Sefer Yetzira, (Hebrew: “Book of Creation”), oldest known Hebrew text on white magic and cosmology; it contends that the cosmos derived from the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet and from the 10 divine numbers (sefirot). Taken together, they were said to comprise the “32 paths of secret wisdom” by

Otjiwarongo, town, north-central Namibia. Otjiwarongo town (at an elevation of 4,790 feet [1,460 metres]) is located in a generally flat, semiarid region of varied grasses, scrub bush, and thorn trees. Sheep and cattle are grazed in the region, which was originally inhabited by the Bergdama

Paul Otlet was a Belgian bibliographer and entrepreneur whose ambitious Mundaneum project attempted to create a universal repository of all the world’s recorded knowledge. His related writings on information science anticipated the advent of the World Wide Web. Born to a prosperous Brussels family,

Paul Otlet was a Belgian bibliographer and entrepreneur whose ambitious Mundaneum project attempted to create a universal repository of all the world’s recorded knowledge. His related writings on information science anticipated the advent of the World Wide Web. Born to a prosperous Brussels family,

Oto, North American Indian people of the Chiwere branch of the Siouan linguistic family, which also includes the languages of the closely related Missouri and Iowa tribes. In their historic past the Oto, together with the Iowa and the Missouri, separated from the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and moved

Mesoamerican Indian languages: The classification and status of Mesoamerican languages: Western Otomanguean

Triassic Period: The Permian-Triassic boundary: …Claraia occurs with the ammonoid Otoceras in the so-called Otoceras beds, but are these beds Permian or Triassic? A Triassic age is suggested by the presence of Claraia, but otoceratids also occur in undisputed Permian strata in the Dzhulfa (Julfa) region in Armenia near the Iranian border. It was agreed…

Pallas’s cat, (Felis manul), small, long-haired cat (family Felidae) native to deserts and rocky, mountainous regions from Tibet to Siberia. It was named for the naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. The Pallas’s cat is a soft-furred animal about the size of a house cat and is pale silvery gray or light

inner ear: Equilibrium: …particles of calcium carbonate, called otoliths. Motions of the head cause the otoliths to pull on the hair cells, stimulating another auditory nerve branch, the vestibular nerve, which signals the position of the head with respect to the rest of the body.

bat-eared fox, (species Otocyon megalotis), large-eared fox, belonging to the dog family (Canidae), found in open, arid areas of eastern and southern Africa. It has 48 teeth, 6 more than any other canid. The bat-eared fox is like the red fox in appearance but has unusually large ears. It is

bivalve: The nervous system and organs of sensation: …ganglia are a pair of statocysts, which comprise a capsule of ciliated sense cells. In the lumen is either a single statolith or numerous crystalline statoconia. Their points of contact with the surrounding cilia yield information about the animal’s orientation. Additionally, most bivalves with or without eyes have light-sensitive cells…

Oto, North American Indian people of the Chiwere branch of the Siouan linguistic family, which also includes the languages of the closely related Missouri and Iowa tribes. In their historic past the Oto, together with the Iowa and the Missouri, separated from the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and moved

Oto, North American Indian people of the Chiwere branch of the Siouan linguistic family, which also includes the languages of the closely related Missouri and Iowa tribes. In their historic past the Oto, together with the Iowa and the Missouri, separated from the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) and moved

Kanehara Hitomi: …followed it with Ōtofikushon (2006; Autofiction), which opens with another nihilistic 20-something female and then scrolls back in time to reveal the past that shaped her skewed perceptions. It was a candidate for the Man Asian Literary Prize in 2007. That year also saw the release of Kanehara’s Haidora (Hydra).

Atsumi Kiyoshi: …Tora-san) in the 48-film series Otoko wa tsurai yo (“It’s Tough Being a Man”). The series ran from 1968 to 1996 and was the longest-running film series in which the same actor portrayed the central character.

otolaryngology, medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Traditionally, treatment of the ear was associated with that of the eye in medical practice. With the development of laryngology in the late 19th century, the connection between

bush baby: The final genus, Otolemur, contains the largest species, the brown greater galago (O. crassicaudatus), with an average weight of 1.2 kg, though some weigh up to 1.8 kg. It lives in coastal forests and woodlands in southeastern Africa. One or two slightly smaller closely related species live in…

bush baby: …contains the largest species, the brown greater galago (O. crassicaudatus), with an average weight of 1.2 kg, though some weigh up to 1.8 kg. It lives in coastal forests and woodlands in southeastern Africa. One or two slightly smaller closely related species live in Angola and East Africa.

inner ear: Equilibrium: …particles of calcium carbonate, called otoliths. Motions of the head cause the otoliths to pull on the hair cells, stimulating another auditory nerve branch, the vestibular nerve, which signals the position of the head with respect to the rest of the body.

human ear: Vestibule: …saccule, are known as the otolith organs. Because they respond to gravitational forces, they are also called gravity receptors. Each sac has on its inner surface a single patch of sensory cells called a macula, which is about 2 mm (0.08 inch) in diameter. The macula monitors the position of…

human ear: Vestibule: …a delicate acellular structure, the otolithic, or statolithic, membrane. This membrane is sometimes described as gelatinous, although it has a fibrillar pattern. The surface of the membrane is covered by a blanket of rhombohedral crystals, referred to as otoconia or statoconia, which consist of calcium carbonate in the form of…

human ear: Audiometry: …degree of hearing impairment; the otologist diagnoses and treats defects and diseases of the ear by medical or surgical means.)

Otomanguean languages, a phylum, or stock, of American Indian languages composed mainly of Amuzgoan, Oto-Pamean, Popolocan, Subtiaba-Tlapanecan, Mixtecan, Zapotecan, and Chinantecan. The living languages of these groups are spoken in Mexico, although varieties of Mangue, all of which are extinct,

Korsakov, city, Sakhalin oblast (region), far eastern Russia. It lies in the southern part of Sakhalin Island on the Aniva Gulf. Founded in 1853 as a fortified post, it was the first Russian military post on the island. Its port opened in 1909. The settlement was ruled by Japan from 1905 to 1945

tactical weapons system: Surface-to-surface systems: The versatile Otomat system developed by a French-Italian consortium can be used with any radar system and any fire-control system. It is shipped to the purchaser in a case that serves as a launching tube.

Otomí, Middle American Indian population living in the central plateau region of Mexico. The Otomí peoples speak at least four closely related languages, all called Otomí. A rather large number of modern Otomí no longer speak the Otomí language but continue to consider themselves Otomí. All the

Otomanguean languages: …of the Otomanguean languages are Otomí, of the Oto-Pamean family, spoken in the Mexican states of Hidalgo, México, Veracruz, Querétaro, and adjacent states; Mixtec dialects, of the Mixtecan family, spoken in the states of Guerrero, Puebla, and Oaxaca; Zapotec

Jinshin-no-ran: …the throne as the emperor Kōbun through the efforts of the aristocratic clans that had resisted Tenji’s centralization measures. Prince Ōama, brother of the deceased emperor, gathered together his own military forces and defeated Ōtomo at his capital in Ōmi province (modern Shiga prefecture). Ōama then succeeded to the throne…

Ōtomo Yakamochi was a Japanese poet and the compiler of the Man’yōshū. Born into a family known for having supplied personal guards to the imperial family, Yakamochi became in 745 the governor of Etchū province, on the coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Although he had been composing poetry

Japan: The arrival of the Europeans: Three Kyushu Christian lords—Ōtomo Sōrin, Arima Harunobu, and Ōmura Sumitada—even sent an embassy to Rome. Farmers also increasingly became converts, in part because of the influence of the social relief work and medical aid that accompanied missionary activity.

Ōtomo Yakamochi was a Japanese poet and the compiler of the Man’yōshū. Born into a family known for having supplied personal guards to the imperial family, Yakamochi became in 745 the governor of Etchū province, on the coast of the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Although he had been composing poetry

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …Africa, India), Phrynomerinae (Africa), and Otophryninae (South America). Family Ranidae (true frogs) Miocene to present; 8 presacral vertebrae; vertebral column diplasiocoelous (mixed amphicoelous and procoelous); intercalary cartilages present or absent; larvae with single spiracle, on left, and complex mouthparts; 39 genera and about 600 species; adult length about 2–25 cm…

fish: Annotated classification: Series Otophysi Characterized by possession of a complex Weberian apparatus (a swim bladder–internal ear connection with 4 movable bones). Order Characiformes Mouth not protractile; jaws toothed. Characidae most generalized; other families have specialized skeletal structures, jaws, and teeth. North, Central, and South America, and Africa. 18…

otolaryngology, medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Traditionally, treatment of the ear was associated with that of the eye in medical practice. With the development of laryngology in the late 19th century, the connection between

Sudan: Traditional cultures: …of west-central Sudan; and the Otoro tribe of the Nuba, in east-central Sudan.

otosclerosis, ear disorder characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, typically affecting the stapes (stirrup), a bone in the region of the oval window. It is at the oval window that the footplate of the stapes comes into contact with the fluids of the inner ear and acts as a piston

otosclerosis, ear disorder characterized by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, typically affecting the stapes (stirrup), a bone in the region of the oval window. It is at the oval window that the footplate of the stapes comes into contact with the fluids of the inner ear and acts as a piston

ear disease: Ototoxic drugs: Ototoxic (harmful to the ear) drugs can cause temporary and sometimes permanent impairment of auditory nerve function. Salicylates such as aspirin in large enough doses may cause ringing in the ears and then a temporary decrease in hearing that ceases when the person…

Subcomandante Marcos: …EZLN initiative known as “The Other Campaign,” in which he led the Zapatistas on a six-month countrywide tour coinciding with the 2006 Mexican presidential race. Delegate Zero aimed to form a movement among other indigenous and resistance groups in the country and to create change outside the scope of…

Joaquín Sorolla: …realist works, one of which, Otra Margarita (1892), was his earliest success. He received the greatest recognition, however, for his genre paintings and landscapes. Using heavily impastoed pigments, he combined an Impressionist manner with narrative and anecdotal themes. In 1909 he made a successful debut in the United States in…

Joseph Fouché, duc d’Otrante was a French statesman and organizer of the police, whose efficiency and opportunism enabled him to serve every government from 1792 to 1815. Fouché was educated by the Oratorians at Nantes and Paris but was not ordained a priest. In 1791 the Oratorian order was

Otranto, town and archiepiscopal see, Puglia (Apulia) region, southeastern Italy, on the east coast of the Salentine Peninsula (the “heel” of Italy), on the Strait of Otranto (40 miles [64 km] wide), opposite Albania. It is the easternmost town in Italy and is an old port of communication with

Adriatic Sea: The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long with an average width of 100 miles, a maximum depth of 4,035 feet (1,324 metres), and an area of 50,590 sq mi (131,050 sq…

Jorge Luis Borges: Life: …essays, Otras inquisiciones (1937–1952) (Other Inquisitions, 1937–1952), revealed him at his analytic best. When Perón was deposed in 1955, Borges became director of the national library, an honorific position, and also professor of English and American literature at the University of Buenos Aires. By this time, Borges suffered from…

False Dmitry: …Boris Godunov succeeded him, the first False Dmitry appeared and challenged Godunov’s right to the throne. The first pretender is considered by many historians to have been Grigory (Yury) Bogdanovich Otrepyev, a member of the gentry who had frequented the house of the Romanovs before becoming the monk Grigory and…

Sylvester II: Early life and clerical career: …fame aroused the jealousy of Otric, master of the cathedral school at Magdeburg in Saxony (presently in Germany), who denounced Gerbert to Emperor Otto II. In December 980 Otto provoked a debate in Ravenna between Gerbert and Otric on the subject of classifying knowledge. The vehement argument that resulted was…

Ana Castillo: Castillo’s first collection of poems, Otro Canto (1977), was published as a chapbook. In 1979, shortly after receiving an M.A. in social sciences from the University of Chicago, she published a second chapbook, The Invitation, in which female speakers describe the experience of the erotic. Castillo’s work draws on the…

Ernesto Sábato: …Perón in 1955, Sábato published El otro rostro del peronismo (1956; “The Other Face of Peronism”), which is an attempt to study the historical and political causes of the violence and unrest of Perón’s rule. The essay “El caso Sábato” (1956; “The Sábato Case”) is a plea for reconciliation of…

Leo Tolstoy: First publications of Leo Tolstoy: … he soon added Otrochestvo (1854; Boyhood) and Yunost (1857; Youth). A number of stories centre on a single semiautobiographical character, Dmitry Nekhlyudov, who later reappeared as the hero of Tolstoy’s novel Resurrection. In “Lyutsern” (1857; “Lucerne”), Tolstoy uses the diary form first to relate an incident, then to reflect on…

Otsego, county, central New York state, U.S., comprising a rugged upland region bordered by the Unadilla River to the west and the Susquehanna River to the southwest. Originating in Otsego Lake in the northern part of the county, the Susquehanna is one of the longest rivers of the Eastern Seaboard.

Ōtsu, capital, Shiga ken (prefecture), southern Honshu, Japan, on the shore of Lake Biwa. A castle town established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the 16th century, it is situated at the junction of ancient highways, including the Tōkaidō (Eastern Sea Highway). Ōtsu has long been a gateway to Kyōto and a

Mel Ott was an American professional baseball player, manager, and broadcaster who played his entire 22-year career with the New York Giants (1926–47). Ott had a unique batting stance with an extremely high and prolonged leg-kick, which helped the slight, 5-foot 9-inch (1.75-metre) outfielder

Mel Ott was an American professional baseball player, manager, and broadcaster who played his entire 22-year career with the New York Giants (1926–47). Ott had a unique batting stance with an extremely high and prolonged leg-kick, which helped the slight, 5-foot 9-inch (1.75-metre) outfielder

ottava rima, Italian stanza form composed of eight 11-syllable lines, rhyming abababcc. It originated in the late 13th and early 14th centuries and was developed by Tuscan poets for religious verse and drama and in troubadour songs. The form appeared in Spain and Portugal in the 16th century. It

Pius XII: After World War II: …hands of conservative cardinals, including Alfredo Ottaviani, head of the Holy Office. In 1952 Luigi Gedda, president of Catholic Action, fearing that the Christian Democrats might lose the municipal elections in Rome, proposed a Christian Democratic coalition with the parties of the right, an idea rejected by Alcide De Gasperi,…

John XII was the pope from 955 to 964. He was the only son of Duke Alberic II of Spoleto, then ruler of Rome, who ordered Octavian’s election (Dec. 16, 955) as pope when he was only about 18 years of age. The young pope changed his name to John (becoming only the second pope in history to change

Victor (IV) was an antipope from 1159 to 1164 and the second antipope designated as Victor IV. He was the first of four antipopes established against Pope Alexander III by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. (In adopting his papal name, he ignored the antipope Victor of 1138.) Made

Ottawa, Algonquian-speaking North American Indians whose original territory focused on the Ottawa River, the French River, and Georgian Bay, in present northern Michigan, U.S., and southeastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec, Canada. According to tradition, the Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Potawatomi were

Ottawa, city, seat (1864) of Franklin county, eastern Kansas, U.S. It lies on the Marais des Cygnes River. Ottawa was founded in 1864 near the Ottawa Indian Baptist Mission, which had been established in 1837 on lands given (1832) to the Ottawa Indians in exchange for their Ohio lands. During the

Ottawa, city, seat (1831) of La Salle county, north-central Illinois, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Fox and Illinois rivers, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Chicago. The site was inhabited by Illinois Indians when it was visited by French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet

Ottawa, city, capital of Canada, located in southeastern Ontario. In the eastern extreme of the province, Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River across from Gatineau, Quebec, at the confluence of the Ottawa (Outaouais), Gatineau, and Rideau rivers. The Ottawa River (some 790 miles

Ottawa Agreements, trade policies, based on the system of imperial preference, negotiated between the United Kingdom and Commonwealth nations in 1932. See imperial

Jan Egeland: …represented Norway in negotiating the Ottawa Treaty (1997) to ban land mines. From 1999 to 2001 he was a special adviser on Colombia to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, who on June 6, 2003, appointed him undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator.

Canadian Football League: …Division are the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Redblacks, Montreal Alouettes, and Toronto Argonauts.

Ottawa River, river in east-central Canada, the chief tributary of the St. Lawrence River. It rises in the Laurentian Plateau of western Quebec and flows swiftly westward to Lake Timiskaming and then southeastward, forming for most of its course the Quebec–Ontario provincial border before it joins

Ottawa Senators, Canadian professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa that plays in the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Senators have won one Eastern Conference championship (2007). The Senators made their debut as an expansion team in 1992, taking their nickname from

Jan Egeland: …represented Norway in negotiating the Ottawa Treaty (1997) to ban land mines. From 1999 to 2001 he was a special adviser on Colombia to UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, who on June 6, 2003, appointed him undersecretary-general for humanitarian affairs and emergency relief coordinator.

Canada: The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence lowlands: …Axis, the lowlands embrace the Ottawa valley and the St. Lawrence valley to a point some 70 miles (110 km) downstream from Quebec city. During the last glacial period, this area was inundated by ocean water, known as the Champlain Sea, which produced a very flat plain. The level plain…

Anna Sartorius Uhl Ottendorfer was a publisher and philanthropist who helped establish a major German-American newspaper and contributed liberally to German-American institutions. Anna Sartorius received a scanty education. About 1836 she immigrated to the United States and settled in New York

Ilya Grigoryevich Ehrenburg: …produced the novel Ottepel (1954; The Thaw), which provoked intense controversy in the Soviet press, and the title of which has become descriptive of that period in Soviet literature. It dealt with Soviet life in a more realistic way than had the officially approved literature of the preceding period. In…

otter, (subfamily Lutrinae), any of 13 species of semiaquatic mammals that belong to the weasel family (Mustelidae) and are noted for their playful behaviour. The otter has a lithe and slender body with short legs, a strong neck, and a long flattened tail that helps propel the animal gracefully

civet: The Sunda otter civet (Cynogale bennetti), the African civet (Civettictis civetta), and the rare Congo water civet (Genetta piscivora) are semiaquatic. Civets feed on small animals and on vegetable matter. Their litters usually consist of two or three young.

Otter Creek, river originating at Mount Tabor, southern Vermont, U.S., that flows about 100 miles (160 km) north and west to Lake Champlain, near Ferrisburg. It is the longest river in the state. In its upper course, Otter Creek flows between the Taconic Range and the Green

otter shrew, (subfamily Potamogalinae), any of three species of amphibious and carnivorous tropical African insectivores that are not “true” shrews (family Soricidae). All are nocturnal and den in cavities and burrows in stream banks; tunnel entrances are underwater. Otter shrews have small eyes

conservation: In the oceans: The otter trawl is the most widely used bottom-fishing gear. As it is dragged forward, a pair of flat plates called otter boards—one on each side of the trawl net and weighing several tons—spreads horizontally to keep the mouth of the trawl open; at the same…

Anne Sofie von Otter is a Swedish mezzo-soprano known especially for her effective singing of young male operatic roles and for her performance of German lieder. Von Otter was the daughter of a diplomat and grew up in Stockholm, Bonn (then the capital of West Germany), and London. She studied at

William D. Otter was a Canadian army officer. He joined the army and helped suppress the Riel (North West) Rebellion (1885). He became the first commanding officer of the Royal Canadian regiment of infantry (1893) and led a Canadian force in the South African War (1899–1902). He was appointed chief

William D. Otter was a Canadian army officer. He joined the army and helped suppress the Riel (North West) Rebellion (1885). He became the first commanding officer of the Royal Canadian regiment of infantry (1893) and led a Canadian force in the South African War (1899–1902). He was appointed chief

jaguarundi, (Puma yagouaroundi), small, unspotted New World cat (family Felidae), also known as the otter-cat because of its otterlike appearance and swimming ability. The jaguarundi is native to forested and brushy regions, especially those near water, from South America to the southwestern United

otterhound, dog breed first described in the 14th century. Developed in England to hunt otters on both land and water, it resembles a rough-coated bloodhound and has a large head, pendulous ears, and a dense, shaggy, water-resistant coat. Its webbed feet make it an excellent swimmer. It stands 24

Explore other Botanize! episodes and read about sea otters, tropic cascades, kelp, and eelgrass. Melissa Petruzzello: Hello again. You are listening to Botanize!, and I’m your host, Melissa Petruzzello, Encyclopædia Britannica’s plant and environmental science editor. In my first episode, I

Ramu River, river on the island of New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. One of the longest rivers in the country, it rises in the east on the Kratke Range and flows northwest through the great Central Depression, where it receives numerous streams draining the Bismarck (south)

Öttingen–Schrattenhofen faience, German tin-glazed earthenware made in Bavaria in the 18th and 19th centuries. The factory was first established at Öttingen in 1735 and two years later was moved to Schrattenhofen. The ware is characteristic of much produced in Bavaria—e.g., cylindrical beer

Austria: Accession of the Habsburgs: …the brothers Albert II and Otto, Habsburg Austria received its first important accession of territory. In 1335 Kärnten and Carniola were acquired after the death of Henry of Gorizia, while, with the help of Luxembourg troops, Henry’s daughter Margaret Maultasch managed to retain the Tirol. Albert and his brother Otto…

Otto was the first king of the modern Greek state (1832–62), who governed his country autocratically until he was forced to become a constitutional monarch in 1843. Attempting to increase Greek territory at the expense of Turkey, he failed and was overthrown. The second son of King Louis I of

Otto was an insane king of Bavaria, the younger son of King Maximilian II. Otto fell insane in 1872 and, from 1880 onward, had to be kept under strict surveillance. When his elder brother, King Louis II, likewise insane, died in 1886, he became king under the regency first of his uncle Luitpold,

four-stroke cycle, principle by which most modern automobile engines function. As illustrated by the figure, while the inlet valve is open, the piston first descends on the intake stroke. An ignitable mixture of gasoline vapour and air is drawn into the cylinder by the partial vacuum thus created.

Otto I was the duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936–961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962–973) who consolidated the German Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassals and his decisive victory over the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a secure

Gottfried Kinkel: One of Kinkel’s poetic epics, Otto der Schütz (1846; “Otto the Marksman”), which has been considered a forerunner of Joseph Victor von Scheffel’s Der Trompeter von Säckingen, was published in more than 70 editions and was mainly responsible for Kinkel’s influence on his contemporaries. His poetry is characterized by a…

Lina Wertmüller: …classic Otto e mezzo (1963; 812. She then wrote and directed her first film, I basilischi (1963; The Lizards). At about this time she became friends with the actor Giancarlo Giannini, who would star in most of her subsequent films.

gasoline engine: Development of gasoline engines: ) The four-stroke Otto engine was an immediate success. In spite of its great weight and poor economy, nearly 50,000 engines with a combined capacity of about 200,000 horsepower were sold in 17 years, followed by the rapid development of a wide variety of engines of the same…

Otto I was the duke of Saxony (as Otto II, 936–961), German king (from 936), and Holy Roman emperor (962–973) who consolidated the German Reich by his suppression of rebellious vassals and his decisive victory over the Hungarians. His use of the church as a stabilizing influence created a secure

Otto II was the German king from 961 and Holy Roman emperor from 967, sole ruler from 973, son of Otto I and his second wife, Adelaide. Otto, a cultivated man, continued his father’s policies of promoting a strong monarchy in Germany and of extending the influence of his house in Italy. In 961 he

Otto II was the duke of Bavaria and also a leading noble in Saxony, the most implacable opponent of the German king Henry IV. In 1061, Agnes of Poitou, regent for her young son Henry IV, invested Otto with the duchy of Bavaria. The following year, however, he helped Archbishop Anno of Cologne to

Otto III was a German king and Holy Roman emperor who planned to recreate the glory and power of the ancient Roman Empire in a universal Christian state governed from Rome, in which the pope would be subordinate to the emperor in religious as well as in secular affairs. Son of the Holy Roman

Otto IV was a German king and Holy Roman emperor, candidate of the German anti-Hohenstaufen faction, who, after struggling against two Hohenstaufen kings, was finally deposed. A member of the Welf dynasty, Otto was a son of Henry the Lion of Brunswick and Matilda, daughter of Henry II of England.

Otto IV was a German king and Holy Roman emperor, candidate of the German anti-Hohenstaufen faction, who, after struggling against two Hohenstaufen kings, was finally deposed. A member of the Welf dynasty, Otto was a son of Henry the Lion of Brunswick and Matilda, daughter of Henry II of England.

Otto Of Freising was a German bishop and author of one of the most important historico-philosophical works of the Middle Ages. Otto entered (1132 or 1133) the Cistercian monastery at Morimond in eastern Champagne and became its abbot in 1138 but was immediately called as bishop to Freising in

Otto II was the duke of Bavaria and also a leading noble in Saxony, the most implacable opponent of the German king Henry IV. In 1061, Agnes of Poitou, regent for her young son Henry IV, invested Otto with the duchy of Bavaria. The following year, however, he helped Archbishop Anno of Cologne to

attar of roses, fragrant, colourless or pale-yellow liquid essential oil distilled from fresh petals of Rosa damascena and R. gallica and other species of the rose family Rosaceae. Rose oils are a valuable ingredient of fine perfumes and liqueurs. They are also used for flavouring lozenges and