partimen, a lyric poem of dispute composed by Provençal troubadours in which one poet stated a proposition and a second disputed it. The first poet then defended his position, and the debate continued, usually for three rounds, after which the question was presented to an arbiter for resolution.

Indonesia: The rise of nationalism: …Indonesian Nationalist Association, later the Indonesian Nationalist Party (Partai Nasional Indonesia; PNI), was formed under the chairmanship of Sukarno. The PNI was based on the idea of noncooperation with the government of the East Indies and was thus distinguished from those groups, such as Sarekat Islam, that were prepared to…

parting, in metallurgy, the separation of gold and silver by chemical or electrochemical means. Gold and silver are often extracted together from the same ores or recovered as by-products from the extraction of other metals. A solid mixture of the two, known as bullion, or doré, can be parted by

Steve Buscemi: Film career: Reservoir Dogs, Fargo, and The Big Lebowski: An exception was Parting Glances (1986), one of the first movies to address the AIDS crisis. Both the film and Buscemi’s performance were praised. Then in 1990 he was cast in the small but memorable role of Mink in Miller’s Crossing, a gangster drama set during Prohibition and…

Anna Paquin: …Kenneth Lonergan’s Margaret (2011), and The Parting Glass (2018). In 2019 she portrayed the daughter of a hit man (played by Robert De Niro) in Martin Scorsese’s The Irishman; the mob drama received a theatrical release before airing on Netflix. Paquin later was cast in American Underdog, a biopic about…

Daniel Chodowiecki: …success with the sentimental painting The Parting of Jean Calas from His Family (1767), which shows the influence of Greuze. Chodowiecki began engraving in 1758. After engraving several subjects from the story of the Seven Years’ War, Chodowiecki produced the famous History of the Life of Jesus Christ. Many books…

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …men, and in Partir (2005; Leaving Tangier), he focused on two Moroccan siblings who must navigate an array of social and personal challenges after immigrating to Spain. Au pays (2009; A Palace in the Old Village) explores Muslim identity through the struggles of a Moroccan French retiree who returns to…

Partisan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the Axis powers, their Yugoslav collaborators, and a rival resistance force, the royalist Chetniks. Germany and Italy occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941, but it was not until Germany invaded

political party, a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. Political parties originated in their modern form in Europe and the United States in the 19th century, along with the electoral and parliamentary systems, whose development reflects the evolution of parties. The

Clement Greenberg: …the fall 1939 issue of Partisan Review. In this essay Greenberg, an avowed Trotskyite Marxist, claimed that avant-garde Modernism was “the only living culture that we now have” and that it was threatened primarily by the emergence of sentimentalized “kitsch” productions—“the debased and academicized simulacra of genuine culture.” For Greenberg,…

Igor Moiseyev: …this game; and the well-known Partisans, with its representations of guerrilla warfare and men on horseback. His Bulba so effectively re-created the folklore of Belorussia that it was adopted as that region’s national dance. After 1955 the ensemble toured France, England, Egypt, Japan, and the United States; it continued to…

partisanship, in democratic politics and government, a strong adherence, dedication, or loyalty to a political party—or to an ideology or agenda associated with a political party—usually accompanied by a negative view of an opposing party. Extreme partisanship is generally regarded as detrimental

Eddie Fenech Adami: …of rule by the socialist Malta Labour Party, in the 1987 elections the Nationalist Party won a majority in the parliament, and on May 12 Fenech Adami became prime minister. He attempted to eliminate the polarization that divided Malta, initiate a policy of open government, and create a program of…

Malta: Modern history: …Malta was governed by the Nationalist Party (Partit Nazzjonalista; PN), which pursued a policy of firm alignment with the West. In 1971, however, the Malta Labour Party (Partit Laburista; MLP) came to power, embracing a policy of nonalignment and aggressively asserting Malta’s sovereignty. The MLP formed a special friendship with…

combinatorics: Partitions: A partition of a positive integer n is a representation of n as a sum of positive integers n = x1 + x2 +⋯+ xk, xi ≥ 1, i = 1, 2,…, k. The numbers xi are called the

partition, in mathematics and logic, division of a set of objects into a family of subsets that are mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive; that is, no element of the original set is present in more than one of the subsets, and all the subsets together contain all the members of the original

wall, structural element used to divide or enclose, and, in building construction, to form the periphery of a room or a building. In traditional masonry construction, walls supported the weight of floors and roofs, but modern steel and reinforced concrete frames, as well as heavy timber and other

chromatography: Early developments: …technique came to be called partition chromatography. At that time, Martin and Synge suggested that the moving phase could well be a gas. It is a historical oddity that this idea was overlooked for nearly a decade, possibly because of the war, until Martin in collaboration with the British chemist…

cell: Permeation: …unit of measure called the partition coefficient. The greater the solubility of a substance, the higher its partition coefficient, and the higher the partition coefficient, the higher the permeability of the membrane to that particular substance. For example, the water solubility of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups reduces their solubility…

heraldry: Other charges: Partition lines divide the shield. The most common ones are straight. Impalement means the division of the shield into two equal parts by a straight line from the top to bottom. That method is used to show either the arms of husband and wife, the…

Scramble for Africa, a phrase widely used to refer to the period from the late 19th to the early 20th century in which European imperial powers claimed control of most African territory. It is also used to describe the actions undertaken by those countries, with the goals of expanding strategic

heraldry: Other charges: Partition lines divide the shield. The most common ones are straight. Impalement means the division of the shield into two equal parts by a straight line from the top to bottom. That method is used to show either the arms of husband and wife, the…

War of Devolution: …in January 1668 concluded a treaty with the Holy Roman emperor Leopold I whereby they agreed to partition the Spanish dominions between themselves on the Spanish king’s death and in which it was also stipulated how much territory in the meantime France was to annex in the Netherlands. The French…

Kuwait: Land: …of the territory (called the Neutral, or Partitioned, Zone), but they continue to share equally the revenues from oil production in the entire area. Although the boundary with Saudi Arabia is defined, the border with Iraq remains in dispute.

poison: Inhalation: …move into the blood by partitioning, which is a gas-transfer process between two phases, such as between the air and the blood or the blood and the tissues. In partitioning, gas molecules move from a phase of high partial pressure to an adjacent phase of low partial pressure. When an…

20th-century international relations: South Asia: …only six months, and the partition of the subcontinent into a mainly Hindu India and a mainly Muslim but divided Pakistan (including part of Bengal in the east) at midnight on August 14–15, 1947, was accompanied by panicky flight and riots between Hindus and Muslims that claimed between 200,000 and…

Democrats of the Left, former Italian political party and historically western Europe’s largest communist party. The party was originally founded in January 1921 as the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano; PCI) by dissidents of the extreme left wing of the Italian Socialist Party

Democrats of the Left: …dissident communists formed the more-orthodox Communist Refoundation Party (Partito della Rifondazione Comunista), and thousands left the party.

Italian Popular Party: …folded into the new centre-left Democratic Party (Partito Democratico).

Christian Democratic People’s Party, Swiss centre-right political party that endorses Christian democratic principles. With FDP. The Liberals, the Social Democratic Party, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP) has governed Switzerland as part of a grand

Italian Liberal Party, moderately conservative Italian political party that dominated Italian political life in the decades after unification (1861) and was a minor party in the period after World War II. The Liberal Party was first formed as a parliamentary group within the Piedmont assembly in

FDP. The Liberals, centrist political party of Switzerland formed in 2009 by the merger of the Radical Democratic Party (German: Freisinnig-Demokratische Partei der Schweiz [FDP]) and the Liberal Party (German: Liberale Partei der Schweiz [LPS]). FDP. The Liberals assumed the role previously held

Fascist Party (PNF), political party formed by Benito Mussolini in November 1921 and dissolved in 1943 after he was deposed. It served as the political instrument for the Italian fascist movement and Mussolini, its leader. From 1922 to 1943, a period referred to as the ventennio fascista (“twenty

Italian Popular Party, former centrist Italian political party whose several factions were united by their Roman Catholicism and anticommunism. They advocated programs ranging from social reform to the defense of free enterprise. The DC usually dominated Italian politics from World War II until the

Italy: Years of crisis: …by Felice Cavallotti and the Radical group in parliament, who in the 1890s strongly denounced bank scandals, tariff protectionism, colonial wars, and the Triple Alliance. The Radicals were a northern, anticlerical, moralistic group that denounced the corruption of the south (Crispi was the first southern prime minister), of the monarchy,…

Italian Republican Party, anticlerical social-reform party. Although it had only a small following in the years after World War II, its position in the centre of the Italian political spectrum enabled it to take part in many coalition governments. The party dates back to the 19th century, when

Giuseppe Saragat: …statesman and founder of the Socialist Party of Italian Workers (PSLI), who held many ministerial posts from 1944 to 1964, when he became president of the Italian Republic (1964–71).

Italian Democratic Socialist Party, anticommunist reform party advocating the nationalization of some industries. As a centre party, it was able to join many Italian governments in the decades after World War II. In early 1947, socialists who opposed the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) for its

Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers’ Party (Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani) and formally adopted the name Italian Socialist Party

Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Swiss political party of the centre-left that supports an extensive government role in the economy. With the Christian Democratic People’s Party, FDP. The Liberals, and the Swiss People’s Party, the Social Democratic Party has governed Switzerland as part of

Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers’ Party (Partito dei Lavoratori Italiani) and formally adopted the name Italian Socialist Party

Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), militant Kurdish nationalist organization founded by Abdullah (“Apo”) Öcalan in the late 1970s. Although the group initially espoused demands for the establishment of an independent Kurdish state, its stated aims were later tempered to calls for greater Kurdish

Kadet, a Russian political party advocating a radical change in Russian government toward a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s. It was founded in October 1905 by the Union of Liberation and other liberals associated with the zemstvos, local councils that often were centres of liberal

Partisan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the Axis powers, their Yugoslav collaborators, and a rival resistance force, the royalist Chetniks. Germany and Italy occupied Yugoslavia in April 1941, but it was not until Germany invaded

Partizansk, city, Primorsky kray (territory), far eastern Russia. It lies in the valley of the Partizanskaya River. It was formed in 1932 by the amalgamation of mining settlements that developed near mine shafts in a bituminous coal basin. A thermal power station serving the region is located in

Slovakia: Settlement patterns: Partizánske and Nová Dubnica, both in the west, are examples of new towns founded, respectively, just before and after World War II.

Paul Farmer: …administrator who, as cofounder of Partners in Health (PIH), was known for his efforts to provide medical care in impoverished countries.

partnership, voluntary association of two or more persons for the purpose of managing a business enterprise and sharing its profits or losses. In the usual partnership each general partner has full power to act for the firm in carrying on its business; thus, partners are at once proprietors and

Ukraine: Kuchma’s presidency: In 1994 Ukraine joined the Partnership for Peace Programme run by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the country also established a “special partnership” with the organization in 1996. In 1995 Ukraine joined the Council of Europe.

pinochle: Partnership pinochle: Four play in two partnerships, with partners sitting opposite each other. All the cards are dealt out in four rounds of three cards. Each side’s aim is to score 100 or more points over as many deals as necessary. Points are scored for…

subatomic particle: The development of quark theory: …pointlike objects, which were named partons because they are parts of the larger particles. The experiments also showed that the partons can indeed have fractional charges of + 2 3 e or − 1 3 e and thus confirmed one of the more surprising predictions of the quark model.

Dolly Parton is an American country music singer, guitarist, and actress best known for pioneering the interface between country and pop music styles. Parton was born into a poor farming family, the fourth of 12 children. She displayed an aptitude and passion for music at an early age, and as a

Dolly Parton is an American country music singer, guitarist, and actress best known for pioneering the interface between country and pop music styles. Parton was born into a poor farming family, the fourth of 12 children. She displayed an aptitude and passion for music at an early age, and as a

biography: 19th century: One professional biographer, James Parton, published competent, well-researched narratives, such as his lives of Aaron Burr and Andrew Jackson, but they brought him thin rewards and are today outmoded. In France, biography was turned inward, to romantic introspection, a trend introduced by Étienne Pivert de Senancour’s Obermann (1804).…

Sara Payson Willis Parton was an American novelist and newspaper writer, one of the first woman columnists, known for her satiric commentary on contemporary society. Grata Payson Willis early changed her first name to Sara. Her family had a strong literary and journalistic tradition: her father,

Konrad von Würzburg: …to full-scale epics, such as Partonopier und Meliur, on the fairy-lover theme, and Der Trojanerkrieg (The Trojan War), an account of the Trojan War. He is at his best in his shorter narrative poems, the secular romances Engelhart, Dasz Herzmaere (The Heart’s Tidings), and Keiser Otte mit dem Barte (Kaiser…

partridge, any of many small game birds native to the Old World and belonging to the family Phasianidae (order Galliformes). They are larger than quails, with stronger bills and feet. (For New World birds erroneously called partridges, see grouse; quail. For dwarf partridges of India called bush

The Brady Bunch: …cue from the success of The Partridge Family (1970–74), another popular situation comedy, which centred on a large family that also happened to be a rock group. The Brady cast went on to record commercial albums and perform live.

Eric Partridge was a New Zealand-born English lexicographer, best known for his A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) Partridge served with the Australian Infantry in World War I and with the Royal Air Force in

Eric Partridge was a New Zealand-born English lexicographer, best known for his A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1937). (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) Partridge served with the Australian Infantry in World War I and with the Royal Air Force in

partridgeberry, (Mitchella repens), North American plant of the madder family (Rubiaceae), growing in dry woods from southwestern Newfoundland westward to Minnesota and southward to Florida and Texas. Partridgeberry is a good wild-garden plant for shady places and is popular in winter terrariums

gamma function: …technique from calculus known as integration by parts, it can be proved that the gamma function has the following recursive property: if x > 0, then Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x). From this it follows that Γ(2) = 1 Γ(1) = 1; Γ(3) = 2 Γ(2) = 2 × 1…

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Partulacea Small, generally arboreal snails found on high volcanic islands of Polynesia and Micronesia, a few in Melanesia. Order Mesurethra Ureter represented by lateral opening of very short kidney, pore of ureter opening near or behind middle of mantle cavity; about 1,500 species. Superfamily

parturient paresis, in cattle, a disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). It occurs in cows most commonly within three days after they have calved, at a time when the cow’s production of milk has put a severe strain on its calcium stores.

birth, process of bringing forth a child from the uterus, or womb. The prior development of the child in the uterus is described in the article human embryology. The process and series of changes that take place in a woman’s organs and tissues as a result of the developing fetus are discussed in

procedural law: Parties: Every civil lawsuit involves at least two parties—a plaintiff making a claim and a defendant resisting it. Beyond this basic requirement, legal systems differ slightly in their approach to the question of whether other parties may or must be joined.

rock: Rock and youth culture: Moreover, rock became multifunctional—dance and party music on the one hand, a matter of serious attention and intimate expression on the other. As rock spread globally this had different implications in different countries, but in general it allowed rock to continue to define itself as youthful even as its performers…

Wanda Jackson: …a comeback with the album The Party Ain’t Over (2011), which was produced by Jack White of the White Stripes, and she followed that with Unfinished Business (2012). In 2019 Jackson announced that she was retiring from performing, citing “health and safety” issues; it was subsequently revealed that she had…

Euroskepticism: The emergence of Euroskeptic parties: … in France and the Dutch Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid; PVV). Although the National Front and the PVV were known primarily for promoting anti-immigration and anti-Islamic policies, both were quick to capitalize on populist sentiment in the wake of the euro-zone debt crisis. In November 2013 National Front…

Nicholas Ray: Films of the late 1950s: Party Girl (1958) was a return to the crime genre, starring Cyd Charisse as a 1920s Chicago showgirl who questions her ties to a syndicate boss (Lee J. Cobb) when a mob lawyer (Robert Taylor) wants her to make a break with him.

Macaulay Culkin: Return to acting: …movie as an adult was Party Monster (2003), in which he played the murderous party promoter Michael Alig. It was closely followed by his role in Saved! (2004), a comedy in which he played a high-school student whose sister is a Christian zealot. Later films included Sex and Breakfast (2007),…

Enver Hoxha: …communists helped Hoxha found the Albanian Communist Party (afterward called the Party of Labour). Hoxha became first secretary of the party’s Central Committee and political commissar of the communist-dominated Army of National Liberation. He was prime minister of Albania from its liberation in 1944 until 1954, simultaneously holding the ministry…

heraldry: Other charges: …divisions of a shield are party per pale (or, simply, per pale), division of the field into two equal parts by a perpendicular line (that resembles the impalement just mentioned but does not serve the same purpose of combining arms); party per fess, division into two equal parts by a…

New Frontier: The party platform pledged to expand the country’s defense and foreign aid programs. Controversially, it also committed the party to protecting the civil rights of African Americans.

party press era, period (1780s–1830s) in United States history when news editors received patronage from political parties, usually in the form of government printing contracts. An editor would readily endorse a party’s candidates and champion its principles, typically in line with his own beliefs,

political party, a group of persons organized to acquire and exercise political power. Political parties originated in their modern form in Europe and the United States in the 19th century, along with the electoral and parliamentary systems, whose development reflects the evolution of parties. The

House of Commons: Functions and operation: …exercised by members called “whips.”

election: Balloting: On party-column ballots, it is possible to vote a “straight ticket” for all of a party’s candidates by entering a single mark, though voting for individual candidates is usually possible. Conversely, on the office-bloc ballot, voters choose individual candidates grouped by office rather than party, which…

list system, a method of voting for several electoral candidates, usually members of the same political party, with one mark of the ballot. It is used to elect the parliaments of many western European countries, including Switzerland, Italy, the Benelux countries, and Germany. Electors vote for one

Boris Johnson: Partygate: The Johnson government’s response to the pandemic would make headlines for very different reasons beginning in late November 2021, when reports began surfacing that members of the prime minister’s cabinet and staff, as well as Johnson himself, had attended parties earlier in the pandemic…

Natalie du Toit: The Other-Abled Swimmer: …disabled competitor, Polish table-tennis player Natalia Partyka, who was born without a right forearm and hand, competed in both the Paralympics and the Olympics in Beijing.

Paru River, river, northern Brazil, rising on the southern slopes of the Tumuc-Humac Mountains, on the Suriname border, and flowing for about 500 miles (800 km) south-southeastward through Pará state. It empties into the lower Amazon River just above Almeirim. The Paru is navigable for 50 miles (80

History of film: Germany: …in the founding of the Parufamet (Paramount-UFA-Metro) Distribution Company in early 1926 and the almost immediate emigration of UFA film artists and technicians to Hollywood, where they worked for a variety of studios. This first Germanic migration was temporary. Many of the filmmakers went back to UFA disgusted at the…

wood warbler: …or American, parula warbler (Parula americana), which breeds in eastern North America, is pale blue with white wing bars, a partial white eye ring, and a yellow breast crossed by a narrow dark band. The black-and-white warbler (Mniotilta varia), common east of the Rockies, is streaked and has creeperlike…

wood warbler, any of the species in the songbird family Parulidae. Wood warblers are New World birds, distinct from the true warblers of the Old World, which represent a taxonomically diverse group. Because most wood warblers are brightly coloured and active, they are known as the “butterflies of

Croatian literature: Vesna Parun, an important and fruitful poet, was recognized most notably for her collection of poems Crna maslina (1955; “Black Olive Tree”). The younger prose writer Antun Šoljan took more cosmopolitan themes for his work, as did the poet Ivan Slamnig of the same generation.…

parure, matched set of jewelry consisting of such pieces as earrings, bracelet, brooch, necklace, and ring. By the mid-17th century, jewels had ceased to be created as individual works of art expressing some idea or fancy and had instead become mere personal ornaments that were beautiful but

animal social behaviour: Dominance: …role in mating patterns in black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus), where more dominant males tend to mate with more dominant females. Higher-status pairs then experience greater overwinter survival, presumably compete more effectively for high-quality breeding space, and produce more offspring.

titmouse: …10 North American species, the tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor, formerly Parus bicolor) is the best known, ranging widely over the eastern United States, where its cheery whistled “peter-peter-peter” rings through deciduous woodlands, orchards, and suburbs. Often attracted to bird feeders, this handsome crested little bird relishes sunflowers, although insects make…

great tit, (Parus major), small, colorful woodland songbird identifiable by its vibrant body coloration and black head and chin, as well as its distinctive two-syllable vocalization, often described as its “tea-cher, tea-cher, tea-cher” call. Great tits have a vast geographic range that stretches

Paridae: …Europe there is the similar willow tit (P. montanus), immortalized by Gilbert and Sullivan.

dream: Dreams as extensions of the waking state: …his work Parva naturalia (On the Senses and Their Objects), the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 bce), despite the practice of divination and incubation among his contemporaries, attributed dreams to sensory impressions from “external objects…pauses within the body…eddies…of sensory movement often remaining like they were when they first started, but…

Romanian literature: Between the wars: The archaeologist Vasile Pârvan commemorated the sacrifices of the war generation in Parentalia (1922); the historian and politician Nicolae Iorga founded literary periodicals and a people’s university (an adult education centre unaffiliated with the Romanian general educational system), wrote literary works, and was a great influence on…

Georgi Parvanov is a Bulgarian politician who served as president of his country (2002–12). He was the first former communist to be elected president of Bulgaria since the fall of communism in the country and the first Bulgarian head of state to be reelected. Parvanov obtained a master’s degree in

Georgi Parvanov is a Bulgarian politician who served as president of his country (2002–12). He was the first former communist to be elected president of Bulgaria since the fall of communism in the country and the first Bulgarian head of state to be reelected. Parvanov obtained a master’s degree in

Parvati, wife of the Hindu god Shiva. Parvati is a benevolent goddess. Born the daughter of a mountain called Himalaya, she won Shiva’s affection only after undergoing severe ascetic discipline. The couple had two children. The Mahabharata, the Ramayana, Kalidasa’s poem Kumarasambhava (“The Birth

South Asian arts: The Gupta period (4th–6th centuries ad): The Pārvatī Devī temple at Nācnā Kuṭthārā, also of this period, is interesting for the covered circumambulatory provided around the sanctum and the large hall in front. When first discovered, the temple had an entire chamber above the sanctum (which subsequently collapsed). Though provided with a…

pareve, (Yiddish: “neutral”), in the observance of Jewish dietary laws (kashrut), those foods that may be eaten indiscriminately, with either meat dishes or dairy products—two general classes of food that may not be consumed at the same meal. Fruits and vegetables are classified as pareve unless

pareve, (Yiddish: “neutral”), in the observance of Jewish dietary laws (kashrut), those foods that may be eaten indiscriminately, with either meat dishes or dairy products—two general classes of food that may not be consumed at the same meal. Fruits and vegetables are classified as pareve unless

Islamic arts: Persian literatures: The lyrics of Parvīn Eʿteṣāmī (died 1940) are regarded as near classics, despite a trace of sentimentality in their sympathetic treatment of the poor. Some Persian writers whose left-wing political ideas brought them into conflict with the government left for what is now Tajikistan. Of these, the gifted…