pardalote: The spotted pardalote (P. punctatus), with a yellow throat and rump, digs tunnels in sandbanks or in level ground.

lynx: Iberian lynx: The Iberian lynx (L. pardinus), which is also known as the Spanish lynx or the Pardel lynx, bears a strong resemblance to the Eurasian lynx but may be distinguished by its smaller size; short, dark-tipped tail; and the presence of long, white, beardlike…

Mattancheri: …notable chiefly for the impressive Pardesi synagogue of the Jewish community as well as for the palace of the rajas of Kochi.

African American literature: Drama and poetry: poet laureate 2017–19), Gregory Pardlo, Tyehimba Jess, and Jericho Brown. In addition, Elizabeth Alexander and Amanda Gorman joined the small number of poets, which have included Robert Frost and Maya Angelou, who were invited to read at a

pardo, In Venezuela, a person of mixed African, European, and Indian ancestry. In the colonial period, pardos, like all nonwhites, were kept in a state of servitude, with no hope of gaining wealth or political power. Nevertheless, most pardos remained royalists during much of the war for

Emilia, condesa de Pardo Bazán was a Spanish author of novels, short stories, and literary criticism. Pardo Bazán attained early eminence with her polemical essay “La cuestión palpitante” (1883; “The Critical Issue”). It discussed Émile Zola and naturalism, made French and Russian literary

Civilista: José Pardo y Barreda, an able Civilista president, served two terms (1904–08 and 1915–19); he led efforts to enact labour-reform laws, moved forcefully to improve primary education, and oversaw fiscal reforms directed by the treasury minister Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo, who followed Pardo as…

Claudia Sheinbaum is a Mexican politician and environmental engineer who is the President of Mexico. She is the first woman and the first Jewish person to be elected to the post. Sheinbaum previously served as mayor of Mexico City (2018–23) before stepping down to run in the presidential election

Jeopardy!: Jeopardy! hosts: …the day on NBC, with Don Pardo as announcer, and eventually went into syndication; it aired in various formats until 1979. The show relaunched in 1984 (considered the first season of the modern version of the show) with Canadian broadcaster Alex Trebek, who hosted until his death in 2020. Johnny…

Jeopardy!: Jeopardy! hosts: …the day on NBC, with Don Pardo as announcer, and eventually went into syndication; it aired in various formats until 1979. The show relaunched in 1984 (considered the first season of the modern version of the show) with Canadian broadcaster Alex Trebek, who hosted until his death in 2020. Johnny…

Civilista: …was founded in 1871 by Manuel Pardo to oppose the corrupt military regime of President José Balta (served 1868–72). Pardo was elected president in May 1872, taking office that summer after a military coup to block his accession failed.

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo: …Alfonso XIII by the so-called Pact of Pardo with Sagasta and Martínez Campos and by his own resignation as prime minister.

marbled cat, (species Felis marmorata), rare Southeast Asian cat, family Felidae, often referred to as a miniature version of the unrelated clouded leopard. The marbled cat is about the size of a domestic cat; it measures roughly 45–60 cm (18–24 inches) long, excluding a tail of approximately the

pardon, in law, release from guilt or remission of punishment. In criminal law the power of pardon is generally exercised by the chief executive officer of the state. Pardons may also be granted by a legislative body, often through an act of indemnity, anticipatory or retrospective, for things done

The Pardoner’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The cynical Pardoner explains in a witty prologue that he sells indulgences—ecclesiastical pardons of sins—and admits that he preaches against avarice although he practices it himself. His tale relates how three

wolf spider: Major genera and species: Thin-legged wolf spiders (Pardosa), which have a lens-shaped greenish or gray egg sac, have relatively long legs with long spines on the “foot.” Burrowing wolf spiders (Geolycosa), which spend most of their lives in burrows, have heavy front legs that are used for digging.

Pardubice, city, north-central Czech Republic, at the confluence of the Labe and Chrudimka rivers, east of Prague. Originating in the 13th century as a trade mart, it received civil rights in 1340 and by 1490 had become a possession of the Czech Pernštejn family, who renovated it in Renaissance

Pardubice, city, north-central Czech Republic, at the confluence of the Labe and Chrudimka rivers, east of Prague. Originating in the 13th century as a trade mart, it received civil rights in 1340 and by 1490 had become a possession of the Czech Pernštejn family, who renovated it in Renaissance

leopard, (Panthera pardus), large cat closely related to the lion, tiger, and jaguar. The name leopard was originally given to the cat now called cheetah—the so-called hunting leopard—which was once thought to be a cross between the lion and the pard. The term pard was eventually replaced by the

Ambroise Paré was a French physician, one of the most notable surgeons of the European Renaissance, regarded by some medical historians as the father of modern surgery. About 1533 Paré went to Paris, where he soon became a barber-surgeon apprentice at the Hôtel-Dieu. He was taught anatomy and

Parecis Mountains, mountains, Rondônia and Mato Grosso estados (“states”), west-central Brazil. Rising out of the tropical rain forests of Rondônia, near the Bolivian border, the range extends southeastward for 500 miles (800 km) to the vicinity of Diamantino in Mato Grosso. Its northwestern

Angel Falls, waterfall in the Guiana Highlands in Bolívar state, southeastern Venezuela, on the Churún River, a tributary of the Caroní, 160 miles (260 km) southeast of Ciudad Bolívar. The highest waterfall in the world, the cataract drops 3,212 feet (979 metres) and is 500 feet (150 metres) wide

Mexico: The age of Santa Anna: Texas and the Mexican-American War: …the government of Mexican president Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga was overthrown, and Santa Anna reemerged as president in September 1846. Almost immediately, Santa Anna mobilized Mexican forces and marched northward, boasting that the superior numbers and courage of his men meant that he would sign a peace treaty in Washington.…

paregoric, preparation principally used in the treatment of diarrhea. Paregoric, which decreases movement of the stomach and intestinal muscles, is made from opium tincture (laudanum) or from powdered opium and includes anise oil, camphor, benzoic acid, glycerin, and diluted alcohol. The usual

Bradysaurus: …larger group of reptiles called pareiasaurs, which were characterized by massive bodies, strong limbs and limb supports, and grotesque skulls with many bony protuberances. Pareiasaurs were not dinosaurs, but they were the first very large land vertebrates and were unusual for their time in that they were herbivorous. Bradysaurus, like…

apophenia: Forms of apophenia: In pareidolia, illusory perception is visual, and thus individuals tend to see familiar patterns, such as faces or objects, in random stimuli; for example, a person may see images of animals or figures in clouds or rock formations. Gambler’s fallacy is the erroneous belief that an…

reptile: Annotated classification: †Order Pareisauria (pareisaurs) Middle to Upper Permian. Two or 3 families, 10 or more genera. Small to moderately large (2 metres [about 7 feet]), terrestrial reptiles; appearance from lizardlike to sprawl-limbed and cowlike. Dermal sculpturing of large tuberosities and deep pits on skull; limbs well developed;…

Juan de Pareja was a Spanish painter and student of Diego Velázquez. Pareja initially assisted Velázquez in his studio as an enslaved person. Pareja accompanied Velázquez on his second visit to Italy (1649–51), where Velázquez painted Pareja’s portrait. The portrait was purchased at auction by the

Western painting: International Gothic: …of the master of the “Parement de Narbonne” (1370s; Louvre), an altar hanging (parement) found at the Cathedral of St. Justin Narbonne. These artists, who were active c. 1370–1410, worked in a very distinctive style: their figures, while graceful, have markedly heavy heads and expressive faces. That some interest in…

parenchyma, in plants, tissue typically composed of living cells that are thin-walled, unspecialized in structure, and therefore adaptable, with differentiation, to various functions. The cells are found in many places throughout plant bodies and, given that they are alive, are actively involved in

respiratory disease: Morphological classification of respiratory disease: …capillary bed that constitutes the parenchyma, or the essential tissue of the lung itself. The parenchyma is the gas-exchanging tissue of the lung and has a surface area roughly comparable to that of a tennis court. Blood is distributed to the lung through the branching pulmonary artery, which subdivides with…

angiosperm: Ground tissue: …composed of relatively simple, undifferentiated parenchyma cells. In most plants, metabolic activity (such as respiration, digestion, and photosynthesis) occurs in these cells because they, unlike many of the other types of cells in the plant body, retain their protoplasts (the cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles) that carry out these functions.

sponge: Sexual reproduction: …the Demospongiae is called a parenchymella; it is solid and compact, with an outer layer of flagellated cells and an inner mass of nonflagellated cells.

hydrocarbon: Nomenclature: …in the molecule, called the parent. The alkane shown has seven carbons in its longest chain and is therefore named as a derivative of heptane, the unbranched alkane that contains seven carbon atoms. The position of the CH3 (methyl) substituent on the seven-carbon chain is specified by a number (3-),…

parent, one who has begotten offspring, or one who occupies the role of mother or father. In Western societies, parenthood, with its several obligations, rests strongly on biological relatedness. This is not the case in all societies: in some, a distinction is made between a biological parent and

Mergers and acquisitions (known collectively as M&A) are transactions that bring together two businesses. Mergers typically combine two businesses of similar strength, while an acquisition is the purchase of a smaller company by a bigger one. When two companies merge, the entities become one, and

subsidiary: …business firm, known as a parent company or holding company. A parent company is generally understood to be one that conducts its own business operations apart from those of its subsidiary or subsidiaries, while a holding company is one whose sole function is that of ownership. By virtue of its…

subsidiary: …business firm, known as a parent company or holding company. A parent company is generally understood to be one that conducts its own business operations apart from those of its subsidiary or subsidiaries, while a holding company is one whose sole function is that of ownership. By virtue of its…

dating: Principles of isotopic dating: …in a sample containing radioactive parent atoms. The particles given off during the decay process are part of a profound fundamental change in the nucleus. To compensate for the loss of mass (and energy), the radioactive atom undergoes internal transformation and in most cases simply becomes an atom of a…

linguistics: Development of the comparative method: …were able to reconstruct “ancestral” common forms from which the later forms found in particular languages could be derived. By convention, such reconstructed forms are marked in the literature with an asterisk. Thus, from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka,…

In a list of life’s certainties, death and taxes come to mind. But here’s a third: Spiraling costs to educate a child. If you’re like many parents, after you get that financial aid letter—including any scholarships, loan offers, and such—you’ll likely still have a gap to fill in order to pay all

Nancy Meyers: …Meyers directed her first film, The Parent Trap, which was based on the 1961 Disney movie. Although a critical and commercial success, it was her last collaboration with Shyer as the couple subsequently parted ways. Meyers next wrote and helmed What Women Want (2000), which featured Mel Gibson as a…

Maureen O’Hara: …Mills’s romantically meddlesome twins in The Parent Trap (1961). In 1963 she reunited with Wayne in McLintock!, in which she played the estranged wife of his character. She paired with Wayne a final time in the 1971 kidnapping drama Big Jake.

Maria Edgeworth: …published them in 1796 as The Parent’s Assistant. Even the intrusive moralizing, attributed to her father’s editing, does not wholly suppress their vitality, and the children who appear in them, especially the impetuous Rosamond, are the first real children in English literature since Shakespeare.

mechanics of solids: Concepts of stress, strain, and elasticity: The French mathematician Antoine Parent introduced the concept of shear stress in 1713, but Coulomb was the one who extensively developed the idea, first in connection with beams and with the stressing and failure of soil in 1773 and then in studies of frictional slip in 1779.

Philadelphia Flyers: Behind the play of goaltender Bernie Parent, three-time league Most Valuable Player Bobby Clarke, winger Bill Barber, and Dave (“the Hammer”) Schultz—a rough-and-tumble winger who became the most notable enforcer on the team—Philadelphia won two Stanley Cups during this period (1974 and 1975), and the team’s bruising style of play…

Jean Nouvel: …formed by the Modernist architect Claude Parent and the “urbanist” and cultural theorist Paul Virilio. Nouvel graduated in 1972 with a degree in architecture.

Tate murders: …people in the home—celebrity hairstylist Jay Sebring, a close friend of Tate’s, was also there—were made to gather in the living room, and Tate and Sebring were linked by ropes tied around their necks. Sebring was shot and stabbed to death. Frykowski and Folger managed to free themselves and flee…

National Congress of Parents and Teachers, American organization concerned with the educational, social, and economic well-being of children. The PTA was founded on Feb. 17, 1897, as the National Congress of Mothers; membership was later broadened to include teachers, fathers, and other citizens.

National Congress of Parents and Teachers, American organization concerned with the educational, social, and economic well-being of children. The PTA was founded on Feb. 17, 1897, as the National Congress of Mothers; membership was later broadened to include teachers, fathers, and other citizens.

reproductive behaviour: Parental care: Among the organisms that remain with the eggs or offspring, one particular behaviour is striking—that of nest construction to keep the eggs and larvae in one spot and to protect them against predators as well as such environmental factors as sun and rain.…

Billy Crystal: …credits included the family comedy Parental Guidance (2012), the Monsters, Inc. sequel Monsters University (2013), the drama Untogether (2018), and Standing Up, Falling Down (2019), about a failed stand-up comedian who befriends an alcoholic dermatologist. He also directed, cowrote, and starred in Here Today

parental leave, employee benefit that provides job-protected leave from employment to care for a child following its birth or adoption. It is usually available to both mothers and fathers. Parental leave entitlements vary around the world. Some countries define parental leave as a nontransferable

Decimus Magnus Ausonius: …old ties is seen in Parentalia, a series of poems on deceased relatives, and Professores Burdigalenses, on the professors of Burdigala; these are delightful portraits that give a valuable picture of provincial Gallic life.

Parentalia, Roman religious festival held in honour of the dead. The festival, which began at noon on February 13 and culminated on February 21, was essentially a private celebration of the rites of deceased family members. It was gradually extended, however, to incorporate the dead in general.

inheritance: Civil law: The first parentela, or order, consists of the descendants of the decedent; the second, of his parents and their descendants collateral to the decedent; the third, of his grandparents and their descendants collateral to the decedent, etc. As long as there is any person standing in a…

drug: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination: …two general methods: enteral and parenteral administration. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral routes, which do not involve the gastrointestinal tract, include intravenous

drug: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination: …two general methods: enteral and parenteral administration. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral routes, which do not involve the gastrointestinal tract, include intravenous

venom, the poisonous secretion of an animal, produced by specialized glands that are often associated with spines, teeth, stings, or other piercing devices. The venom apparatus may be primarily for killing or paralyzing prey or may be a purely defensive adaptation. Some venoms also function as

gastropod: Size range and diversity of structure: The longest snail probably is Parenteroxenos doglieli, which lives as a parasite in the body cavity of a sea cucumber: it grows to be almost 130 centimetres (50 inches) in length, although it is only 0.5 centimetre (0.2 inch) in diameter. Most snails are much smaller; probably 90 percent of…

Roman religion: The earliest divinities: …be one of the Di Parentes; reverence for ancestors was the core of Roman religious and social life. Di Indigetes was a name given collectively to these forebears, as well as to other deified powers or spirits who likewise controlled the destiny of Rome. For example, the name Indiges is…

punctuation: Punctuation in Greek and Latin to 1600: Parentheses appeared about 1500. During the 15th century some English legal documents were already being written without punctuation; and British and American lawyers still use extremely light punctuation in the hope of avoiding possible ambiguities.

Michael B. Jordan: …with a troubled past, on Parenthood. Jordan subsequently focused on films. In 2012 he acted in the war thriller Red Tails, centred on the Tuskegee Airmen, and in the sci-fi movie Chronicle, about teenagers who gain superpowers. While Jordan had steadily gained attention, his breakthrough came with his critically acclaimed…

Steve Martin: (1987), Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), Parenthood (1989), Father of the Bride (1991), and Father of the Bride Part II (1995).

parenting, the process of raising children and providing them with protection and care in order to ensure their healthy development into adulthood. The long-standing assumption that parents assert a direct and powerful influence on their children through the process of socialization has permeated

PFLAG, American organization representing the interests of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) community. PFLAG was founded in 1973 and has amassed more than 250,000 members in the United States and more than 500 affiliates, making it the largest membership organization of

Will Smith: DJ Jazzy Jeff and Fresh Prince: …released the groundbreaking single “Parents Just Don’t Understand,” which went on to win a Grammy Award (the first Grammy ever presented in the rap performance category).

Frank Zappa: …testified against censorship at the Parents’ Music Resource Center hearings in 1985 in Washington, D.C. In the wake of Czechoslovakia’s Velvet Revolution (1989), Zappa was invited to Prague, where he met with the country’s new president, Václav Havel. A longtime admirer of Zappa’s commitment to individual freedom, Havel named him…

The Family International: …of the first anticult organization—the Parents’ Committee to Free Our Children from the Children of God (FREECOG)—it attracted attention for alleged sexual abuse and child abuse, especially for its use of sex in missionary work. The group abandoned some of its more extreme sexual practices and has remained a moderately…

PFLAG, American organization representing the interests of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) community. PFLAG was founded in 1973 and has amassed more than 250,000 members in the United States and more than 500 affiliates, making it the largest membership organization of

Nicholas V was an influential Renaissance pope (reigned 1447–55) and founder of the Vatican Library. Soon after his election, he brought to an end the schism caused by rivalries between popes and councils. By 1455 he had restored peace to the Papal States and to Italy. He began a program for the

Adamántios Koraïs: …and 1826, and the 9-volume Parerga, published between 1809 and 1827. The Library included historical, political, philosophical, and scientific works by classical writers, for which he wrote prefaces in Modern Greek. He also edited the first four books of Homer’s Iliad.

Arthur Schopenhauer: Scholarly retirement in Frankfurt: …two volumes under the title Parerga und Paralipomena (1851). The Parerga (“Minor Works”) include fragments concerning the history of philosophy; the famous treatise “Über die Universitäts-Philosophie”; the enigmatically profound “Transzendente Spekulation über die anscheinende Absichtlichkeit im Schicksale des Einzelnen” (“Transcendent Speculation on the Apparent Premeditation in Personal Fate”); the “Versuch…

paresis, psychosis caused by widespread destruction of brain tissue occurring in some cases of late syphilis. Mental changes include gradual deterioration of personality, impaired concentration and judgment, delusions, loss of memory, disorientation, and apathy or violent rages. Convulsions are n

paresthesia, unusual, typically painless sensations felt temporarily on the skin. The sensations range from numbness or burning to prickling, tingling, itching, or a “crawling” feeling and often occur without warning signs. They usually are felt in the fingers, hands, arms, feet, and legs but can

boxing: Professional boxing: …especially in the instance of Benny (“Kid”) Paret, further damaged the sport with the viewing public. After a period of decline, boxing enjoyed a television revival when five American boxers (Leo Randolph, Howard Davis, brothers Michael and Leon Spinks, and Sugar Ray Leonard) won gold medals in the 1976 Olympics…

boxing: Professional boxing: …especially in the instance of Benny (“Kid”) Paret, further damaged the sport with the viewing public. After a period of decline, boxing enjoyed a television revival when five American boxers (Leo Randolph, Howard Davis, brothers Michael and Leon Spinks, and Sugar Ray Leonard) won gold medals in the 1976 Olympics…

Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian economist and sociologist who is known for his theory on mass and elite interaction as well as for his application of mathematics to economic analysis. After his graduation from the University of Turin (1869), where he had studied mathematics and physics, Pareto

Pareto-optimality, a concept of efficiency used in the social sciences, including economics and political science, named for the Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto. A state of affairs is Pareto-optimal (or Pareto-efficient) if and only if there is no alternative state that would make some people

Pareto-optimality, a concept of efficiency used in the social sciences, including economics and political science, named for the Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto. A state of affairs is Pareto-optimal (or Pareto-efficient) if and only if there is no alternative state that would make some people

Sara Paretsky is an American mystery writer known for her popular series of novels featuring V.I. Warshawski, a female private investigator. Her books are largely set in and around Chicago. After she received a Ph.D. in history and an M.B.A. from the University of Chicago in 1977, Paretsky worked

pareve, (Yiddish: “neutral”), in the observance of Jewish dietary laws (kashrut), those foods that may be eaten indiscriminately, with either meat dishes or dairy products—two general classes of food that may not be consumed at the same meal. Fruits and vegetables are classified as pareve unless

Antoine Héroët: …is chiefly known for his La Parfaicte Amye (1542), a subtle, mystical monologue exalting as man’s ultimate happiness a love in which the perfect lover seeks spiritual union with his lady. The poem was written as a reply to the cynical L’Amye de court by Bertrand de La Borderie, which…

Derek Parfit was an English philosopher whose work in normative ethics and metaethics, personal identity, and the theory of practical reason was widely influential in the English-speaking world from the 1980s. Many of his peers considered him the most important moral philosopher of the 20th and

Derek Parfit was an English philosopher whose work in normative ethics and metaethics, personal identity, and the theory of practical reason was widely influential in the English-speaking world from the 1980s. Many of his peers considered him the most important moral philosopher of the 20th and

parfleche, tough, folded rawhide carrying bag made by the Plains Indians of North America; more loosely applied, the term also refers to many specialized rawhide articles. The Plains Indians had an abundant source of hides in the buffalo they hunted, but, as they were nomadic, they had little

Párga, port and dímos (municipality), Epirus (Modern Greek: Ípeiros) periféreia (region), western Greece. It lies on the Ionian Sea (Ióvio Pélagos) opposite the island of Paxos (Paxoí). In 1401 it welcomed the Venetians, who built (1572) the mole that forms the present harbour, over which stands a

Santhal: …larger territorial unit termed a pargana, which also has a hereditary headman.

hornblende: edenite, NaCa2(Mg)5(Si7Al); pargasite, NaCa2 (Mg4Al)(Si6Al2). Extensive solid solution occurs, and each end-member has iron-rich equivalents; minor elements, including manganese, titanium, chromium, potassium, fluorine, and yttrium, are usually present. Hornblendes exhibit typical amphibole structures; these are based on double tetrahedral chains between which four metal sites are located.…

Ellis Peters was an English novelist especially noted for two series of mysteries: one featuring medieval monastics in Britain and the other featuring a modern family. Peters worked as a pharmacist’s assistant during the 1930s and served in the Women’s Royal Navy Service from 1940 to 1945.

Virginia Woolf: Late work: In The Pargiters: A Novel-Essay she would alternate between sections of fiction and of fact. For the fictional historical narrative, she relied upon experiences of friends and family from the Victorian Age to the 1930s. For the essays, she researched that 50-year span of history. The…

Celtic literature: Manx: More interesting are Pargys Caillit, the paraphrase translation of Milton’s Paradise Lost, which was published in 1794 and reprinted in 1872, and Coontey ghiare yeh Ellan Vannin (“The Short Account of the Isle of Man”), written in Manx by Joseph Bridson and printed as the 20th volume of…

Parhae, state established in the 8th century among the predominantly Tungusic-speaking peoples of northern Manchuria (now Northeast China) and northern Korea by a former Koguryŏ general, Tae Cho-Yŏng (Dae Jo-Yeong). Parhae was the successor state to Koguryŏ, which had occupied most of northern

Pentecostalism: The origins of Pentecostalism: The college’s director, Charles Fox Parham, one of many ministers who was influenced by the Holiness movement, believed that the complacent, worldly, and coldly formalistic church needed to be revived by another outpouring of the Holy Spirit. He instructed his students—many of whom already were ministers—to pray, fast,…

sun dog, atmospheric optical phenomenon appearing in the sky as luminous spots 22° on each side of the Sun and at the same elevation as the Sun. Usually, the edges closest to the Sun will appear reddish. Other colours are occasionally visible, but more often the outer portions of each spot appear

Péter Nádas: …three-volume novel, Párhuzamos történetek (2005; Parallel Stories), formidable in its length—over 1,000 pages both in the original Hungarian and the English translation—and its variety of content. The scattered narrative, focusing seemingly randomly on events and experiences since the World War II era, intersperses surrealistic visions and graphic sexuality. In 2010…

pari-mutuel, method of wagering introduced in France about 1870 by Parisian businessman Pierre Oller. It became one of the world’s most popular methods of betting on horse races. Most pari-mutuel systems are operated by the racetrack, although in France a national pari-mutuel system with offtrack

Vermilion Cliffs National Monument: A large portion of the Paria Canyon–Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area, created in 1984, rings the national monument and is within the monument’s boundaries, although part of the wilderness area also extends into Utah. Kaibab National Forest makes up part of the national monument’s western border, and Glen Canyon National Recreation…

Christopher Columbus: The second and third voyages of Christopher Columbus: …the Spanish flag on the Paria Peninsula in Venezuela. He sent the caravel El Corréo southward to investigate the mouth of the Grande River (a northern branch of the Orinoco River delta), and by August 15 he knew by the great torrents of fresh water flowing into the Gulf of…

Vermilion Cliffs National Monument: The Paria Plateau makes up the central portion of the monument. At the plateau’s southern edge are the Vermilion Cliffs, a colourful sandstone escarpment rising 3,000 feet (915 metres). The Paria River traverses the eastern side of the plateau before joining the Colorado River near Lees…