mussel shrimp, any of a widely distributed group of crustaceans belonging to the subclass Ostracoda (class Crustacea) that resemble mussels in that the body is enclosed within a bivalved (two-valved) shell. Mussel shrimp differ from most other crustaceans in having a very short trunk that has lost

ostracoderm, an archaic and informal term for a member of the group of armoured, jawless, fishlike vertebrates that emerged during the early part of the Paleozoic Era (542–251 million years ago). Ostracoderms include both extinct groups, such as the heterostracans and osteostracans, and living

ostracon, potshard or limestone flake used in antiquity, especially by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Hebrews, as a surface for drawings or sketches, or as an alternative to papyrus for writing as well as for calculating accounts. Of considerable artistic merit, the drawings on ostraca, which

dodgeball: …game played with seashells, called ostrakinda. Court dodge was a similar game played in 16th-century England.

Ostrava, city, northeastern Czech Republic. It lies between the Ostravice and Oder rivers above their confluence at the southern edge of the Upper Silesian coalfield. It was founded about 1267 as a fortified town by Bruno, bishop of Olomouc, to protect the entry to Moravia from the north. Its

Bohumil Hrabal: …novel Ostře sledované vlaky (1964; Closely Watched Trains), in which a youth’s comic problems end with heroic martyrdom. Hrabal subsequently adapted the work as a screenplay, which won the 1967 Academy Award for best foreign film.

Czech Republic: Film: …a Blonde) and Jiří Menzel’s Closely Watched Trains (1967), which won an Academy Award. Jan Svěrák’s Kolya (1997) also received international attention. There is a strong Czech tradition in producing animated films, with the work of Jiří Trnka and Jan Švankmajer being perhaps the most revered.

oyster: …(family Ostreidae) include species of Ostrea, Crassostrea, and Pycnodonte. Common Ostrea species include the European flat, or edible, oyster, O. edulis; the Olympia oyster, O. lurida; and O. frons. Crassostrea species include the Portuguese oyster, C. angulata; the North American, or Virginia, oyster, C. virginica; and the Japanese oyster, C.…

bivalve: Reproduction and life cycles: …known in the European oyster, Ostrea edulis, in which each individual undergoes periodic changes of sex. Alternative hermaphroditism is characteristic of oysters of the genus Crassostrea, in which most young individuals are male. Later the sex ratio becomes about equal, and finally most older individuals become female.

bivalve: Size range and diversity of structure: …in the true oysters (family Ostreidae), where the left valve is cemented to estuarine hard surfaces. Some scallops (family Pectinidae) are also cemented, but others lie on soft sediments in coastal waters and at abyssal depths. By limiting shell thickness (which reduces weight), smoothing the shell contours (which reduces drag),…

bivalve: Annotated classification: Order Ostreoida (oysters and scallops) Shell valves unequal, variable, typically lacking hinge teeth; shell structure of foliated calcite, upper valve with outer prismatic calcite; most scallops with inner crossed-lamellar layers; dimyarian but most monomyarian; ctenidia pseudolamellibranch; mantle fusions lacking; foot often lost in adult; scallops capable…

ostrich, (Struthio camelus), large flightless bird found only in open country in Africa. The largest living bird, an adult male may be 2.75 metres (about 9 feet) tall—almost half of its height is neck—and weigh more than 150 kg (330 pounds); the female is somewhat smaller. The ostrich’s egg,

Esztergom, town, Komárom-Esztergom megye (county), northwestern Hungary. It is a river port on the Danube River (which at that point forms the frontier with Slovakia) and lies 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Budapest. The various forms of its name all refer to its importance as a grain market. It is

insect: Ecological factors: … (Icerya purchasi) of citrus, the European corn borer (Pyrausta nubilalis; also called Ostrinia nubilalis), and others. The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), which caused appalling destruction to the cultivated potato in the United States beginning about 1840, was a native insect of semidesert country. The beetle, which fed on the

Pohjanmaa, lowland plain in western Finland, along the Gulf of Bothnia. Pohjanmaa is about 60 miles (100 km) wide and 160 miles (257 km) long. It consists of flat plains of sand and clay soil that are broken by rivers and bog areas. It is drained mainly by the Lapuan, Kyrön, and Iso rivers, which

Pohjanmaa, lowland plain in western Finland, along the Gulf of Bothnia. Pohjanmaa is about 60 miles (100 km) wide and 160 miles (257 km) long. It consists of flat plains of sand and clay soil that are broken by rivers and bog areas. It is drained mainly by the Lapuan, Kyrön, and Iso rivers, which

Jack the Ripper: …and was later found dead; Michael Ostrog, a Russian criminal and physician who had been placed in an asylum because of his homicidal tendencies; and Aaron Kosminski, a Polish Jew and a resident of Whitechapel who was known to have a great animus toward women (particularly prostitutes) and who was…

Moisey Ostrogorsky was a Belorussian political scientist known for his pioneering study of comparative party organization. Ostrogorsky studied law at St. Petersburg, and after working for a number of years in the Russian Ministry of Justice studied at the Independent School of Political Science in

Ostrogoth, member of a division of the Goths. The Ostrogoths developed an empire north of the Black Sea in the 3rd century ce and, in the late 5th century, under Theodoric the Great, established the Gothic kingdom of Italy. Invading southward from the Baltic Sea, the Ostrogoths built up a huge

Gothic language: Gothic occurred in two dialects: Ostrogothic (in eastern Europe and later in Italy) and Visigothic (in east central Europe and later in Gaul and Spain), grouped according to tribes. Most of the modern knowledge of Gothic is derived from the remains of the translation of the Bible into Gothic that…

mechanics of solids: Equations of motion: …for Tj above and the divergence theorem of multivariable calculus, which states that integrals over the area of a closed surface S, with integrand ni f (x), may be rewritten as integrals over the volume V enclosed by S, with integrand ∂f (x)/∂xi; when f (x) is a differentiable function,…

Ostrołęka, city, Mazowieckie województwo (province), northeastern Poland. It lies on the eastern bank of the Narew River, 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Łomża city. Ostrołęka, one of the oldest cities in the Mazovian Lowland, received its city rights in 1373. It flourished in the 16th and 17th

Elinor Ostrom was an American political scientist who, with Oliver E. Williamson, was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences “for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons” (either natural or constructed resource systems that people have in common). She was the first

John Ostrom was an American paleontologist who popularized the theory that many species of dinosaurs were warm-blooded and ancestrally linked to birds. Ostrom was raised in Schenectady, N.Y., where he later attended Union College, intending to follow his father into medicine. However, upon reading

John Ostrom was an American paleontologist who popularized the theory that many species of dinosaurs were warm-blooded and ancestrally linked to birds. Ostrom was raised in Schenectady, N.Y., where he later attended Union College, intending to follow his father into medicine. However, upon reading

Russian literature: The Kievan period: Ostromirovo evangeliye (The Ostromir Gospel) of 1056–57 is the oldest dated Russian manuscript. Versions of the four Gospels, the Book of Revelation, guidebooks of monastic rules, homilies, hagiographic collections, and prayers reflect the religious interests of the clerical community. To be sure, translations of secular works also…

Russian literature: The Kievan period: Ostromirovo evangeliye (The Ostromir Gospel) of 1056–57 is the oldest dated Russian manuscript. Versions of the four Gospels, the Book of Revelation, guidebooks of monastic rules, homilies, hagiographic collections, and prayers reflect the religious interests of the clerical community. To be sure, translations of secular works also…

Russian literature: The Kievan period: Ostromirovo evangeliye (The Ostromir Gospel) of 1056–57 is the oldest dated Russian manuscript. Versions of the four Gospels, the Book of Revelation, guidebooks of monastic rules, homilies, hagiographic collections, and prayers reflect the religious interests of the clerical community. To be sure, translations of secular works also…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Ostropales Forms lichens; apothecia may be capitate-stipitate or sessile turbinate; includes dimple lichen, gomphillus lichen, and common script lichen; included in subclass Ostropomycetidae; examples of genera include Ostropa, Stictis, Gyalecta, Gomphillus, Graphis, Odontotrema, Porina, and Thelotrema. Order Umbilicariales

Kolguyev Island, island, Arkhangelsk oblast (region), northwestern Russia. Kolguyev lies in the Barents Sea and is 45 miles (72 km) off the mainland. About 3,220 square miles (5,200 square km) in area, it is an island of bogs and morainic hills, covered by vegetation characteristic of the tundra;

Sakhalin Island, island at the far eastern end of Russia. It is located between the Tatar Strait and the Sea of Okhotsk, north of the Japanese island of Hokkaido. With the Kuril Islands, it forms Sakhalin oblast (region). Sakhalin was first settled by Japanese fishermen along its southern coasts.

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Ostrovsky was a Russian dramatist who is generally considered the greatest representative of the Russian realistic period. The son of a government clerk, Ostrovsky attended the University of Moscow law school. From 1843 to 1848 he was employed as a clerk at the Moscow

Russia: The 20th century: Fyodor Gladkov’s Cement (1925), Nikolay Ostrovsky’s How the Steel Was Tempered (1932–34), and Valentin Katayev’s Time, Forward! (1932)—have retained some literary interest. The real masterpieces of this period, however, did not fit the canons of Socialist Realism and were not published until many years later. They include Mikhail Bulgakov’s…

Ostrów Wielkopolski, city, Wielkopolskie województwo (province), west-central Poland. A rail junction and industrial town, it produces machine tools and railroad cars, lumber, ceramics, and textiles. The city, which lies in the south of the Great Polish Plain, was first chronicled in the 13th

Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, city, Świętokrzyskie województwo (province), southeastern Poland. The city lies along the Kamienna River, a tributary of the Vistula, and is situated in the Polish Uplands just north of the Świętokrzyskie (“Holy Cross”) Mountains. It is noted for its iron industry and has

Campanulaceae: magnifica), the giant bellflower, which is a fleshy-rooted perennial with whorled leaves and clusters of three or four long-stalked, pale-lilac bells, 10 to 12 cm wide, topping plants, 1 12 to 2 12 metres tall. It is native in Central Asia. Symphyandra, ring bellflower, named for its…

Ukraine: Religious developments: About 1580 Prince Konstantyn Ostrozky founded at Ostroh in Volhynia a cultural centre that included an academy and a printing press and attracted leading scholars of the day; among its major achievements was the publication of the first complete text of the Bible in Slavonic. Lay brotherhoods, established…

hop-hornbeam, (genus Ostrya), genus of about seven species of deciduous ornamental trees of the birch family (Betulaceae) native to Eurasia and North America. They are closely related to hornbeams of the genus Carpinus. Their common name derives from their fruit clusters that resemble hops.

hop-hornbeam: Major species: The European hop-hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) and the Japanese hop-hornbeam (O. japonica) may reach 21 metres (70 feet); the other species are much smaller. The eastern, or American, hop-hornbeam (O. virginiana) is known as ironwood for its hard heavy wood, used locally for fence posts and small…

hop-hornbeam: Major species: …hop-hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) and the Japanese hop-hornbeam (O. japonica) may reach 21 metres (70 feet); the other species are much smaller. The eastern, or American, hop-hornbeam (O. virginiana) is known as ironwood for its hard heavy wood, used locally for fence posts and small articles such as tool handles.

hop-hornbeam: Major species: The eastern, or American, hop-hornbeam (O. virginiana) is known as ironwood for its hard heavy wood, used locally for fence posts and small articles such as tool handles.

Baltic Sea, arm of the North Atlantic Ocean, extending northward from the latitude of southern Denmark almost to the Arctic Circle and separating the Scandinavian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe. The largest expanse of brackish water in the world, the semienclosed and relatively

colour: Colour atlases: Other colour atlases include the Ostwald colour system, based on mixtures of white, black, and a high chroma colour; the Maerz and Paul dictionary of colour; the Plochere colour system; and the Ridgway colour standards.

nitric acid: …developed by the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald in 1901, ammonia gas is successively oxidized to nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide by air or oxygen in the presence of a platinum gauze catalyst. The nitrogen dioxide is absorbed in water to form nitric acid. The resulting acid-in-water solution (about 50–70 percent…

Wolfgang Ostwald was a German chemist who devoted his life as a teacher, researcher, and editor to the advancement of colloid chemistry. Ostwald, the second son of Wilhelm Ostwald, spent most of his career at the University of Leipzig, beginning as a zoology student before turning to chemistry; he

Wilhelm Ostwald was a Russian-German chemist and philosopher who was instrumental in establishing physical chemistry as an acknowledged branch of chemistry. He was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria, and chemical reaction velocities. Ostwald

Wilhelm Ostwald was a Russian-German chemist and philosopher who was instrumental in establishing physical chemistry as an acknowledged branch of chemistry. He was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria, and chemical reaction velocities. Ostwald

Wolfgang Ostwald was a German chemist who devoted his life as a teacher, researcher, and editor to the advancement of colloid chemistry. Ostwald, the second son of Wilhelm Ostwald, spent most of his career at the University of Leipzig, beginning as a zoology student before turning to chemistry; he

Khanty and Mansi, western Siberian peoples, living mainly in the Ob River basin of central Russia. They each speak an Ob-Ugric language of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic languages. Together they numbered some 30,000 in the late 20th century. They are descended from people from the south Ural

Ob-Ugric languages: …comprising the Mansi (Vogul) and Khanty (Ostyak) languages; they are most closely related to Hungarian, with which they make up the Ugric branch of Finno-Ugric. The Ob-Ugric languages are spoken in the region of the Ob and Irtysh rivers in central Russia. They had no written tradition or literary language…

Selkup, an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided in central Russia between the Ob and the Yenisey rivers. They numbered more than 4,000 in the Russian census of 2002. The Selkup language, divided into several dialects, is one of the few surviving languages of the Southern Samoyedic

Uralic languages: Current distribution: The fourth language, Selkup, lies to the south in a region between the central Ob and central Yenisey; its major representation is located between Turukhansk and the Taz River. A fifth Samoyedic language, Kamas (Sayan), spoken in the vicinity of the Sayan Mountains, survived into the 20th century…

Khanty-Mansiysk, city and administrative centre of Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug (district), Russia, in the West Siberian Plain. Situated on the Irtysh River near its confluence with the Ob River, the city was formed in 1950 from the urban settlement of Khanty-Mansiysk (founded 1931) and the

The Good Soldier Schweik, satiric war novel by Jaroslav Hašek, published in Czech as Osudy dobrého vojáka Švejka za světové války in four volumes in 1921–23. Hašek planned to continue The Good Soldier Schweik to six volumes but died just before completing the fourth. The novel reflected the

anarchism: Anarchism in Japan: Osugi Sakae, the foremost figure in Japanese anarchism in the decade after Kotoku’s death, published anarchist newspapers and led organizing campaigns among industrial workers. His efforts were hampered by continuous police repression, however, and he had very little impact in Japan. Nevertheless, Osugi greatly influenced…

Ōsumi, first Earth satellite orbited by Japan. It was launched on Feb. 11, 1970, from Kagoshima Space Center on Kyushu and was named for the peninsula on which the centre is located. Ōsumi consisted of the fourth stage of the U.S.-built Lambda-4S launch rocket that was used to place it into an

Ōsumi Archipelago, archipelago, Kagoshima ken (prefecture), Japan, lying south of the Ōsumi Peninsula of Kyushu. It consists of Tanega Island and Yaku Island and several smaller isles, with a combined area of about 475 square miles (1,230 square km). The chief town is Nishinoomote on the northwest

Ōsumi Archipelago, archipelago, Kagoshima ken (prefecture), Japan, lying south of the Ōsumi Peninsula of Kyushu. It consists of Tanega Island and Yaku Island and several smaller isles, with a combined area of about 475 square miles (1,230 square km). The chief town is Nishinoomote on the northwest

Ōsumi Archipelago, archipelago, Kagoshima ken (prefecture), Japan, lying south of the Ōsumi Peninsula of Kyushu. It consists of Tanega Island and Yaku Island and several smaller isles, with a combined area of about 475 square miles (1,230 square km). The chief town is Nishinoomote on the northwest

Osun, state, western Nigeria. Osun state was created in 1991 from the eastern third of Oyo state. It is bounded by the states of Kwara on the northeast, Ekiti and Ondo on the east, Ogun on the south, and Oyo on the west and northwest. The Yoruba Hills run through the northern part of Osun state.

Oshun, an orisha (deity) of the Yoruba people of southwestern Nigeria. Oshun is commonly called the river orisha, or goddess, in the Yoruba religion and is typically associated with water, purity, fertility, love, and sensuality. She is considered one of the most powerful of all orishas, and, like

Osogbo: …fed the fish of the Osun River and in return received a liquid believed to be effective against sterility in women. The river and its personification and namesake, the goddess Osun (or Oshun; a Yoruba heroine deified for her role in saving Osogbo), are honoured at an annual festival in…

Osogbo: The Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove, a forested area with shrines and sanctuaries honouring Osun and other deities, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2005.

Osuna, town, Sevilla provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. Osuna lies at the foot of a hill at the edge of an extensive plain, east-southeast of Sevilla city. Of Iberian origin, the town became the Roman Urso and supported Pompey

biblical literature: Slavic versions: …1832) and another, associated with Richard Osvald, appeared at Trnava in 1928. A Protestant New Testament version of Josef Rohac̆ek was published at Budapest in 1913 and his complete Bible at Prague in 1936. A new Slovakian version by Stefan Žlatoš and Anton Jan Surjanský was issued at Trnava in…

Belarus: Drainage: …the largest lakes are Narach, Osveyskoye, and Drysvyaty.

Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov: Political journalism: …to a clandestinely circulated journal, Osvobozhdeniye (“Liberation”), founded in 1902, Milyukov did much to swing the moderate members of the zemstvos (local government bodies) to the left. During the revolutionary year 1905, he was active in forming the Union of Unions, a broad alliance of professional associations, and subsequently the…

Liberation of Labour, first Russian Marxist organization, founded in September 1883 in Geneva, by Georgy Valentinovich Plekhanov and Pavel Axelrod. Convinced that social revolution could be accomplished only by class-conscious industrial workers, the group’s founders broke with the Narodnaya Volya

St. Oswald of York ; feast day February 28) was an Anglo-Saxon archbishop who was a leading figure in the 10th-century movement of monastic and feudalistic reforms. Under the spiritual direction of his uncle, Archbishop Odo of Canterbury, Oswald entered the monastery of Fleury, France, then a great

lied: …Hort” (“Awake, my darling”) by Oswald of Wolkenstein (1377–1455).

St. Oswald of York ; feast day February 28) was an Anglo-Saxon archbishop who was a leading figure in the 10th-century movement of monastic and feudalistic reforms. Under the spiritual direction of his uncle, Archbishop Odo of Canterbury, Oswald entered the monastery of Fleury, France, then a great

St. Oswald of York ; feast day February 28) was an Anglo-Saxon archbishop who was a leading figure in the 10th-century movement of monastic and feudalistic reforms. Under the spiritual direction of his uncle, Archbishop Odo of Canterbury, Oswald entered the monastery of Fleury, France, then a great

Walt Disney: First animated cartoons: They invented a character called Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, contracted for distribution of the films at $1,500 each, and propitiously launched their small enterprise. In 1927, just before the transition to sound in motion pictures, Disney and Iwerks experimented with a new character—a cheerful, energetic, and mischievous mouse called Mickey.…

Norman Mailer: In 1995 Mailer published Oswald’s Tale, an exhaustive nonfictional portrayal of U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy’s assassin. Mailer’s final two novels intertwined religion and historical figures: The Gospel According to the Son (1997) is a first-person “memoir” purportedly written by Jesus Christ, and The Castle in the Forest (2007),

Christ the Redeemer: In collaboration with Brazilian artist Carlos Oswald, Silva Costa later amended the plan; Oswald has been credited with the idea for the figure’s standing pose with arms spread wide. The French sculptor Paul Landowski, who collaborated with Silva Costa on the final design, has been credited as the primary designer…

Lee Harvey Oswald was the accused assassin of U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy in Dallas on November 22, 1963. He himself was fatally shot two days later by Jack Ruby (1911–67) in the Dallas County Jail. A special President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, better known as

Attica Correctional Facility: …to Commissioner of Correctional Services Russell Oswald, who visited the prison in early September but was called away before enacting any changes.

Saint Oswald ; feast day August 5) was an Anglo-Saxon king of Northumbria from 633 to 642 who introduced Celtic Christian missionaries to his kingdom and gained ascendancy over most of England. Oswald’s father, King Aethelfrith (d. 616), had ruled the two ancient Northumbrian kingdoms of Bernicia

Mystery Science Theater 3000: …hapless assistant, Max (played by Patton Oswalt). In late 2018 the 6-episode season 12 (“The Gauntlet”) aired on Netflix. Despite the show’s popularity with fans and critics, Netflix announced in late 2019 that it had canceled MST3K.

Philadelphia Phillies: acquired All-Star pitchers Roy Halladay, Roy Oswalt, and Cliff Lee. The three teamed with Hamels to create a strong pitching staff that helped the Phillies win a team-record 102 games in 2011. However, Philadelphia was upset by the St. Louis Cardinals in the opening round of the playoffs.

Oswego, port city, seat (1816) of Oswego county, north-central New York, U.S. It lies along Lake Ontario at the mouth of the Oswego River, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Syracuse. The name derives from the Iroquoian Indian word osh-we-geh, meaning “pouring-out place” (i.e., a river mouth). It was

Oswego, county, north-central New York state, U.S., bordered by Lake Ontario to the northwest and the Oswego and Oneida rivers and Oneida Lake to the south. Other waterways include the Salmon and Little Salmon rivers and the New York State Canal System and its constituent Erie and Oswego canals.

Lake Oswego, city, Clackamas county, northwestern Oregon, U.S., on the Willamette River (and its western extension, 405-acre [164-hectare] Oswego Lake), just south of Portland. Ruins of the Willamette Iron Company’s Oswego blast furnace (1867–93) recall the city’s early iron industry based on Iron

Oswego Movement, American educational reform movement during the second half of the 19th century that contributed significantly to formalizing teacher education. It was led by Edward Austin Sheldon, who was instrumental in bringing the ideas of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi into U.S.

Oswego Movement, American educational reform movement during the second half of the 19th century that contributed significantly to formalizing teacher education. It was led by Edward Austin Sheldon, who was instrumental in bringing the ideas of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi into U.S.

Monarda: The more sharply scented Oswego tea (M. didyma), shorter and with scarlet flowers, is native in eastern North America but is widely cultivated elsewhere.

Oswestry, town (parish) and former borough (district), administrative and historic county of Shropshire, western England. It is bordered on three sides by Wales. Oswestry lies in a scenic setting in the foothills of the Berwyn Mountains between Wat’s Dyke (c. 700) and Offa’s Dyke (c. 784),

Oswestry: former borough (district), administrative and historic county of Shropshire, western England. It is bordered on three sides by Wales.

Oświęcim, city, Małopolskie województwo (province), southern Poland. It lies at the confluence of the Vistula and Soła rivers. A rail junction and industrial centre, the town became associated with the nearby sites of a Nazi concentration and extermination camp complex known as Auschwitz, the first

Auschwitz, Nazi Germany’s largest concentration camp and extermination camp. Located near the industrial town of Oświęcim in southern Poland (in a portion of the country that was annexed by Germany at the beginning of World War II), Auschwitz was actually three camps in one: a prison camp, an

Oswiu was an Anglo-Saxon king of Northumbria from 655 to 670. Oswiu’s father, King Aethelfrith (d. 616), had ruled the two ancient Northumbrian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira, but after the death of Oswiu’s brother, King Oswald, in 642, Northumbria was again divided, Oswiu assuming control of

Oswiu was an Anglo-Saxon king of Northumbria from 655 to 670. Oswiu’s father, King Aethelfrith (d. 616), had ruled the two ancient Northumbrian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira, but after the death of Oswiu’s brother, King Oswald, in 642, Northumbria was again divided, Oswiu assuming control of

János Arany: The Őszikék, his beautiful swan songs, written just before his death, poignantly reflect Arany’s sense of unfulfillment and solitude.

children’s literature: Russia/Soviet Union: , From Two to Five, 1963), however, that the opposition of two familiar forces, entertainment and instruction, can be sensed most clearly. The tension is typically expressed in Chukovsky’s account of the Soviet war over the fairy tale, the opposition to which reached its high point…

thetan: An operating thetan (OT) is one who not only is free from engrams but also operates as a fully conscious and functioning thetan according to the church’s most sacred teachings.

Ōta, city, Gumma ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, on the Tone River. During the Tokugawa period (1603–1867) it was a market town, a post town on the Nikkō Highway, and a temple town for the Daiko Temple. Japan’s first civil-aircraft manufacturing plant was established in Ōta in 1918. During World

Emir Kusturica: Films of the 1980s: …Otac na slubenom putu (1985; When Father Was Away on Business). A story of the brutal intrusion of politics into the 1950s childhood of a somnambulist boy, it is enhanced by a picturesque style and magic realism. The movie won the Golden Palm at the Cannes film festival and received…

Otago, regional council, southeastern South Island, New Zealand. It encompasses the Otago Mountains, a fragmented schist plateau. The region stretches westward across South Island from the South Pacific Ocean to include the eastern slopes of the Southern Alps. It also includes the glacially

Sir Julius Vogel: …office and soon guided the Otago Daily Times to a leading position in the colony. Elected to Parliament in 1863, he led the opposition (1865–68) and became colonial treasurer in 1869 in the ministry of William Fox. This was the beginning of a “continuous ministry” during which Vogel, whatever office…

Dunedin: …garden, an art gallery, the University of Otago (1869; the oldest university in New Zealand), the Otago Museum, and the Early Settlers’ Museum. The city is a religious centre with Roman Catholic and Anglican cathedrals and the theological Knox, Selwyn, and Holy Cross colleges. Northeast of the city centre, at…