Władysław Stanisław Reymont: …writing includes Ziemia obiecana (1899; The Promised Land; filmed 1974), a story set in the rapidly expanding industrial town of Łódz and depicting the lives and psychology of the owners of the textile mills there. His two early novels Komediantka (1896; The Comedienne) and Fermenty (1897; “The Ferments”) were based…

Neil Simon: …Me (1962), Sweet Charity (1966), Promises, Promises (1968), and They’re Playing Our Song (1979).

Laverne Cox: …the films Charlie’s Angels (2019), Promising Young Woman (2020), and Jolt (2021).

promissory note, short-term credit instrument consisting of a written promise by one person (maker) to pay a specified amount of money to another on demand or at a given future date. Promissory notes are often negotiable and may be secured by the pledge of collateral. Promissory notes were in use

Carrefour SA: …in 1999 it merged with Promodès, which had more than 6,000 stores in Europe. These acquisitions secured a leading position for Carrefour in the European retail industry.

Gargano, mountainous promontory jutting into the Adriatic Sea from the east coast of Italy, in Foggia province, Puglia (Apulia) region. Called the “spur” of the Italian “boot” (peninsula), it is 40 miles (65 km) long and 25 miles (40 km) at its widest, with an area of 778 square miles (2,015 square

railroad: The transcontinental railroad: …on May 10, 1869, at Promontory, Utah.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Mies in America: …these major commissions are the Promontory Apartments in Chicago (1949), the Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1949–51) in that city, and the Seagram Building (1956–58) in New York City, a skyscraper office building with a glass, bronze, and marble exterior that Mies designed with Philip Johnson. These buildings exemplify Mies’s famous…

chemical bonding: Promotion of electrons: Valence bond theory runs into an apparent difficulty with CH4. The valence-shell electron configuration of carbon is 2s22px12py1, which suggests that it can form only two bonds to hydrogen atoms, in which case carbon would have a

heredity: Transcription: …and a region called the promoter, to which the RNA polymerase binds. These sequences must be a specific distance from the transcriptional start site for successful operation. Various short base sequences in this regulatory region physically bind specific transcription factors by virtue of a lock-and-key fit between the DNA and…

cancer: Promoters: The initial chemical reaction that produces a mutation does not in itself suffice to initiate the carcinogenic process in a cell. For the change to be effective, it must become permanent. Fixation of the mutation occurs through cell proliferation before the cell has time…

promoter, in chemistry, substance added to a solid catalyst to improve its performance in a chemical reaction. By itself the promoter has little or no catalytic effect. Some promoters interact with active components of catalysts and thereby alter their chemical effect on the catalyzed substance.

Promoters Revolution, (June 24, 1932), in the history of Thailand, a bloodless coup that overthrew the Thai king, put an end to absolute monarchy in Thailand, and initiated the so-called Constitutional Era. The coup was headed by a group of men often referred to as the “promoters.” They included

marketing: Promotion: Promotion, the fourth marketing-mix element, consists of several methods of communicating with and influencing customers. The major tools are sales force, advertising, sales promotion, and public relations.

cancer: Promoters: The initial chemical reaction that produces a mutation does not in itself suffice to initiate the carcinogenic process in a cell. For the change to be effective, it must become permanent. Fixation of the mutation occurs through cell proliferation before the cell has time…

chess: Pawns: Only pawns can be captured en passant. The last unique feature of the pawn occurs if it reaches the end of a file; it must then be promoted to—that is, exchanged for—a queen, rook, bishop, or knight.

industrial relations: Training and promotion: An initial part of typical on-the-job training often involves socialization into the practices, values, and culture of the organization. Another source of training and development lies in the career paths and job rotation policies of the firm. One large multinational firm, for example, devised…

Hendrik Verwoerd: He pushed through the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act in 1959; it provided for the resettlement of blacks in eight separate reservations, or Bantu Homelands (later called Bantustans or black states). These racial policies provoked demonstrations that in March 1960 led to the massacre of Africans protesting the Pass…

Horace, Baron Günzburg: …his father, he founded the Society for the Promotion of Culture Among the Jews of Russia, a highly successful organization that disseminated Jewish culture in the Russian language; he became president of the society upon his father’s death in 1878 and almost single-handedly financed it, sponsoring translations into Russian of…

Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa: Establishment and mandate of the commission: …culminated in the legislation, the Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act 34 of 1995 (the Act), that established the TRC.

chemical bonding: Promotion of electrons: Valence bond theory runs into an apparent difficulty with CH4. The valence-shell electron configuration of carbon is 2s22px12py1, which suggests that it can form only two bonds to hydrogen atoms, in which case carbon would have a

prompt engineering, process of designing inputs for generative artificial intelligence (AI) models to deliver useful, accurate, and relevant responses. Prompt engineering is used with generative AI models called large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google Gemini. Generative AI

radiation measurement: Scintillators: …light, a process sometimes called prompt fluorescence. Such materials are known as scintillators and are commonly exploited in scintillation detectors. The amount of light generated from a single charged particle of a few MeV kinetic energy is very weak and cannot be seen with the unaided eye. However, some early…

prompt neutron, in nuclear fission reactions, neutron emitted instantaneously by a nucleus undergoing fission—in contrast to a delayed neutron, which is emitted by an excited nucleus among the fission products at an appreciable time interval (milliseconds to minutes) after fission has occurred.

nuclear weapon: Initial radiation: A special feature of a nuclear explosion is the emission of nuclear radiation, which may be separated into initial radiation and residual radiation. Initial radiation, also known as prompt radiation, consists of gamma rays and neutrons produced within a minute of the detonation.…

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: …under its later title of Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum (“Storehouse for Children or Clerics”) commonly attributed to Geoffrey the Grammarian (Galfridus Grammaticus), a Dominican friar of Norfolk, who is thought to have composed it about 1440.

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: …under its later title of Promptorium parvulorum sive clericorum (“Storehouse for Children or Clerics”) commonly attributed to Geoffrey the Grammarian (Galfridus Grammaticus), a Dominican friar of Norfolk, who is thought to have composed it about 1440.

Native American: The northern Pacific Coast: …Siberian sailors and trappers, the promyshlenniki. Like their French counterparts, they wished to establish themselves in the lucrative fur trade, but, whereas the French sought beaver pelts for the European markets, the Russians sought the rich pelts of sea otters for trade with China. The differences between the French and…

population: Population theories in antiquity: …were successful in maintaining high fertility. They did so in part by stressing the duties of marriage and procreation and by stigmatizing persons who failed to produce children. Many of these pronatalist motives were incorporated into religious dogma and mythology, as in the biblical injunction to “be fruitful and multiply,…

muscle: Comparative anatomy: Pronators turn the sole of the foot or the palm of the hand to face the ground, while the opposite function is performed by supinators. Constrictors and sphincters diminish the volume of spaces or the area of structures, and dilators increase them. The names of…

Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer: …physiologist and inventor of the prone-pressure method (Schafer method) of artificial respiration adopted by the Royal Life Saving Society.

pronephros, most primitive of the three vertebrate kidneys, active in the adults of some primitive fish (lampreys and hagfish), the embryos of more advanced fish, and the larvae of amphibians. It is a paired organ consisting of a series of nephrons that filter urine from both the pericardial cavity

pronghorn, (Antilocapra americana), North American hoofed mammal, the sole living member of the old ruminant family Antilocapridae (order Artiodactyla). It is the only animal that has branching horns and sheds them annually. This graceful denizen of open plains and semideserts is reddish brown and

St. Louis Blues: …wing Pavol Demitra and defensemen Chris Pronger and Al MacInnis, but St. Louis was upset in the first round of the NHL playoffs by the Western Conference’s lowest seed, the San Jose Sharks. The Blues rebounded from that disappointment the following season by earning a berth in the conference finals,…

pronghorn, (Antilocapra americana), North American hoofed mammal, the sole living member of the old ruminant family Antilocapridae (order Artiodactyla). It is the only animal that has branching horns and sheds them annually. This graceful denizen of open plains and semideserts is reddish brown and

pronghorn, (Antilocapra americana), North American hoofed mammal, the sole living member of the old ruminant family Antilocapridae (order Artiodactyla). It is the only animal that has branching horns and sheds them annually. This graceful denizen of open plains and semideserts is reddish brown and

springbok: …form of jumping known as pronking. The species name marsupialis refers to this concealed organ, which also happens to be lined with sebaceous scent glands.

pronoia system, Byzantine form of feudalism based on government assignment of revenue-yielding property to prominent individuals in return for services, usually military; instituted during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachus (1042–55). In the beginning, a pronoia (grant of

rabbit: …are actually hares, whereas the rockhares and the hispid hare are rabbits. Rabbits differ from hares in size, life history, and preferred habitat. In general, rabbits are smaller and have shorter ears than hares. They are born without fur and with closed eyes after a gestation period of 30–31 days.…

coleopteran: Adult features: …by a dorsal plate, the pronotum. The body covering (exoskeleton) varies from very horny and rigid to soft and flexible, but it usually consists of hard plates (sclerites) separated by flexible membranes.

pronoun, a word that replaces a noun or noun phrase and one of eight parts of speech in English grammar. Pronouns are used to avoid repetition of nouns and can help sentences be more succinct. There are several different types of pronouns, which are described in detail below. Personal pronouns

Lynyrd Skynyrd: Band formation and Pronounced Leh-nerd Skin-Nerd: …band released its first album, Pronounced Leh-Nerd Skin-Nerd. “Free Bird,” a tribute to the late Duane Allman of the Allman Brothers Band, was an immediate sensation, thanks to the interplay of its three lead guitars.

Prontosil, trade name of the first synthetic drug used in the treatment of general bacterial infections in humans. Prontosil was introduced into medicine in the 1930s. Prontosil resulted from research, directed by German chemist and pathologist Gerhard Domagk, on the antibacterial action of azo

three-parent baby: Mitochondrial replacement therapy: In pronuclear transfer, the mother’s egg is first fertilized with the father’s sperm, producing a zygote. The pronuclei of the egg and sperm are then removed from the zygote and inserted into a donor egg that has been fertilized and has had its own nucleus removed…

fertilization: Formation of the zygote nucleus: …nucleus, now called the male pronucleus, begins to swell, and its chromosomal material disperses and becomes similar in appearance to that of the female pronucleus. Although the membranous envelope surrounding the male pronucleus rapidly disintegrates in the egg, a new envelope promptly forms around it. The male pronucleus, which rotates…

Spain: The Constitution of Cadiz, 1812: …initiating the phenomenon of the pronunciamiento, or military revolution; second, the afrancesados, who were often of liberal inclination but were tarred with the accusation of collaborationism with the French, were left as an indigestible element within liberalism itself.

pronunciation, in a most inclusive sense, the form in which the elementary symbols of language, the segmental phonemes or speech sounds, appear and are arranged in patterns of pitch, loudness, and duration. In the simplest model of the communication process in language—encoding, message,

nuncio: In 1965 the name pronuncio was given to those ambassadors whose rank in the diplomatic corps depends solely on seniority. An internuncio is a Vatican diplomat with the rank of minister plenipotentiary; he is accredited to a civil government and performs duties corresponding to those of a nuncio. Compare…

dynamometer: A Prony brake (see figure) develops mechanical friction on the periphery of a rotating pulley by means of brake blocks that are squeezed against the wheel by tightening the bolts until the friction torque FR balances the torque WL. A water brake creates a resistance by…

Gaspard de Prony was a French mathematician and engineer. He invented the Prony brake (1821), a device for measuring the power developed by an engine. In the Prony brake, brake blocks are squeezed against a rotating wheel, and the friction generated at the ends of the wheel applies torque to a

Gaspard de Prony was a French mathematician and engineer. He invented the Prony brake (1821), a device for measuring the power developed by an engine. In the Prony brake, brake blocks are squeezed against a rotating wheel, and the friction generated at the ends of the wheel applies torque to a

photoengraving: Colour separation: …a critical operation, for the proofing must be carried out under conditions simulating as closely as possible those that will be encountered on the production press. Specially built proof presses make this possible. In appearance they resemble four conventional press units placed end-to-end, and the sheet of paper is passed…

evidence, in law, any of the material items or assertions of fact that may be submitted to a competent tribunal as a means of ascertaining the truth of any alleged matter of fact under investigation before it. To the end that court decisions are to be based on truth founded on evidence, a primary

Neil Patrick Harris: …both in dramas, such as Proof (2002) and All My Sons (2006), and in musicals, most notably Rent (1997), Cabaret (2003), Stephen Sondheim’s Assassins (2004), and concert stagings of Sondheim’s Sweeney Todd (2001) and Company (2011; filmed for television).

proof, in liquor distilling, a measure of the absolute alcohol content of a distilled liquor, which is a mixture of alcohol and water. The measurement is made by determining the specific gravity of the liquor; that is, the weight per unit volume of the liquid compared to that of water. The

proof, in logic, an argument that establishes the validity of a proposition. Although proofs may be based on inductive logic, in general the term proof connotes a rigorous deduction. In formal axiomatic systems of logic and mathematics, a proof is a finite sequence of well-formed formulas

Russell Crowe: …and for his next film, Proof (1991), received a best supporting actor award from the Australian Film Institute (AFI). Crowe’s career reached a turning point with Romper Stomper (1992), in which he played a menacing neo-Nazi. His performance earned him an AFI best actor award and attracted the attention of…

Anthony Hopkins: Hannibal Lecter, Richard M. Nixon, and John Quincy Adams: …afflicted with mental illness in Proof and as a New Zealand motorcycle racer in The World’s Fastest Indian. After enlivening the legal thriller Fracture (2007), Hopkins appeared in several big-budget movies rooted in mythology, including Beowulf (2007; as King Hrothgar) and The Wolfman

David Caruso: …as a hostage negotiator in Proof of Life, though the film received mix reviews and failed to find an audience. In 2002 Caruso returned to television with CSI: Miami, playing police lieutenant Horatio Caine. The show was a spin-off of the popular series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.

proof spirit, alcoholic liquor or mixture of alcohol and water that contains a standard percentage of alcohol. See distilled

completeness: In proof theory, a formal system is said to be syntactically complete if and only if every closed sentence in the system is such that either it or its negation is provable in the system. In model theory, a formal system is said to be semantically…

evidence: The burden of proof: The burden of proof is a manifold and somewhat ambiguous concept in the law of evidence.

Perhaps you’re looking to invest in blockchain technology to broaden your portfolio diversification strategy. You could invest in cryptocurrency directly, or you might take the less direct route and purchase a stock or fund invested in blockchain development. Either way, you’re going to come across

proofreading, reading and marking corrections on a proof or other copy of the text of articles and books before publication. Proofreading dates from the early days of printing. A contract of 1499 held the author finally responsible for correction of proofs. In modern practice, proofs are made first

Louise Glück: …essay collections on poetry included Proofs and Theories (1994) and American Originality (2017). In 2001 she was awarded the Bollingen Prize for Poetry. Glück served as poet laureate consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress (2003–04). Her later honours included the Wallace Stevens Award (2008) and a National Humanities…

adrenocorticotropic hormone: …larger glycoprotein prohormone molecule called proopiomelanocortin (POMC). POMC is synthesized by the corticotrophs of the anterior pituitary, which constitute about 10 percent of the gland. The molecule is split into several biologically active polypeptides when the secretory granules are discharged from the corticotrophs. Among these polypeptides is ACTH, whose major…

theatre: Visual and spatial aspects: The earliest properties, such as altars and rocks, could be set up at the edge of the terrace. The first extant drama for which a large building was necessary was Aeschylus’ trilogy the Oresteia, first produced in 458 bce. There has been controversy among historians as to…

California: California since c. 1900: …2008, when California’s voters approved Proposition 8, a statewide ballot initiative that banned same-sex marriage. As a result of the proposition, a new amendment was added to the state constitution specifying that only marriage between a man and a woman would be recognized by the state. Several lawsuits challenging the…

angiosperm: Root systems: …for aerial support, are called prop roots, as in corn or some figs (Ficus; Moraceae). In many tropical rainforest trees, large woody prop roots develop from adventitious roots on horizontal branches and provide additional anchorage and

Encyclopædia Britannica: Fifteenth edition: …Macropædia: Knowledge in Depth, and Propædia: Outline of Knowledge. The articles in the Micropædia tended to be short, specific, and unsigned and were followed (until 1985) by index references to related content elsewhere in the set. The Micropædia also included brief summaries of the longer, broader Macropædia articles. The Propædia…

propaganda, dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies—to influence public opinion. It is often conveyed through mass media. Propaganda is the more or less systematic effort to manipulate other people’s beliefs, attitudes, or actions by means of symbols (words,

Propaganda Movement, reform and national consciousness movement that arose among young Filipino expatriates in the late 19th century. Although its adherents expressed loyalty to the Spanish colonial government, Spanish authorities harshly repressed the movement and executed its most prominent

social problem novel: …it is sometimes called a propaganda novel. Usually a social problem novel limits itself to exposure of a problem. A personal solution may be arrived at by the novel’s characters, but the author does not insist that it can be applied universally or that it is the only one. Most…

propaganda: Modern research and the evolution of current theories: Lasswell, published a now-famous book, Propaganda Technique in the World War, a dispassionate description and analysis of the massive propaganda campaigns conducted by all the major belligerents in World War I. This he followed with studies of communist propaganda and of many other forms of communication. Within a few years,…

Western painting: Baroque: …Trent (1545–63) adopted an overtly propagandistic stance in which painting and the other arts were intended to serve as a means of extending and stimulating the public’s faith in the church and its doctrines. The church thus adopted a conscious artistic program, the products of which would make an overtly…

propaganda: Connotations of the term propaganda: …was entitled Propagandistu politekonomii (For the Propagandist of Political Economy), and a pocket-sized booklet issued weekly to suggest timely slogans and brief arguments to be used in speeches and conversations among the masses was called Bloknot agitatora (The Agitator’s Notebook).

action potential, the brief (about one-thousandth of a second) reversal of electric polarization of the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron) or muscle cell. In the neuron an action potential produces the nerve impulse, and in the muscle cell it produces the contraction required for all movement.

oceanic ridge: Pacific Ocean: … developed the idea of the propagating rift. In this phenomenon, one branch of a spreading centre ending in a transform fault lengthens at the expense of the spreading centre across the fault. The rift and fault propagate at one to five times the spreading rate and create chevron patterns in…

chain reaction: (2) Propagation, whereby the intermediate reacts with the original reactants, producing stable products and another intermediate, whether of the same or different kind; the new intermediate reacts as before, so a repetitive cycle begins. (3) Termination, which may be natural, as when all the reactants have…

propagation, in horticulture, the reproduction of plants by any number of natural or artificial means. With crops that produce seed freely and come true closely enough for the purposes in view, growing from seed usually is the cheapest and most satisfactory method of plant propagation. Many types

communication: Signals: A signal may be considered as an interruption in a field of constant energy transfer. An example is the dots and dashes that open and close the electromagnetic field of a telegraph circuit. Such interruptions do not require the construction of a man-made field;…

canon law: Law for the missions: The Sacred Congregation for Propagation of the Faith (the Propaganda) was established for this purpose in 1622. Missionaries received their mandate from Rome; the administration was given over to apostolic vicars (bishops of territories having no ordinary hierarchy) and prefects (having episcopal powers, but not necessarily…

Society for the Propagation of the Faith, organ of the papacy for the collection and distribution of money to support Roman Catholic missions throughout the world. The society was organized in Lyon, Fr., on May 3, 1822, at a meeting of laymen called to raise money for the missions in Louisiana,

education: Education in British colonies and former colonies: The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, the Moravian Mission, the Mission of Bremen, the Methodists, and Roman Catholic missionaries all established themselves on the Gold Coast (Ghana) between 1820 and 1881, opening elementary schools for boys and girls, a seminary, and…

Wales: Politics and religion, 1640–1800: The Act for the Propagation of the Gospel in Wales (1650) set up a coercive authority encompassing both political and religious life, but state intervention remained largely unproductive.

wave motion, propagation of disturbances—that is, deviations from a state of rest or equilibrium—from place to place in a regular and organized way. Most familiar are surface waves on water, but both sound and light travel as wavelike disturbances, and the motion of all subatomic particles exhibits

ecological disturbance: Disturbance intensity and the pace of recovery: …needed to be recolonized by propagules, spores in this case (other kinds of propagules include seeds and eggs), coming from other beds hundreds of miles away. Other kelp beds that experienced the effects of lesser El Niño events suffered minimal damage and recovered quickly, because most of the kelp community…

Bartolomé de Torres Naharro: Entitled the Propalladia (“The First Things of Pallas”), they were prefaced with a discourse on dramatic art that distinguished between tragedy and comedy, a distinction that was lost in later Spanish drama. He classified his own plays as comedias “a noticia,” treating “things noted and seen in…

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Propalticidae About 20 species in Old World warm regions. Family Protocucujidae 2 species; Chile and Australia; similar to Sphindidae. Family Silvanidae (flat grain beetles) Closely related to Cucujidae; some feed on grain (

propane, a colourless, easily liquefied, gaseous hydrocarbon (compound of carbon and hydrogen), the third member of the paraffin series following methane and ethane. The chemical formula for propane is C3H8. It is separated in large quantities from natural gas, light crude oil, and oil-refinery

malonic acid, (HO2CCH2CO2H), a dibasic organic acid whose diethyl ester is used in syntheses of vitamins B1 and B6, barbiturates, and numerous other valuable compounds. Malonic acid itself is rather unstable and has few applications. Its calcium salt occurs in beetroot, but the acid itself is

propylene glycol, synthetic organic compound with the chemical formula C3H8O2. Propylene glycol is a colourless liquid that is relatively viscous, has no odour, and tastes slightly sweet. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it readily absorbs water from the surrounding environment. Annual production of

carboxylic acid: Nomenclature of carboxylic acids and their salts: …carbon atoms and is called propanoic acid, from propane, the name for a three-carbon chain, with -oic acid, the suffix for this class of compounds, appended. If the carboxylic acid contains a carbon-carbon double bond, the ending is changed from -anoic acid to -enoic acid to indicate the presence of…

propyl alcohol, one of two isomeric alcohols used as solvents and intermediates in chemical manufacturing. The second isomer is isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol). Normal (n-) propyl alcohol is formed as a by-product of the synthesis of methanol (methyl alcohol) from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It

acetone (CH3COCH3), organic solvent of industrial and chemical significance, the simplest and most important of the aliphatic (fat-derived) ketones. Pure acetone is a colourless, somewhat aromatic, flammable, mobile liquid that boils at 56.2 °C (133 °F). Acetone is capable of dissolving many fats

Theodore Of Rhaithu: …580 and 620, was the Proparaskeuē (“The Preparation,” or “Basic Indoctrination”), in which he attempted to justify some of the more contemplative Christological terminology of the eminent 5th-century orthodox theologian Cyril of Alexandria. By exposing the doctrinal deviations in the extreme theological positions of his time, viz., the concept of…

bivalve: Food and feeding: …are scallops of the genus Propeamussium and the various deepwater families of the Anomalodesmata. In Propeamussium what appear to be typical ctenidia are present in the mantle cavity, but on closer examination these prove to be wholly atypical in that the filament heads are internal. The ctenidia are incapable of…

propellant, any gas, liquid, or solid the expansion of which can be used to impart motion to another substance or object. In aerosol dispensers, compressed gases such as nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and many halogenated hydrocarbons are used as propellants. The propellant may remain in gaseous

propeller, device with a central hub and radiating blades placed so that each forms part of a helical (spiral) surface. By its rotation in water or air, a propeller produces thrust owing to aerodynamic or fluid forces acting upon the blades and gives forward motion to a ship or aircraft. In Great

turbine: Axial-flow machines: Fixed propeller-type turbines are generally used for large units at low heads, resulting in large diameters and slow rotational speeds. As the name suggests, a propeller-type turbine runner looks like the very large propeller of a ship except that it serves the opposite purpose: power is…