 square miles (948,000 square km). It encompasses approximately four-fifths of Venezuela and one-fourth of Colombia.

Orinoco crocodile, (Crocodylus intermedius), large species of crocodile native to grasslands, forests, swamps, marshes, and other freshwater habitats in the Orinoco River basin in Colombia and Venezuela. The Orinoco crocodile is the largest living predator in South America and one of most

four-eyed opossum: The Orinoco four-eyed opossum (P. deltae) occurs in the delta of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Anderson’s four-eyed opossum (P. andersoni) is found in the northwestern Amazon basin from Venezuela to northern Peru and adjacent Brazil. Mondolfi’s four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii) is found in Venezuela and…

four-eyed opossum: The Orinoco four-eyed opossum (P. deltae) occurs in the delta of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Anderson’s four-eyed opossum (P. andersoni) is found in the northwestern Amazon basin from Venezuela to northern Peru and adjacent Brazil. Mondolfi’s four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii) is found in Venezuela and…

sheldgoose: melanoptera)—and the Orinoco goose (Neochen jubatus). African sheldgeese include the spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gambensis) and the Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus).

Anzoátegui: The Orinoco Heavy Oil Belt is the site of extensive oil exploration. Pipelines transport natural gas to Caracas, Maracay, Valencia, and Puerto La Cruz, and coal is mined at Naricual.

Latin American literature: Historiographies: …of modern physics and geography, El Orinoco ilustrado (1741–45; “The River Orinoco Illustrated”) circulated throughout the Americas and Europe in several languages. Another Jesuit, Juan José de Eguiara y Eguren, put together a literary history of New Spain. His incomplete Bibliotheca mexicana (1755; “Mexicana Library”) brings together the manuscripts and…

Orinoco River, major river of South America that flows in a giant arc for some 1,700 miles (2,740 km) from its source in the Guiana Highlands to its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. Throughout most of its course it flows through Venezuela, except for a section that forms part of the frontier between

Orinoco River, major river of South America that flows in a giant arc for some 1,700 miles (2,740 km) from its source in the Guiana Highlands to its mouth on the Atlantic Ocean. Throughout most of its course it flows through Venezuela, except for a section that forms part of the frontier between

Petrus Aureoli was a French churchman, philosopher, and critical thinker, called Doctor facundus (“eloquent teacher”), who was important as a forerunner to William of Ockham. Petrus may have become a Franciscan at Gourdon before 1300; he was in Paris (1304) to study, possibly under John Duns

oriole, any of about 30 species of birds of the Old World genus Oriolus, family Oriolidae, or, in the New World, any of the 30 species of Icterus, family Icteridae. Both are families of perching birds (order Passeriformes). Males of either group typically are black and yellow or black and orange,

Baltimore: The contemporary city: The celebrated Oriole Park at Camden Yards (1992), just west of the Inner Harbor, was the first of the retro-style ballparks designed to look like those built in the early 20th century. Near the stadium is the birthplace of baseball player Babe Ruth, preserved as a shrine…

Baltimore Orioles, American professional baseball team based in Baltimore, Maryland. Playing in the American League (AL), the Orioles won World Series titles in 1966, 1970, and 1983. The franchise that would become the Orioles was founded in 1894 as a minor league team based in Milwaukee,

the Orioles, American vocal group of the late 1940s and early ’50s. The members were Sonny Til (byname of Earlington Carl Tilghman; b. August 18, 1925, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.—d. December 9, 1981, Washington, D.C.), Alexander Sharp (b. December 1919, Baltimore—d. January 1970), George Nelson (b.

passeriform: Annotated classification: Family Oriolidae (Old World orioles and figbirds) Medium-sized birds, 18 to 30.5 cm (7 to 12 inches); brightly coloured, predominantly in yellows, greens, and black; sexes unalike, female duller, young streaked below. Bill strong, pointed, slightly hooked; long, pointed wings with 10 primaries; medium to long…

oriole: The African golden oriole (O. auratus) is similar. The maroon oriole (O. traillii) of the Himalayas to Indochina is one of the Asian species of oriole that have a glowing crimson colouring instead of the ordinary yellow one. Northern Australia has the yellow oriole (O. flavicinctus),…

oriole: Northern Australia has the yellow oriole (O. flavicinctus), which is strictly a fruit eater.

oriole: 5-inch) golden oriole (O. oriolus), which ranges eastward to Central Asia and India. It is yellow, with dark eye marks and black wings. The African golden oriole (O. auratus) is similar. The maroon oriole (O. traillii) of the Himalayas to Indochina is one of the Asian…

oriole: The maroon oriole (O. traillii) of the Himalayas to Indochina is one of the Asian species of oriole that have a glowing crimson colouring instead of the ordinary yellow one. Northern Australia has the yellow oriole (O. flavicinctus), which is strictly a fruit eater.

Orion, in Greek mythology, a giant and very handsome hunter who was identified as early as Homer (Iliad, Book XVIII) with the constellation known by his name. The story of Orion has many different versions. He is considered to be Boeotian by birth, born (according to a late legend) of the earth

warship: Battleships: …Royal Navy laid down HMS Orion, the first “super dreadnought,” which displaced 22,500 tons and was armed with 13.5-inch guns. The U.S. Navy followed with ships armed with 14-inch guns. Then, on the eve of World War I, the Royal Navy went a step further with HMS Queen Elizabeth, armed…

yacht: Kinds of power yachts: …reaching a climax in the Orion (1930), 3,097 tons. During that period the largest auxiliary yacht built was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931), 2,323 tons.

Orion, in astronomy, major constellation lying at about 5 hours 30 minutes right ascension and 0° declination, named for the Greek mythological hunter. Orion is one of the most conspicuous constellations and contains many bright stars. One of these, Betelgeuse, a variable star, is easily

Artemis: …continued on the crewed spacecraft Orion. Ultimately, Orion became part of the Artemis lunar exploration program proposed by the Donald Trump administration.

Orion Nebula, (catalog numbers NGC 1976 and M 42), bright diffuse nebula, faintly visible to the unaided eye in the sword of the hunter’s figure in the constellation Orion. The nebula lies about 1,350 light-years from Earth and contains hundreds of very hot (O-type) young stars clustered about a

Woody Allen: The 1980s: …financing of his films to Orion Pictures, where he continued to have the creative freedom to make movies his way: with relatively modest budgets, scripts that still left room for improvisation by actors, and intricately coordinated movement and cinematography that allowed for long takes so that much of Allen’s editing…

Sir Charles G.D. Roberts: Beginning with Orion, and Other Poems (1880), in which he expressed traditional themes in traditional poetic language and form, Roberts published about 12 volumes of verse. He wrote of nature, love, and the evolving Canadian nation, but his best remembered poems are simple descriptive lyrics about the…

Halley’s Comet: …year is responsible for the Orionid and Eta Aquarid meteor showers in October and May, respectively.

New Zealand literature: Maori narrative: the oral tradition: …to flax strings, swung rhythmically), oriori (songs composed for young children of chiefly or warrior descent, to help them learn their heritage), and karanga (somewhere between song and chant, performed by women welcoming or farewelling visitors on the marae). Some chants are recited rather than sung. These include karakia (forms…

orisha, any of the deities of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. They are also venerated by the Edo of southeastern Nigeria; the Ewe of Ghana, Benin, and Togo; and the Fon of Benin (who refer to them as voduns). Although there is much variation in the details of the rituals and mythology of

orisha, any of the deities of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. They are also venerated by the Edo of southeastern Nigeria; the Ewe of Ghana, Benin, and Togo; and the Fon of Benin (who refer to them as voduns). Although there is much variation in the details of the rituals and mythology of

Battle of Oriskany, (August 6, 1777), in the American Revolution, battle between British troops and American defenders of the Mohawk Valley, which contributed to the failure of the British campaign in the North. British troops under Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger were marching eastward across

Odisha, state of India. Located in the eastern part of the country, it is bounded by the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the north and northeast, by the Bay of Bengal to the east, and by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana to the south and Chhattisgarh to the west. Before India became

L.H. Myers: Myers’s first novel, The Orissers (1922), marked him as an author of distinction. His next novel, The Clio (1925), reflected the then-fashionable ideas of Aldous Huxley. His major work, an Indian tetralogy set in the late 16th century at the time of Akbar the Great, consists of The…

Oristano, town and archiepiscopal see, western Sardinia, Italy, near the mouth of the Tirso River, northwest of the city of Cagliari. It was founded in the 11th century bc by the people of Tharros, a Punic city, the ruins of which are nearby. There are also Roman remains. In its early days it was

Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers, Latin-American labour union federation that was established in 1951 as a regional organization for the Latin-American members of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, which had been founded in 1949 primarily by the American F

Itsekiri: In traditional Itsekiri religion, Oritse is the supreme deity and creator of the world. Among the other deities are Umale Okun, god of the sea, and Ogun, god of iron and war. Divination may be accomplished by men skilled in consulting the Ifa oracle, and ceremonies are performed to…

flower bug: The insidious flower bug, Orius insidiosus, is a common North American species that preys on the grape phylloxera and the chinch bug. In general, most of the species feed on aphids and aphid eggs. However, several species, such as the larger pirate bug (Lycotcoris campestris), suck…

Pacific League: …Hawks, Hokkaido Nippon Ham Fighters, Orix Buffaloes, Saitama Seibu Lions, and Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles. The regular playing season culminates in the Japan Series, a seven-game series between the respective champion teams of the Pacific and Central leagues.

orisha, any of the deities of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. They are also venerated by the Edo of southeastern Nigeria; the Ewe of Ghana, Benin, and Togo; and the Fon of Benin (who refer to them as voduns). Although there is much variation in the details of the rituals and mythology of

Odia language, Indo-Aryan language with some 50 million speakers. A language officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the Indian constitution, it is also the main official language of the Indian state of Odisha (Oriya). The language has several dialects; Mughalbandi (Coastal Odia) is the standard

Orizaba, city, west-central Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. It lies in a fertile, well-drained, and temperate valley of the Sierra Madre Oriental, over which towers Citlaltépetl (also called Pico de Orizaba), a snowcapped volcano. The town was founded by Spaniards in the 16th century

Volcano Pico de Orizaba, volcano on the border of Veracruz and Puebla states, south-central Mexico. Its name is derived from the Nahuatl for “Star Mountain.” The volcano rises on the southern edge of the Mexican Plateau, about 60 miles (100 km) east of the city of Puebla. Towering 18,406 feet

Tore Ørjasæter was a Norwegian regional poet who worked in the tradition of the ballad and of folk and nature lyrics. Ørjasæter was a teacher’s son from a village in central Norway. His concern with the conflict between individual and heritage, self and other, will and destiny provides the

Tore Ørjasæter was a Norwegian regional poet who worked in the tradition of the ballad and of folk and nature lyrics. Ørjasæter was a teacher’s son from a village in central Norway. His concern with the conflict between individual and heritage, self and other, will and destiny provides the

Władysław Orkan was a Polish poet and writer who eloquently portrayed the people of the Tatra Mountains. Born into a family of poor highlanders, Orkan received an incomplete education. During World War I he volunteered in the Polish legions. Most of his works are set in the region of his birth and

Rhoma Irama: …focusing especially on the so-called Melayu music (also called orkes Melayu, literally “Malay orchestra”), a genre associated particularly with the urban areas of northern and western Sumatra. Melayu music was in itself a syncretic genre that drew heavily from the melodic style and instrumentation of Indian and Malaysian film music…

Valéria Dienes: …as its four disciplines of orchestics: the interrelationship of space (plastics, or kinetics), time (rhythmics), strength (dynamics), and meaning (mimetics, later symbolics). Between 1965 and 1974 she elaborated on these four themes in three extensive studies: A relatív kinetika alapvonalai (“The Fundamentals of Relative Kinetics”), A mozdulatritmika alapvonalai (“The Fundamentals…

Orhan was the second ruler of the Ottoman dynasty, which had been founded by his father, Osman I. Orhan’s reign (1324–60) marked the beginning of Ottoman expansion into the Balkans. Under Orhan’s leadership, the small Ottoman principality in northwestern Anatolia continued to attract Ghazis

Orhon inscriptions, oldest extant Turkish writings, discovered in the valley of the Orhon River, northern Mongolia, in 1889 and deciphered in 1893 by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen. They are on two large monuments, erected in ad 732 and 735 in honour of the Turkish prince Kül (d. 731) and

Orhon River, river in north-central Mongolia. The river lies entirely within Mongolia and rises from the heavily forested slopes of the Hangayn Mountains. It flows east out of the mountains and then turns north, past Karakorum, the ancient capital of the Mongol empire. The Orhon is separated from

Turkic peoples: …and linguistically connected with the Tujue, the name given by the Chinese to the nomadic people who in the 6th century ce founded an empire stretching from what is now Mongolia and the northern frontier of China to the Black Sea. With some exceptions, notably in the European part of…