density: The expression particle density refers to the number of particles per unit volume, not to the density of a single particle, and it is usually expressed as n.

separation and purification: Particle electrophoresis and electrostatic precipitation: As the name implies, particle electrophoresis involves the separation of charged particles under the influence of an electric field; this method is used especially for the separation of viruses and bacteria. Electrostatic precipitation is a method for the precipitation of…

particle physics, Study of the fundamental subatomic particles, including both matter (and antimatter) and the carrier particles of the fundamental interactions as described by quantum field theory. Particle physics is concerned with structure and forces at this level of existence and below.

chemical analysis: X-ray emission: …atom with electrons, protons, alpha particles, or another type of particles. The vacancy also can be created by absorption of X-ray radiation or by nuclear capture of an inner-shell electron as it approaches the nucleus. Often the bombardment is sufficiently energetic to cause the inner orbital electron to be completely…

range, in radioactivity, the distance that a particle travels from its source through matter. The range depends upon the type of particle, its original energy of motion (kinetic energy), the medium through which it travels, and the particular way in which range is further defined. Range applies

separation and purification: Particle separations: Up to this point, only separations at the molecular level have been discussed. Separations of particles are also important in both industry and research. Particle separations are performed for one of two purposes: (1) to remove particles from gases or liquids, or (2)…

sedimentary rock: Texture: …textures, particularly grain-size distribution and grain shape (angularity and sphericity) has been described above. The information that results from textural analyses is especially useful in identifying sandstone depositional environments. Dune sands in all parts of the world, for example, tend to be fine-sand-size (clast diameters from 14 to 18 millimetre)…

subatomic particle, any of various self-contained units of matter or energy that are the fundamental constituents of all matter. Subatomic particles include electrons, the negatively charged, almost massless particles that nevertheless account for most of the size of the atom, and they include the

particle accelerator: Colliding particles: More common yet have been particle-antiparticle colliders. An antiparticle has opposite electric charge to its related particle. For example, an antielectron (or positron) has positive charge, while the electron has negative charge. This means that an electric field that accelerates an electron will decelerate a positron moving in the same…

charge conjugation, in particle physics, an operation that replaces particles with antiparticles (and vice versa) in equations describing subatomic particles. The name charge conjugation arises because a given particle and its antiparticle generally carry opposite electric charge. The positive

chemical analysis: X-ray emission: Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) is the method in which a small area on the surface of a sample is bombarded with accelerated particles and the resulting fluoresced X rays are monitored. If the bombarding particles are protons and the analytical technique is used to obtain…

mineral processing: Size analysis: Coarsely ground minerals can be classified according to size by running them through special sieves or screens, for which various national and international standards have been accepted. One old standard (now obsolete) was the Tyler Series, in which wire screens were identified by…

construction: Timber frames: …with panels of plywood or particleboard to provide a surface to attach the exterior cladding and for lateral stability against wind. Plywood and particleboard are fabricated in panels of standard sizes. Plywood is made of thin layers of wood, rotary-cut from logs and glued together with the wood grain running…

Indian philosophy: Contributions of Dignaga and Dharmakirti: …the former is the pure particular (svalakshana), and the object of the latter (he regarded judgments as containing elements of inference) is the universal (samanyalakshana). In their metaphysical positions, Dignaga and Dharmakirti represent a moderate form of idealism.

Baptist: Origins: …in early Baptist life: the Particular Baptists and the General Baptists. The Particular Baptists adhered to the doctrine of a particular atonement—that Christ died only for an elect—and were strongly Calvinist (following the Reformation teachings of John Calvin) in orientation; the General Baptists held to the doctrine of a general…

history of logic: Categorical forms: ” Particular affirmative: “Some β is an α.” Particular negative: “Some β is not an α.” Indefinite affirmative: “β is an α.” Indefinite negative: “β is not an α.” Singular affirmative: “x is an α,” where “x” refers to only one individual (e.g., “Socrates is an…

average: An average may be particular or general. A particular average is one that is borne by the owner of the lost or damaged property (unless he was insured against the risk). A general average is one that is borne in common by the owners of all the property engaged…

lien: …two kinds of possessory liens: specific liens and general liens. The specific lien extended only to the indebtedness of the property owner for the value of services rendered to or in connection with his property—that is, the price for the repair or improvement of the property. The general lien extends…

history of logic: Categorical forms: ” Particular negative: “Some β is not an α.” Indefinite affirmative: “β is an α.” Indefinite negative: “β is not an α.” Singular affirmative: “x is an α,” where “x” refers to only one individual (e.g., “Socrates is an animal”). Singular negative: “x is not an…

history of logic: Categorical forms: ” Particular affirmative: “Some β is an α.” Particular negative: “Some β is not an α.” Indefinite affirmative: “β is an α.” Indefinite negative: “β is not an α.” Singular affirmative: “x is an α,” where “x” refers to only one individual (e.g., “Socrates is an animal”).…

particularism, school of anthropological thought associated with the work of Franz Boas and his students (among them A.L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead), whose studies of culture emphasized the integrated and distinctive way of life of a given people. Particularism stood in opposition

animism: Animistic phenomena in their social contexts: …all animistic religions is their particularism, a quality opposite to the universalism of the “great religions,” which conceive the individual as subject to global powers and personal destiny.

Particulate matter is a type of air pollution that consists of airborne suspensions of extremely small solid or liquid particles, such as soot, dust, smokes, fumes, and mists. Particulate matter—especially those particulates less than 10 micrometers (μm; millionths of a meter) in diameter—are

separation and purification: Particle separations: Separations of particles are also important in both industry and research. Particle separations are performed for one of two purposes: (1) to remove particles from gases or liquids, or (2) to separate particles of different sizes or properties. The first reason underlies many important applications. The electronics…

chemical analysis: X-ray emission: …atom with electrons, protons, alpha particles, or another type of particles. The vacancy also can be created by absorption of X-ray radiation or by nuclear capture of an inner-shell electron as it approaches the nucleus. Often the bombardment is sufficiently energetic to cause the inner orbital electron to be completely…

Particulate matter is a type of air pollution that consists of airborne suspensions of extremely small solid or liquid particles, such as soot, dust, smokes, fumes, and mists. Particulate matter—especially those particulates less than 10 micrometers (μm; millionths of a meter) in diameter—are

Michel Houellebecq: Writing career and books: …the United Kingdom and as The Elementary Particles in the United States. In it he presented two half brothers who were abandoned by their parents in childhood. Bruno is driven by an insatiable sexual appetite, while Michel, a scientist, avoids the issue of any attachment whatsoever by focusing his attention…

National Action Party (PAN), conservative Mexican political party with close ties to the Roman Catholic Church. It generally supports minimal government intervention in the economy. The National Action Party (PAN) was founded in 1939 to represent the interests of business and of the Roman Catholic

Boé: …forth in 1973 by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde; PAIGC). The mayor of Bissau city, Juvencio Gomes, announced at the country’s independence in 1974 that Boé would replace Bissau as the capital of Guinea-Bissau as…

Cabo Verde: Independence: …branch thereafter known as the African Party for the Independence of Cabo Verde (Partido Africano para a Independência de Cabo Verde; PAICV). Pereira and Pires remained in power in the one-party state until PAICV dissidents were permitted to form a second party, the Movement for Democracy (Movimento para a Democracia;…

Horacio Cartes: …to enter politics, joining the Colorado Party in 2009 and mounting his own movement within it, though theretofore he had never even voted. When the party, impressed by Cartes’s business acumen, dropped its requirement that an individual be a member of the party for 10 years before becoming a presidential…

Chile: Government: The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile; PCC), which was condemned under Pinochet’s rule, was reinstated by 1990. The centre-right Alliance for Chile (Alianza por Chile; AC) consists of the National Renovation (Renovación Nacional; RN) and the Independent Democratic Union (Unión Demócrata Independiente; UDI).…

Communist Party of Cuba: The Cuban Communist Party (Partido Comunista Cubano) was founded in 1925 by Moscow-trained members of the Third International (Comintern). For three decades it adhered to the Stalinist line but, nevertheless, opportunistically collaborated with the regime of Fulgencio Batista in the 1940s and early ’50s, its members…

FARC: …the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party (Partido Comunista de Colombia; PCC), the FARC is the largest of Colombia’s rebel groups, estimated to possess some 10,000 armed soldiers and thousands of supporters, largely drawn from Colombia’s rural areas. The FARC supports a redistribution of wealth from the wealthy to…

Communist Party of Cuba, Cuban communist party organized by Fidel Castro and others in 1965 but historically dating from communist activity begun in Cuba in 1923. Under the constitution of 1976 it became the only party permitted to function in Cuba, and in the revised constitution of 1992 it was

Communist Party of Spain (PCE), Spanish political party founded in 1921 by dissident members of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE). In April 1920 youth members of the PSOE split from the party, and the following year the PCE was formed when these former socialists united with the Spanish

Shining Path, Peruvian revolutionary organization that endorsed Maoism and employed guerrilla tactics and violent terrorism. The Shining Path was founded in 1970 in a multiple split in the Communist Party of Peru. It took its name from the maxim of the founder of Peru’s first communist party, José

Nicaragua: Political process: … (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista; PLC), the Conservative Party of Nicaragua (Partido Conservador de Nicaragua; PCN), and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional; FSLN). The FSLN was established in the early 1960s as a guerrilla group dedicated to the overthrow of the Somoza family. They governed Nicaragua from…

Liberal Front Party (PFL), centre-right Brazilian political party that supports free-market policies. Founded in 1984, the Liberal Front Party (PFL) was established ostensibly to oppose the presidential candidacy of Paulo Maluf in Brazil’s 1985 elections—the first civilian democratic elections

El Salvador: Military dictatorships: …dismantled and replaced by the National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional; PCN), which would control the national government for the next 18 years. Under the banner of the Alliance for Progress, Rivera advanced programs aimed at economic growth and diversification, which enabled El Salvador to take advantage of the…

Bolivia: The rise of new political groups and the Bolivian National Revolution: …of the Revolutionary Left (Partido de la Izquierda Revolucionaria; PIR). Both groups established important factions in the national congress of 1940–44. In 1943 the civilian president General Enrique Peñaranda was overthrown by a secret military group, Reason for the Fatherland (Razón de Patria; RADEPA). RADEPA allied itself with the…

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of

Chile: Government: …the CPD umbrella include the Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC), one of Chile’s strongest parties; the Social Democratic Radical Party (Partido Radical Social Demócrata; PRSD), which was formerly known as the Radical Party (the centrist PRSD drifted to the left after 1965, was repressed in 1973, but made…

José Napoleon Duarte: …a founder of the centrist Christian Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC), which opposed the ruling National Conciliation Party (Partido de Conciliación Nacional; PCN). While he was mayor of San Salvador (1964–70), his administration was instrumental in building new schools and providing such basic services as street lighting, sewerage systems,…

Panama: Transitions to democracy and sovereignty: …of the largest party, the Christian Democrats (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC), led by Vice President Ricardo Arias Calderón. This left the administration without a legislative majority and allowed the remnants of Noriega’s Democratic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Democrático; PRD) to regain some political power. As a result, accomplishments were meagre…

Equatorial Guinea: Political process: …in Equatorial Guinea is the Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (Partido Democrático de Guinea Ecuatorial; PDGE), formed in 1987. It was the only political party until 1991, when a new constitution allowing opposition parties was adopted. Since then several other parties have formed, including the Convergence for Social Democracy (Convergencia…

Itamar Franco: …mean victory for the popular Workers’ Party (Partido dos Trabalhadores; PT), while the left wanted to milk the ongoing corruption scandal. Business interests sought to avoid postponement of a debate concerning reform of the 1988 constitution. Franco thus remained in office through the 1994 presidential election, which was won by…

Peronist: …Justicialist Nationalist Movement (later the Justicialist Party), the Peronists swept back into power in 1973 when the military permitted the first general elections in 10 years. Perón returned from exile and became president. However, deep dissension between right-wing and left-wing Peronists erupted into terrorism and violence after Perón’s death in…

Óscar Arias Sánchez: …began working for the social-democratic National Liberation Party (Partido Liberación Nacional; PLN), and in 1972 he was appointed minister of planning in the government of Pres. José Figueres Ferrer, a post he held until 1977. He was elected secretary-general of the PLN in 1979, and in 1986 he won the…

Colombia: Colombia in the 21st century: …Party with 15, and the Colombian Liberal Party and the Social Party of National Unity with 14 each. The Colombian Liberal Party finished first with 35 seats in the 172-seat House, ahead of DC, which won 32 seats, Radical Change with 30 seats, the Social Party of National Unity with…

Colombia: Colombia in the 21st century: …Party with 15, and the Colombian Liberal Party and the Social Party of National Unity with 14 each. The Colombian Liberal Party finished first with 35 seats in the 172-seat House, ahead of DC, which won 32 seats, Radical Change with 30 seats, the Social Party of National Unity with…

Nicaragua: Political process: Leading political parties include the Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista; PLC), the Conservative Party of Nicaragua (Partido Conservador de Nicaragua; PCN), and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional; FSLN). The FSLN was established in the early 1960s as a guerrilla group dedicated to the overthrow…

Mexico: Precursors of revolution: …where they formally organized the Mexican Liberal Party. It was anarcho-syndicalist in orientation, dedicated to the overthrow of the Mexican government and the total renovation of Mexican society.

Ecuador: Shift to liberalism (1875–97): …anticlerical liberals, proclaiming themselves the Radical Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Radical; PLR), gradually removed the church from state education: they instituted civil marriage and burial, proclaimed freedom of religion, permitted divorce, and eased controls on the press. The church’s tithe was abolished, and many of its large estates were confiscated…

Chile: New political groupings: …joined together to form the National Party. The centrist Radical Party also lost support. A common point existed between the Christian Democratic Party and the Marxist parties—the wish to weaken the old economic and political oligarchy and to try to rescue the country from its chronic underdevelopment by more decisive…

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of

Sergio Osmeña: …Filipino statesman, founder of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista) and president of the Philippines from 1944 to 1946.

Basque Nationalist Party, Basque political party that supports greater autonomy for the Basque Country (including Navarra) within Spain. The Basque Nationalist Party (commonly known by the combined Basque and Spanish acronym, EAJ-PNV) was established in 1895 in Bilbao by journalist Sabino de Arana

Puerto Rico: Government: …of commonwealth status, and the New Progressive Party, which favours U.S. statehood. Together these two parties have commanded virtually all the vote in elections since the late 20th century. The Puerto Rican Independence Party, which won one-fifth of the vote in 1952, is supported by about 5 percent of the…

Spain: The Civil War: …Party of Marxist Unification (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista; POUM), which rejected the Popular Front in favour of a workers’ government, set off a rebellion in Barcelona in May 1937. The communists, Republicans, and anti-Caballero socialists used this as an excuse to oust Largo Caballero, who proved insufficiently pliable…

Popular Party, Spanish conservative political party. The Popular Party (PP) traces its origins to the Popular Alliance, a union of seven conservative political parties formed in the 1970s by Manuel Fraga Iribarne, a prominent cabinet member under Spain’s longtime dictator Francisco Franco. In March

Panama: Transitions to democracy and sovereignty: …of the largest party, the Christian Democrats (Partido Demócrata Cristiano; PDC), led by Vice President Ricardo Arias Calderón. This left the administration without a legislative majority and allowed the remnants of Noriega’s Democratic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Democrático; PRD) to regain some political power. As a result, accomplishments were meagre…

Chile: Formation of new political parties: …secularization of the country—became the Radical Party in 1888 and tended progressively to voice the concerns of the growing middle class.

Chile: Government: …of Chile’s strongest parties; the Social Democratic Radical Party (Partido Radical Social Demócrata; PRSD), which was formerly known as the Radical Party (the centrist PRSD drifted to the left after 1965, was repressed in 1973, but made a comeback in the mid-1990s under its new name); the Socialist Party of…

Bolivia: The Republican Party: …a separate party, the so-called Genuine Republican Party, which was often supported in its activities by the Liberals. The rivalry between these two men became the dominant theme in Bolivian politics for the next decade, until the Salamanca forces captured the presidency.

Guatemala: Political process: …the most continuity are the Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario; PR), which has shifted from left to right in political orientation, the centrist Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (Partido Democracia Cristiana Guatemalteca; PDCG), and the right-wing National Liberation Movement (Movimiento de Liberación Nacional; MLN). In the slightly more open political atmosphere of…

José Martí: …be called president) of the Partido Revolucionario Cubano (“Cuban Revolutionary Party”) that he had helped to form. Making New York City the centre of operations, he began to draw up plans for an invasion of Cuba. He left New York for Santo Domingo on January 31, 1895, accompanied by the…

El Salvador: Military dictatorships: …in 1950, Osorio organized the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification (Partido Revolucionario de Unificación Democrática; PRUD) and launched a variety of reform projects, such as the development of hydroelectric facilities and urban housing projects. He also extended collective bargaining rights to urban workers, but, for the most part, the reforms…

Ricardo Martinelli: …the candidate of the ruling Democratic Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Democrático; PRD), Balbina Herrera, was considered the favourite, but Martinelli’s campaign promise of “real change” resonated among poor voters. Moreover, he already had the support of many of Panama’s business leaders. He won by a wide margin, garnering some 60…

Juan Bosch: …in 1939 founded the leftist Dominican Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Dominicano; PRD). The PRD was the first well-organized political party of the Dominican Republic and the only one with a constructive program ready to implement after Trujillo’s death in 1961. Bosch, a dazzling and charismatic orator, won a landslide victory…

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of

Dominican Republic: Bosch, Balaguer, and their successors: …Abinader, the candidate of the Modern Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Moderno; PRM), who won the presidency, had himself been forced to temporarily suspend his campaign when he contracted COVID-19. The PRM had been founded in 2014 by Abinader and other prominent former members of the PRD. Abinader won the election…

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions from its founding in 1929 until the end of the 20th century. Virtually all important figures in Mexican national and local politics belonged to the party, because the nomination of

Abdalá Bucaram: …1982 Bucaram founded the leftist Ecuadoran Roldosist Party (Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano; PRE), and two years later he was elected mayor of Guayaquil. His two terms in office (1984–92) were marked by controversy. Businessmen accused him of extortion; they claimed that he demanded money and harassed those who refused to pay.…

Luis Herrera Campíns: …party, also known as the Christian Democrats, became the second largest political party in Venezuela (after the Democratic Action party) in the decades after World War II. In 1952 Herrera Campíns was arrested and sent into exile as a result of his activities against the dictatorial regime of President Marcos…

Colombia: Colombia in the 21st century: …the principal founders of the Social Party of National Unity (Partido Social de Unidad Nacional), which was created by supporters of Uribe, most of whom, like Uribe, had left the Liberal Party. In July 2010 relations with Colombia were severed by Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chávez in response to Colombian allegations…

José Manuel Barroso: Barroso joined Portugal’s centre-right Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata; PSD) in 1980. When the party’s Aníbal Cavaco Silva was elected prime minister in 1985, he appointed Barroso undersecretary of state for the home affairs ministry. Two years later Barroso moved to secretary of state for the ministry of…

Chile: Government: …under its new name); the Socialist Party of Chile (Partido Socialista de Chile; PS); and the Party for Democracy (Partido por la Democracia; PPD). The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile; PCC), which was condemned under Pinochet’s rule, was reinstated by 1990. The centre-right Alliance for Chile (Alianza…

Tabaré Vázquez: A lifelong militant in the Uruguayan Socialist Party (Partido Socialista del Uruguay; PSU), Vázquez became a member of the party’s Central Committee in 1987. In 1989, as the candidate representing the Broad Front (Frente Amplio; FA), an alliance of leftist parties, he ran successfully for mayor of Montevideo, generally considered…

Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish socialist political party. Spain’s oldest political party, the PSOE was founded in 1879 by Pablo Iglesias, a Madrid typesetter and union organizer. Iglesias was also the founder in 1888 of the party’s affiliated trade union confederation, the General Union

Communist Party of Cuba: The Cuban Communist Party (Partido Comunista Cubano) was founded in 1925 by Moscow-trained members of the Third International (Comintern). For three decades it adhered to the Stalinist line but, nevertheless, opportunistically collaborated with the regime of Fulgencio Batista in the 1940s and early ’50s, its members…

Mário Soares: …which later transformed into the Portuguese Socialist Party (Partido Socialista Portuguesa). By the time the army-imposed right-wing dictatorship fell in 1974, Soares had been jailed 12 times and had twice experienced exile, in São Tomé (1968) and Paris (1970–74).

Juan Guaidó: Acting presidency and attempts to displace Maduro: As a result, Maduro’s United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela; PSUV) took nearly 68 percent of the vote, whereas the opposition parties that chose to participate took less than 18 percent. International organizations and observers were quick to label the elections a sham.

Costa Rica: Political process: …often than not, and the Social Christian Unity Party (Partido Unidad Social Cristiana; PUSC). The former, founded by the moderate socialist José Figueres Ferrer in 1948, was largely responsible for establishing the health, education, and welfare reforms for which Costa Rica is noted. The PUSC, a four-party coalition formed in…

Mexico: Peña Nieto and the return of PRI rule: …election), and its ally, the Mexican Green Ecologist Party (Partido Verde Ecologista de México; PVEM), which captured about 7 percent, were poised to command a solid majority in the 500-seat Chamber of Deputies. Beyond the PRI’s triumph, the biggest story of the election was the victory of independent candidate Jaime…

jai alai: The game: …played outside the United States, partidos, is a match singles or doubles game to 10 to 40 points. Betting is on the eventual outcome of the game, at any time during the game. As the points fluctuate, so does the spread of the odds. The American game is adapted to…

Patricio Aylwin: …became the spokesperson for the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD). The CPD was a grouping of political parties created in February 1988, originally under the name Command for No (Comando por el No). After the resounding “no” vote that paved the way…

Romania: Political process: Before the 1989 revolution, the Communist Party of Romania was enshrined as the only legal political party and the leading force in Romanian society. The 1991 constitution replaced single-party rule with a democratic and pluralist system, but former communists have maintained prominence in politics through the formation of such parties…

Romania: New constitution: …coalition of parties, including the Democratic Party (Partidul Democrat; PD), whose Traian Băsescu was elected president.

Romania: New constitution: …the leftist PSD and the Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat-Liberal; PDL), Băsescu’s new centrist party; the two parties formed a centre-left coalition government that December. This government lasted only until October 2009, when the PSD left the coalition in protest over the dismissal of a PSD member from a ministerial…

Romania: The revolution of 1989: …and Iliescu’s supporters formed the Democratic National Salvation Front (DNSF). The party maintained its political dominance, as evidenced by its successes in parliamentary and presidential elections held in September and October 1992, in which Iliescu was reelected and his party emerged as the largest in the parliament. A loose coalition…

Romania: New constitution: …PDSR was reorganized as the Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat; PSD). In 2004 it was ousted from power by another centre-right coalition of parties, including the Democratic Party (Partidul Democrat; PD), whose Traian Băsescu was elected president.

Jean Renoir: Early years: …Partie de campagne (released 1946; A Day in the Country), which he finished with great difficulty. A masterpiece of impressionist cinema, this film presents all the poetry and all the charm of the pictorial sense that is, far more than his technique, the basis of his art as a filmmaker.…

Fernand Léger: That year he completed The Card Party, which was based on sketches of his fellow soldiers. He regarded this work as “the first picture in which I deliberately took my subject from our own epoch.”

Patricio Aylwin: …became the spokesperson for the Coalition of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de los Partidos por la Democracia; CPD). The CPD was a grouping of political parties created in February 1988, originally under the name Command for No (Comando por el No). After the resounding “no” vote that paved the way…

procedural law: Parties: …is frequently called the real party in interest rule, and similar rules exist in other countries (e.g., Italy and France). The real party in interest ordinarily will be the person who will ultimately benefit from any recovery obtained. In matters of public law, the ability to sue is sometimes restricted…

conference of the parties (COP), a generic term that refers to the governing body of an international treaty or framework convention, bringing together its members to review and update the treaty’s implementation. Although the United Nations hosts several such conferences on various topics,

joinder and impleader: Joinder of parties is the assertion of claims for or against parties in addition to a single plaintiff and single defendant. Impleading occurs when a third party—against whom the defendant may himself have a claim—is brought into the original suit in the interests of time…

Netherlands: The late 20th century: …parties, which continued until the Labour Party went into opposition in 1958. Thereafter, with the exception of 1973–77, when the country had a left-led government, and 1981–82 and 1989–91, when it was ruled by a center-left coalition, governments were formed by center-right coalitions. After the early 1980s the government was…

Euroskepticism: The emergence of Euroskeptic parties: … in France and the Dutch Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid; PVV). Although the National Front and the PVV were known primarily for promoting anti-immigration and anti-Islamic policies, both were quick to capitalize on populist sentiment in the wake of the euro-zone debt crisis. In November 2013 National Front…