cashmere, animal-hair fibre forming the downy undercoat of the Kashmir goat and belonging to the group of textile fibres called specialty hair fibres. Although the word cashmere is sometimes incorrectly applied to extremely soft wools, only the product of the Kashmir goat is true cashmere. The

Pashto language, member of the Iranian division of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages. Extensive borrowing has caused Pashto to share many features of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European languages as well. Originally spoken by the Pashtun people, Pashto became the national

Pashto language, member of the Iranian division of the Indo-Iranian group of Indo-European languages. Extensive borrowing has caused Pashto to share many features of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European languages as well. Originally spoken by the Pashtun people, Pashto became the national

Pashtun, ethnolinguistic group residing primarily in the region that lies between the Hindu Kush in northeastern Afghanistan and the northern stretch of the Indus River in Pakistan. The Pashtun constitute the largest ethnic group of the population of Afghanistan and bore the exclusive name of

Afghanistan: Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933–73): The “Pashtunistan” problem regarding the political status of those Pashtun living on the British (Pakistani) side of the Durand Line developed after the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Afghanistan: Informal institutions and justice: …Pashtun tribal law, known as Pashtunwali. With the advent of the Taliban, Islamic courts and an Islamic administration of justice through interpretation of the law by clergy (ʿulamāʾ) assumed greater prominence. These changes have widely replaced the authority once exercised by traditional local leaders, or khans.

Pashupata, perhaps the earliest Hindu sect to worship the god Shiva as the supreme deity. It gave rise in turn to numerous subsects that flourished in Gujarat and Rajasthan, at least until the 12th century, and also travelled to Java and Cambodia. The sect takes its name from Pashupati, an epithet

Hinduism: Shaivism: …were active among humankind: as Pashupati (“Lord of Cattle”), he took over the fetters of the Vedic Varuna; as Aghora (“To Whom Nothing Is Horrible”), he showed the uncanny traits of his nature (evil, death, punishment) and also their opposites.

Pashupati, town, central Nepal, situated in the Kāthmāndu Valley on the Bāghmati River, just east of Kāthmāndu. Regarded as the holiest place in Nepal, it is the site of an ancient Śaivite (i.e., devoted to the Hindu god Śiva) temple of Paśupatinātha (Pashupatinath). The temple is built in pagoda

Pashupatinath Temple, place of worship in the Kathmandu Valley on the Baghmati River, on the eastern outskirts of the city of Kathmandu, that is the holiest site in Nepal. It is devoted to the Hindu god Shiva in his form as Pashupati, protector of animals. There has been a religious foundation here

Pashupatinath Temple, place of worship in the Kathmandu Valley on the Baghmati River, on the eastern outskirts of the city of Kathmandu, that is the holiest site in Nepal. It is devoted to the Hindu god Shiva in his form as Pashupati, protector of animals. There has been a religious foundation here

Nikola Pašić was the prime minister of Serbia (1891–92, 1904–05, 1906–08, 1909–11, 1912–18) and prime minister of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (1918, 1921–24, 1924–26). He was one of the founders, in 1918, of the kingdom that would later (from 1929 to 2003) be called Yugoslavia.

Pasig River, river draining Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, into Manila Bay at Manila. It flows north-northwest through the market town of Pasig and bisects Manila, then enters the bay between the North and South harbors. Its length is 14 miles (23 km). The wharves and quays at

Francesco Pasinetti was an Italian motion picture director, historian, critic, comedy writer, screenwriter, and film scholar. At age 19, Pasinetti began writing film criticism for a Venetian newspaper. In 1933, having submitted the first Italian thesis on the topic of motion pictures, he received a

metic: …a character in Plato’s Republic; Pasion, a metic and former slave, became a great Athenian banker of the 4th century bc.

Cristina Peri Rossi: …collection Una pasión prohibida (1986; A Forbidden Passion). La tarde del dinosaurio (1976; “The Afternoon of the Dinosaur”) is a volume of stories with a prologue by Cortázar. Witty El museo de los esfuerzos inútiles (1983; The Museum of Useless Efforts) is another book of stories about estrangement. Her novels…

Usumacinta River: …by the junction of the Pasión River, which arises in the Sierra de Santa Cruz (in Guatemala), and the Chixoy River, which descends from the Sierra Madre de Guatemala.

Osvaldo Golijov: …2000 Golijov received acclaim for La Pasión según San Marcos (“St. Mark’s Passion”), a Latin American setting of the Passion commissioned by the Bach Academy in Stuttgart, Germany, to commemorate the 250th anniversary of Johann Sebastian Bach’s death. Upshaw sang and recorded Ayre (2004), a cycle that included Arab, Hebrew,…

Dolores Ibárruri was a Spanish Communist leader, who earned a legendary reputation as an impassioned orator during the Spanish Civil War, coining the Republican battle cry, “No pasarán! ” (“They shall not pass!”). Born the eighth of 11 children of a Viscayan miner, Ibárruri was compelled by poverty

Jupiter: Other satellites: group—made up of Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, and Sinope— has retrograde orbits around Jupiter. The closer group—Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara—has prograde orbits. (In the case of these moons, retrograde motion is in the direction opposite to Jupiter’s spin and motion around the Sun, which are counterclockwise as viewed

Minotaur: It was the offspring of Pasiphae, the wife of Minos, and a snow-white bull sent to Minos by the god Poseidon for sacrifice. Minos, instead of sacrificing it, kept it alive; Poseidon as a punishment made Pasiphae fall in love with it. Her child by the bull was shut up…

Pasiteles was a Greek sculptor notable for having written a book, in five volumes, about works of art throughout the world. None of Pasiteles’ own sculpture has survived. Little is known about Pasiteles. He was born in a Greek city in southern Italy and became a Roman citizen in 90/89. He made an

Hypnos: …his services, Hypnos is given Pasithea, one of the Graces, to wed. In Book XVI of the Iliad, Hypnos and Thanatos carry the body of Sarpedon home to Lycia after he is slain by Patroclus, a scene depicted in the 6th century bc by the Greek artist Euphronius and others.

Ivan Fyodorovich Paskevich was a military officer and administrator in the Russian government who suppressed the Polish insurrection of 1830–31. Having entered the Russian Army through the imperial institution for pages in 1800, Paskevich gained combat experience fighting against the Turks

David Storey: …power in a homosexual relationship; Pasmore (1972), on the regeneration of a man who had given himself up for lost; and Saville (1976, Booker Prize), an autobiographical account of the breaking away of a coal miner’s son from village life. Later novels include A Prodigal Child (1982), Present Times (1984),…

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), organization founded in December 1902 to improve health conditions in North and South America. The organization, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the oldest international health agency in the world and was the first international organization

saltarello, medieval and Renaissance court dance and a folk dance of present-day Rome. In the 14th century the saltarello followed the estampie as an afterdance; a few examples survive in manuscript. In the 15th century it followed the basse danse and was sometimes called paso de brabante. It was

bullfighting: Act one: …a spirited bullring march (paso doble); many pasos dobles have been written in honour of and named after famous matadors. The spectacle begins with a trumpeter blowing a fanfare and the opening of a large gate at one end of the arena. One or two mounted bailiffs (alguaciles) in…

Fernando del Paso was a Mexican novelist and artist known for his long, experimental, often humorous novels covering the breadth and history of Mexican culture. After studying biology and economics at the National University of Mexico, del Paso published Sonetos de lo diario (1958; “Everyday

Pasuruan, city, East Java (Jawa Timur) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Java, Indonesia. It is situated on Madura Strait. The Dutch first established a fort at Pasuruan in 1707. It was the capital of a residency from 1811 to 1934, which, by transferring to Malang in 1934, precipitated the

Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), social democratic political party in Greece. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) was founded in 1974 as a radical Marxist-inspired party that called for the dissolution of the country’s military alliances and for tighter government regulation of the

Pier Paolo Pasolini was an Italian motion-picture director, poet, and novelist, noted for his socially critical, stylistically unorthodox films. The son of an Italian army officer, Pasolini was educated in schools of the various cities of northern Italy where his father was successively posted. He

Alejo Carpentier: …novel Los pasos perdidos (1953; The Lost Steps), his best-known work, is the first-person account of a character who travels to the Orinoco jungle in search of the meaning of life and the origins of time.

Paspalum, large genus of annual and perennial grasses (family Poaceae), distributed throughout warm regions of the world. Some are valuable forage grasses, and at least one (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is grown as a millet in Asia and parts of Africa. Several plants are considered invasive species in

Paspalum: Dallis grass (P. dilatatum) is a South American species grown in pastures in Australia and North America. Vasey grass (P. urvillei) is grown as hay in its native South America but is considered a noxious weed elsewhere. Water couch, or knotgrass (P. distichum), forms large…

Paspalum: Water couch, or knotgrass (P. distichum), forms large flat mats along shores and in ditches in North and South America and Europe; it is used as a lawn grass in Australia.

Paspalum: …and at least one (Paspalum scrobiculatum) is grown as a millet in Asia and parts of Africa. Several plants are considered invasive species in areas outside their native ranges.

Paspalum: Vasey grass (P. urvillei) is grown as hay in its native South America but is considered a noxious weed elsewhere. Water couch, or knotgrass (P. distichum), forms large flat mats along shores and in ditches in North and South America and Europe; it is used…

passepied, lively dance of Brittany adopted c. 1650 by French and English aristocrats, who, during the century of its popularity, frequently danced it dressed as shepherds and shepherdesses. As a court dance the passepied lost its original chain formations and became, like the minuet, a couple

Charles Pasqua was a French businessman and politician who served as the interior minister of France (1986–88; 1993–95). Pasqua was born to Corsican parents. His father, a policeman, was a member of the Resistance during World War II, as was an uncle who was deported by the Nazis in 1942. By age 15

Lina Wertmüller: …island, and Pasqualino settebellezze (1975; Seven Beauties), a film about an Italian dandy who must betray all moral values while trying to survive World War II and his internment in a Nazi death camp. For the latter, Wertmüller made history with her Academy Award nomination for best director. She also…

illuminati: Later illuminati: …Martinists, founded in 1754 by Martinez Pasqualis and propagated by Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin. By 1790 Martinism had been spread to Russia by Johann Georg Schwarz and Nikolay Novikov. Both strains of “illuminated” Martinism included elements of Kabbalism and Christian mysticism, imbibing ideas from

anemone, (genus Anemone), any of more than 100 species of perennial plants in the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). Many colourful varieties of the tuberous poppylike anemone, A. coronaria, are grown for the garden and florist’s trade. Popular spring-flowering anemones, especially for naturalizing,

Georges Duhamel: In the Pasquier cycle, Duhamel relates the history of a French middle-class family from the 1880s to the 1920s. In this work, critics have found his gifts of humour, sympathy, and observation particularly apparent. Duhamel became a member of the Académie Française in 1935.

Étienne Pasquier was a French lawyer and man of letters who is known for his Recherches de la France, 10 vol. (1560–1621), which is not only encyclopaedic but also an important work of historical scholarship. Pasquier studied under the great Humanist legal scholars François Hotman, Jacques Cujas,

Étienne, duc de Pasquier was a French statesman who was the last chancellor of France. A descendant of the celebrated 16th-century lawyer and man of letters Étienne Pasquier, he became a counsellor in the Paris Parlement in 1787. During the Revolution his father, also a counsellor, was guillotined,

Étienne, duc de Pasquier was a French statesman who was the last chancellor of France. A descendant of the celebrated 16th-century lawyer and man of letters Étienne Pasquier, he became a counsellor in the Paris Parlement in 1787. During the Revolution his father, also a counsellor, was guillotined,

pasquinade, brief and generally anonymous satirical comment in prose or verse that ridicules a contemporary leader or national event. Pasquinade is derived from “Pasquino,” the popular name for the remains of an ancient Roman statue unearthed in Rome in 1501. “Pasquino,” supposedly named after a

basketball: Rules: Pass

Canonero II: …stretch and gave way to Pass Catcher, the eventual winner. Canonero II finished in fourth place, nearly five lengths behind the winner. He ran eight races after the Belmont but won only once. Canonero II died in 1981.

Pass Christian, city, Harrison county, southern Mississippi, U.S., just west-southwest of Gulfport, on Mississippi Sound (an embayment of the Gulf of Mexico). It is named for the nearby deepwater channel known as Christian’s Pass, which runs through the sound along the Gulf Coast, supposedly

Bay Saint Louis: …the British known as the Battle of Pass Christian. In the late 20th century, casino gambling fueled the growth of the city, significantly increasing tourism’s importance to the local economy. Bay Saint Louis, along with most of Hancock county, sustained severe storm damage in 2005 from Hurricane Katrina; the neighbouring…

pass law, law that required nonwhites in South Africa to carry documents authorizing their presence in restricted areas. Pass laws were among the main instruments of apartheid until the government ended the requirement to carry documentation in 1986. The pass law system arose out of a series of

passacaglia, (Italian, from Spanish passacalle, or pasacalle: “street song”), musical form of continuous variation in 34 time; and a courtly dance. The dance, as it first appeared in 17th-century Spain, was of unsavoury reputation and possibly quite fiery. In the French theatre of the 17th and 18th

Anton Webern: Life and works: …of Richard Dehmel, the orchestral Passacaglia (1908), and the choral canon Entflieht auf leichten Kähnen (1908). These still adhere to traditional tonality, but, with the Stefan George songs (1908–09), Webern entered the realm of music no longer based on a fixed tonal centre.

Dietrich Buxtehude: Bach’s Passacaglia in C Minor is indebted. The preludes are usually brief, and, with one exception, they are unlike Bach’s in having no thematic connection with the fugues that follow them. Most of the harpsichord music has been lost.

Dietrich Buxtehude: Bach’s Passacaglia in C Minor is indebted. The preludes are usually brief, and, with one exception, they are unlike Bach’s in having no thematic connection with the fugues that follow them. Most of the harpsichord music has been lost.

Manoel de Oliveira: …from works by Portuguese writers: O passado e o presente (1972; “The Past and the Present”) from a play by Vicente Sanches; Benilde; ou, a Virgem Mãe (1975; “Benilde; or, The Virgin Mother”) from a play by José Régio; Amor de perdição (originally presented as a TV miniseries, 1978; “Doomed…

horsemanship: Dressage: …the impulse being upward; the passage, high-stepping trot in which the impulse is more upward than forward; the levade, in which the horse stands balanced on its hindlegs, its forelegs drawn in; the courvet, which is a jump forward in the levade position; and the croupade, ballotade, and capriole, a…

Marcel Duchamp: Farewell to art: Some of these, notably Le Passage de la Vierge à la Mariée and Mariée, both done in Munich, are among the finest works of the period. Again they were neither Cubist, nor Futurist, nor Abstract, but they expressed Duchamp’s typical vision of the body perceived in its inmost impulses.

megalith: …from the dolmen: one, the passage grave, was formed by the addition of a long stone-roofed entrance passage to the dolmen itself; and the other, the long, coffinlike cist or covered gallery grave, consisted of a long, rectangular burial chamber with no distinct passageway. Hybrid versions have also been discovered,…

rite of passage, ceremonial event, existing in all historically known societies, that marks the passage from one social or religious status to another. This article describes these rites among various societies throughout the world, giving greatest attention to the most common types of rites;

A Passage to India, novel by E.M. Forster published in 1924 and considered one of the author’s finest works. The novel examines racism and colonialism as well as a theme Forster developed in many earlier works, namely, the need to maintain both ties to the earth and a cerebral life of the

David Lean: His last film, A Passage to India (1984), based on the E.M. Forster novel, was regarded as his best work since Lawrence of Arabia. Lean was knighted by Queen Elizabeth that year, and in 1990 he was awarded the American Film Institute’s Lifetime Achievement Award. At the time…

Ireland: Neolithic Period: …the Irish Neolithic is the passage tomb. This megalithic tomb, unlike the long-barrow types, is set in a round mound, sited usually on a hilltop and grouped in cemeteries. The rich grave goods of these tombs include beads, pendants, and bone pins. Many of the stones of the tombs are…

property law: Private land-use control: servitudes: The classic case is the right-of-way, whereby an owner agrees to allow a neighbor to cross his land in order to allow the neighbor to reach his own land. What distinguishes the right-of-way and similar interests from the myriad types of enforceable agreements not to sue is that the right-of-way…

Vance Palmer: Of his novels, The Passage (1930), set in the Caloundra area of Queensland, is considered the best. It describes the life of a family and the subtle links between its members and their environment. Golconda (1948) describes the conflict between miners and management in the Mount Isa area…

falconry: Terms and equipment: …the wild is called a passager, and a hawk trapped in its adult plumage is termed a haggard. The female peregrine falcon is properly called a falcon, and the male—which, in common with most species of raptors, is smaller than the female—is known as a tiercel. Indoor housing for hawks…

Passaic, city, Passaic county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., on the Passaic River, 9 miles (14 km) north of Newark. It was established by the Dutch in 1678 as a fur-trading post. In 1685 Hartman Michielson purchased the site, then called Acquackanonk, from the Delaware Indians. It was renamed for

Passaic, county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., bordered by New York state to the north and the Pequannock and Pompton rivers to the south; the Passaic River, which crosses the southeastern portion of the county, forms part of the southern and eastern borders. The terrain of the rural northwestern

Passaic River, river, rising near Morristown, southeastern Morris county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It flows south past Millington, then north and east to Paterson and its Great Falls (70 feet [21 metres] high), at which point it turns south and east past Passaic and Newark and into Newark Bay.

bess beetle, (family Passalidae), any of approximately 500 species of beetles (insect order Coleoptera) mostly found in the tropics, with a few species found in North America. They are characterized by their large size, ranging between 30 and 40 mm (1.2 and 1.6 inches) in length. Because of their

Passamaquoddy, Algonquian-speaking North American Indians who lived on Passamaquoddy Bay, the St. Croix River, and Schoodic Lake on the boundary between what are now Maine, U.S., and New Brunswick, Can. At the time of European contact, the Passamaquoddy belonged to the Abenaki Confederacy, and

Passamaquoddy Bay, inlet of the Bay of Fundy (Atlantic Ocean), between southwestern New Brunswick, Can., and southeastern Maine, U.S., at the mouth of the St. Croix River. Deer Island and Campobello Island are in its southern part. The bay has an immense tidal flow, with about 70,000,000,000 cu ft

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Passandridae Few species; mostly in warm climates. Family Phalacridae (shining flower beetles) Larvae develop in certain flower heads (e.g., goldenrod), about 500 species; widely distributed; example Olibrus. Family Propalticidae

Italy: The southern kingdoms and the Papal States: Passaneto—men so powerful that contemporaries described them as “semi-kings,” having below them some 200 lesser, poor, and violent vassals. In these years, with an economy dominated largely by Catalan merchants, Sicily looked to Aragon (which in 1326 had also gained control of the island of…

Sarah Bernhardt: Early life and training: …François Coppée’s one-act verse play Le Passant (“The Passerby”)—a part that she played again in a command performance before Napoleon III.

Siegfried Passarge was a geographer and geomorphologist known for his studies of southern Africa. A professor at Breslau and Hamburg universities (1908–35), Passarge studied the climate and physical morphology of Africa. He wrote Die Kalahari (1904), Südafrika (1908), Physiologische Morphologie

Treaty of Passarowitz, (July 21, 1718), pact signed at the conclusion of the Austro-Turkish (1716–18) and Venetian-Turkish (1716–18) wars at Passarowitz (now Požerevac, Serb.). By its terms the Ottoman Empire lost substantial territories in the Balkans to Austria, thus marking the end of Ottoman

Treaty of Passarowitz, (July 21, 1718), pact signed at the conclusion of the Austro-Turkish (1716–18) and Venetian-Turkish (1716–18) wars at Passarowitz (now Požerevac, Serb.). By its terms the Ottoman Empire lost substantial territories in the Balkans to Austria, thus marking the end of Ottoman

Passau, city, Bavaria Land (state), southeastern Germany. It lies at the confluence of the Danube, Inn, and Ilz rivers, on the Austrian border. Originally the Celtic settlement of Bojodurum, it was later the site of a Roman camp, Castra Batava, and was made an episcopal see in 739. The bishops

Italian literature: Religious and historical literature: …author of religious literature was Jacopo Passavanti, whose Specchio di vera penitenza (“The Mirror of True Penitence”) is a collection of sermons preached in 1354. Less polished but of greater literary value are the translations of Latin legends concerning St. Francis and his followers collected in the anonymous Fioretti di…

Battle of Passchendaele, (July 31–November 6, 1917), World War I battle that served as a vivid symbol of the mud, madness, and senseless slaughter of the Western Front. The third and longest battle to take place at the Belgian city of Ypres, Passchendaele was ostensibly an Allied victory, but it

password, in computing, a sequence of characters used to authenticate a user’s identity and authorize access to a computer system, website, mobile phone, or other digital device. A password is intended to be secret (known only by an authorized user) and is often paired with a username to confirm an

pear: History and types: varieties include Curato, Coscia, and Passe Crassane, the latter also being popular in France. In Asian countries the pear crop comprises primarily local varieties of native species, such as the Asian, or Chinese, pear (P. pyrifolia).

Driss Chraïbi: His first novel—Le Passé simple (1954; “Simple Past”), published shortly before the outbreak of hostilities in Algeria—is a powerful, bitter, ironic cry of revolt against oppressive traditionalism. Les Boucs (1955; The Butts) shifted the author’s accusatory finger from a paternalistic Islamic formalism to the oppressed condition of…

Asghar Farhadi: …turmoil in Le Passé (2013; The Past), which centres on an Iranian man who travels from Tehrān to Paris in order to finalize his divorce so his estranged French wife can remarry, and in Forushande (2016; The Salesman), about a couple whose relationship becomes strained after the wife is assaulted.…

Georges de Porto-Riche: …his best plays, Amoureuse (1891), Le Passé (1897), and Le Vieil Homme (1911), all of which examine the eternal triangle of the wife, the husband, and the lover. The so-called théâtre d’amour that Porto-Riche innovated was highly influential and was much imitated for some years. He was elected to the…

medal: The Netherlands: Simon van de Passe produced similar work and went to London, where he created a series of Tudor and Stuart portraits.

baseball: The scorecard: …to catch it) or a passed ball (a pitch that should have been handled by the catcher). Members of the media and fans often choose to keep score of the game also. Official scorers and media professionals use detailed forms to record every pitch. Fans, who typically buy a simple…

railroad: Passenger cars: The first passenger cars were simply road coaches with flanged wheels. Almost from the beginning, railroads in the United States began to use longer, eight-wheel cars riding on two four-wheel trucks. In Britain and Europe, however, cars with more than six wheels were…

ship: Passenger carriers: Most passenger ships fall into two subclasses, cruise ships and ferries.

passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), migratory bird hunted to extinction by humans. Billions of these birds inhabited eastern North America in the early 1800s; migrating flocks darkened the skies for days. As settlers pressed westward, however, passenger pigeons were slaughtered by the

cruise ship, a large ship used primarily for leisure cruising. While earlier cruises were usually undertaken on ships that had been built for a different primary purpose—such as mail delivery ships or ocean liners meant for transportation—modern cruise ships are essentially floating holiday resorts

airport: Passenger terminal layout and design: As passenger throughput at airports increases, the passenger terminal becomes a more important element of the airport, attaining a dominant status in the largest facilities. The passenger terminal may amount to less than 10 percent of the total…

airport: Passenger requirements: As passenger throughput at airports increases, the passenger terminal becomes a more important element of the airport, attaining a dominant status in the largest facilities. The passenger terminal may amount to less than 10 percent of the total investment in a small airport,…

Cormac McCarthy: Final novels: McCarthy’s next novel, The Passenger, was not released until 2022. It centers on a salvage diver who struggles with the decades-old suicide of his sister as he becomes increasingly paranoid after working on a mysterious plane crash. The companion work, Stella Maris, was published later that year; its…

Laurence Fishburne: Film roles: …other films from 2016 included Passengers, a sci-fi romance about hibernating space travelers heading to another planet.

Indic writing systems: …inhabitants of Sikkim, India—and the Passepa writing system of the Chinese Imperial chancery under the Yuan dynasty (1206–1368); the Passepa system is no longer in use.

passepied, lively dance of Brittany adopted c. 1650 by French and English aristocrats, who, during the century of its popularity, frequently danced it dressed as shepherds and shepherdesses. As a court dance the passepied lost its original chain formations and became, like the minuet, a couple