fracture: …stress, it is termed a pathological fracture. An incomplete, or greenstick, fracture occurs when the bone cracks and bends but does not completely break; when the bone does break into separate pieces, the condition is called a complete fracture. An impacted fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone…

pathology, medical specialty concerned with the determining causes of disease and the structural and functional changes occurring in abnormal conditions. Early efforts to study pathology were often stymied by religious prohibitions against autopsies, but these gradually relaxed during the late

pathology, medical specialty concerned with the determining causes of disease and the structural and functional changes occurring in abnormal conditions. Early efforts to study pathology were often stymied by religious prohibitions against autopsies, but these gradually relaxed during the late

John Bulwer: …and Dumb Man’s Friend (1648); Pathomyotamia; or, A Dissection of the Significative Muscles of the Affections of the Mind (1649); and Anthropometamorphosis; or, The Artificial Changeling (1650).

pathology, medical specialty concerned with the determining causes of disease and the structural and functional changes occurring in abnormal conditions. Early efforts to study pathology were often stymied by religious prohibitions against autopsies, but these gradually relaxed during the late

ethos: It is distinguished from pathos, which is the emotion the speaker or writer hopes to induce in the audience. The two words were distinguished in a broader sense by ancient Classical authors, who used pathos when referring to the violent emotions and ethos to mean the calmer ones. Ethos…

Martin Buber: From Vienna to Jerusalem: In Paths in Utopia (1949) he referred to the Israeli kibbutz—a cooperative agricultural community the members of which work in a natural environment and live together in a voluntary communion—as a “bold Jewish undertaking” that proved to be “an exemplary non-failure,” one example of a “utopian”…

Paths of Glory: …Canadian writer Humphrey Cobb’s 1935 novel of the same name, which Kubrick had read in his youth. It was shot in West Germany, with a local farm providing the setting for the harrowing opening battle sequence. Although the film failed to win any significant awards at the time, it has…

Paths of Glory, American war film, released in 1957, that elevated its young director, Stanley Kubrick, to international prominence. Its controversial portrayal of the French military prevented it from being shown in several European countries for years. The film, set during World War I, is

the Byrds: …a Bob Dylan song, “Paths of Victory.” The Byrds were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.

Pathum Thani, town and changwat (province) in the central region of Thailand. The provincial capital, Pathum Thani town, is a rice-collecting and milling centre north of Bangkok on the west bank of the Mae Nam (river) Chao Phraya. The province occupies the low, well-irrigated plains of the Chao

heredity: Repair of mutation: …open up a new biochemical pathway that circumvents the block of function caused by the original mutation.

Río de la Plata: Animal life: …flattened at the nose), the patí (a large, scaleless river fish that frequents deep and muddy waters), the pacu (a large river fish with a flat body, almost as high as it is long), the pejerrey (a marine fish, silver in colour, with two darker bands on each side), and…

Indian mathematics: The changing structure of mathematical knowledge: …at the emerging distinction between pati-ganita (arithmetic; literally “board-computations” for the dust board, or sandbox, on which calculations were carried out) and bija-ganita (algebra; literally “seed-computations” for the manipulation of equations involving an unknown quantity, or seed); these were also called “manifest” and “unmanifest” calculation, respectively, alluding to the types…

Patía River, river in southwestern Colombia. It rises southwest of Popayán city and flows generally west for about 200 miles (322 km) before emptying into the Pacific

Patía River, river in southwestern Colombia. It rises southwest of Popayán city and flows generally west for about 200 miles (322 km) before emptying into the Pacific

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Northern Andes: …is a great depression, the Patía-Cauca valley, divided into three longitudinal plains. The southernmost is the narrow valley of the Patía River, the waters of which flow to the Pacific. The middle plain is the highest in elevation (8,200 feet) and constitutes the divide of the other two. The northern…

Patiala, city, southeastern Punjab state, northwestern India. The city lies about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Chandigarh on a major rail line as well as on a branch of the Sirhind Canal, Patiala was founded in 1763 as the capital of the princely state of Patiala. It is now a trade and industrial

Cis-Sutlej states: …to six, with full powers; Patiala, 5,412 square miles (14,017 square km) in area with up to two million inhabitants at the time of its absorption, was the foremost. The states survived until the independence of India (1947), at which time they were organized into the Patiala and East Punjab…

Punjab: History of Punjab: …enlarged through incorporation of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), an amalgamation of the preindependence princely territories of Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Faridkot, Kapurthala, Kalsia, Malerkotla (Maler Kotla), and Nalagarh. Political and administrative leadership for the enlarged Punjab was provided by Sardar Partap Singh Kairon

paticca-samuppada, the chain, or law, of dependent origination, or the chain of causation—a fundamental concept of Buddhism describing the causes of suffering (dukkha; Sanskrit duhkha) and the course of events that lead a being through rebirth, old age, and death. Existence is seen as an

seven deadly sins: (4) gratitude, (5) temperance, (6) patience, and (7) diligence.

English literature: The revival of alliterative poetry: …Knight, two homiletic poems called Patience and Purity (or Cleanness), and an elegiac dream vision known as Pearl, all miraculously preserved in a single manuscript dated about 1400. The poet of Sir Gawayne far exceeded the other alliterative writers in his mastery of form and style, and, though he wrote…

solitaire, family of card games played by one person. Solitaire was originally called (in various spellings) either patience, as it still is in England, Poland, and Germany, or cabale, as it still is in Scandinavian countries. The terms patience and solitaire have been applied to indicate any

Arthur Sullivan: During the run of Patience (1881), Carte transferred the production to his newly built Savoy Theatre, where the later operettas were presented. These were Iolanthe (1882), Princess Ida (1884), The Mikado; or, The Town of Titipu (1885), Ruddigore (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), and

bioethics: The health care context: …the relationship between doctor and patient, including issues that arise from conflicts between a doctor’s duty to promote the health of his patient and the patient’s right to self-determination or autonomy, a right that in the medical context is usually taken to encompass a right to be fully informed about…

bioethics: The health care context: …patient with a life-threatening illness refuses treatment, should his wishes be respected? Should patients always be permitted to refuse the use of extraordinary life-support measures? These questions become more complicated when the patient is incapable of making rational decisions in his own interest, as in the case of infants and…

Griselda, character of romance in medieval and Renaissance Europe, noted for her enduring patience and wifely obedience. She was the heroine of the last tale in the Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, who derived the story from a French source. Petrarch translated Boccaccio’s Italian version into

physical therapy: Patient management: Physical therapists complete an examination of the individual and work with him or her to determine goals that can be achieved primarily through exercise prescription and functional training to improve movement. Education is a key component of patient management. Adults with impairments and…

Ozzy Osbourne: Later music: (2010), Ordinary Man (2020), and Patient Number 9 (2022). The latter won the Grammy for best rock album, and its single “Degradation Rules” (featuring Tony Iommi) was named best metal performance. In 2023 Osbourne canceled his upcoming concerts because he was “not physically capable” of the traveling required to tour.…

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), in the United States, health care reform legislation signed into law by U.S. Pres. Barack Obama in March 2010, which included provisions that required most individuals to secure health insurance or pay fines, made coverage easier and less costly

index case, in public health, the first case of a disease or other condition that is noticed by health authorities. Index cases may be reported in relation to infectious disease outbreaks or to occurrences of noninfectious diseases or health conditions. They may also be reported within a region or

Steve Carell: The Morning Show and Broadway debut: …later starred in the miniseries The Patient (2022), in which he portrayed a therapist who is held prisoner by a serial killer.

health law: Patients’ rights: In addition to granting patients the means for the effective redress for negligent injury (which increases the cost of malpractice insurance for physicians—and thus the cost of medical care), malpractice litigation has also promoted what have come to be called patients’ rights.

Pratibha Patil is an Indian lawyer and politician who was the first woman to serve as president of India (2007–12). Patil earned a master’s degree in political science and economics at Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon, and later received a law degree from Government Law College, Mumbai (Bombay). She

pātimokkha, Buddhist monastic code; a set of 227 rules that govern the daily activities of the monk and nun. The prohibitions of the pātimokkha are arranged in the Pāli canon according to the severity of the offense—from those that require immediate and lifelong expulsion from the order, temporary

pātimokkha, Buddhist monastic code; a set of 227 rules that govern the daily activities of the monk and nun. The prohibitions of the pātimokkha are arranged in the Pāli canon according to the severity of the offense—from those that require immediate and lifelong expulsion from the order, temporary

desert varnish, thin, dark red to black mineral coating (generally iron and manganese oxides and silica) deposited on pebbles and rocks on the surface of desert regions. As dew and soil moisture brought to the surface by capillarity evaporate, their dissolved minerals are deposited on the surface;

Anatolia: The neo-Hittite states from c. 1180 to 700 bce: King Tutammu of Patina, who had been strategically safe as long as Arpad had not been conquered, also was defeated and his land turned into an Assyrian province. In 738 Samal, Milid, Kaska, Tabal, and Tuwanuwa (classical Tyana) came to terms with the Assyrian king. The Assyrian influence…

art conservation and restoration: Metal sculpture: …corrosion products and of “patina,” the term usually given to corrosion products that are either naturally occurring or artificially formed on the metal surface. Patinas are valued for aesthetic beauty and for the authenticity that they lend the object. Today treatment of metal sculptures is far more conservative than…

The Skaters’ Waltz, Op. 183, waltz by French composer Emil Waldteufel written in 1882. Of Waldteufel’s many compositions—including more than 200 dance pieces—The Skaters’ Waltz is the best-known. In The Skaters’ Waltz Waldteufel set out to capture the atmosphere of a winter day in Paris, with

Joachim Patinir was a Flemish painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under

Joachim Patinir was a Flemish painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under

Joachim Patinir was a Flemish painter, the first Western artist known to have specialized in landscape painting. Little is known of his early life, but his work reflects an early knowledge of the painting of Gerard David, the last of the Early Netherlandish painters. He may have studied under

Mandy Patinkin is an American actor and singer known for his award-winning performances on stage, film, and television. His notable credits include the movies Yentl (1983) and The Princess Bride (1987), the stage musical Sunday in the Park with George (1984–85), and the TV series Homeland

Mandy Patinkin is an American actor and singer known for his award-winning performances on stage, film, and television. His notable credits include the movies Yentl (1983) and The Princess Bride (1987), the stage musical Sunday in the Park with George (1984–85), and the TV series Homeland

José Patiño, marquis de Patiño was a Spanish statesman who was one of the most outstanding ministers of the Spanish crown during the 18th century. Patiño followed his father in entering the service of the Spanish government in Italy. Later, during the War of the Spanish Succession, he went to

patio, in Spanish and Latin American architecture, a courtyard within a building, open to the sky. It is a Spanish development of the Roman atrium and is comparable to the Italian cortile. The patio was a major feature in medieval Spanish architecture. Sevilla Cathedral (1402–1506) has a patio, as

patio process, method of isolating silver from its ore that was used from the 16th to early in the 20th century; the process was apparently commonly used by Indians in America before the arrival of the Europeans. The silver ore was crushed and ground by mule power in arrastras, shallow circular

sea star: The sea bat (Patiria miniata) usually has webbed arms; it is common from Alaska to Mexico. Sun stars of the genera Crossaster and Solaster are found in northern waters; they have numerous short rays and a broad, often sunburst-patterned disk. The widely distributed S. endeca is…

fish sauce, in Southeast Asian cookery, a liquid seasoning prepared by fermenting freshwater or saltwater fish with salt in large vats. After a few months time the resulting brownish, protein-rich liquid is drawn off and bottled. It is sometimes allowed to mature in the sun in glass or earthenware

Khuddaka Nikaya: Patisambhida-magga (“Way of Analysis”), a late work consisting of 30 chapters of Abhidhamma or scholastic-like analysis, of various doctrinal concepts.

gastronomy: The great French chefs: …au dix-neuvième siècle (1833) and Le Pâtissier royal parisien (1815), included hundreds of recipes, menus for every day in the year, a history of French cooking, sketches for Carême’s monumental pièces montées, instructions for garnishes, decorations, and tips on marketing and organizing the kitchen.

Chopper chopping-tool industry: …(associated with Homo erectus), the Patjitanian industry of Java, the Soan industry of India, and the Anyathian industry of Myanmar (Burma).

Nagaland: Relief and drainage: The mountains merge with the Patkai Range, part of the Arakan system, along the Myanmar border, reaching a maximum height of 12,552 feet (3,826 metres) at Mount Saramati. The region is deeply dissected by rivers: the Doyang and Dikhu in the north, the Barak in the southwest, and the tributaries…

Medha Patkar is an Indian social activist known chiefly for her work with people displaced by the Narmada Valley Development Project (NVDP), a large-scale plan to dam the Narmada River and its tributaries in the Indian states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. An advocate of human rights,

Johann Reinhold von Patkul was a Baltic German diplomat who played a key role in the initiation of the Northern War (1700–21). Born to the Livonian German gentry, Patkul entered the Swedish army in Livonia in 1687. After serving as a representative of the Livonian landowners to the Swedish court in

Coventry Patmore was an English poet and essayist whose best poetry is in The Unknown Eros, and Other Odes, containing mystical odes of divine love and of married love, which he saw as a reflection of Christ’s love for the soul. After his father fled to France to escape his creditors, Patmore

Coventry Patmore was an English poet and essayist whose best poetry is in The Unknown Eros, and Other Odes, containing mystical odes of divine love and of married love, which he saw as a reflection of Christ’s love for the soul. After his father fled to France to escape his creditors, Patmore

Pátmos, island, the smallest and most northerly of the original 12, or Dodecanese (Modern Greek: Dodekánisa), Greek islands. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) in the periféreia (region) of South Aegean (Nótio Aigaío), southeastern Greece. The barren arc-shaped island consists of three deeply

Patna, city, capital of Bihar state, northern India. It lies about 290 miles (470 km) northwest of Kolkata (Calcutta). Patna is one of the oldest cities in India. During the Mughal period it was known as Azimabad. Patna is a riverside city that extends along the south bank of the Ganges (Ganga)

Company school, style of miniature painting that developed in India in the second half of the 18th century in response to the tastes of the British serving with the East India Company. The style first emerged in Murshidabad, West Bengal, and then spread to other centres of British trade: Benares

Naveen Patnaik is an Indian politician and government official in Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. He was the founder and longtime president of the Biju Janata Dal (BJD; Biju People’s Party), a regional political party focused on Odisha, and he also served as chief minister (head of

Argentina: Sports and recreation: …to the 17th century is pato (“duck”), which is played on an open field between two teams of four horsemen each. The riders attempt to carry a leather ball (originally a duck trapped in a basket) by its large handles and throw it through the opposing team’s goal, which is…

phenomenology: In other European countries: The Husserl scholar Jan Patocka, a prominent expert in phenomenology as well as in the metaphysical tradition, was influential in the former Czechoslovakia; in Poland, Roman Ingarden represented the cause of phenomenology; and there were also important representatives in such countries as Portugal, the United Kingdom, South America,…

dialect, a variety of a language that signals where a person comes from. The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person’s social background (class dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect). The word dialect comes

go, board game for two players. Of East Asian origin, it is popular in China, Korea, and especially Japan, the country with which it is most closely identified. Go, probably the world’s oldest board game, is thought to have originated in China some 4,000 years ago. According to some sources, this

patola, type of silk sari (characteristic garment worn by Indian women) of Gujarati origin, the warp and weft being tie-dyed (see bandhani work) before weaving according to a predetermined pattern. It formed part of the trousseau presented by the bride’s maternal uncle. Although extant patolas of

Alan Paton was a South African writer, best known for his first novel, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), a passionate tale of racial injustice that brought international attention to the problem of apartheid in South Africa. Paton studied at the University of Natal (later incorporated into the

Alan Paton was a South African writer, best known for his first novel, Cry, the Beloved Country (1948), a passionate tale of racial injustice that brought international attention to the problem of apartheid in South Africa. Paton studied at the University of Natal (later incorporated into the

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: …Espinacito (16,000 feet) and Mount Patos (12,825 feet). South of Anconcagua the passes include Pircas (16,960 feet), Bermejo (more than 10,000 feet), and Iglesia (13,400 feet). Farther north the passes are more numerous but higher. The peaks of Mounts Bonete, Ojos del Salado, and Pissis surpass 20,000 feet.

Patos de Minas, city, west-central Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It lies at 2,808 feet (856 metres) above sea level in the highlands. Made the seat of a municipality in 1866, it gained city status in 1892 with the name of Patos, which was lengthened in 1944 to Patos de Minas. The cultivation

Patos Lagoon, shallow lagoon in Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), extreme southeastern Brazil. It is the largest lagoon in Brazil and the second largest in South America. The lagoon is 180 miles (290 km) long and up to 40 miles (64 km) wide, with an area of more than 3,900 square miles (10,100

relic: …such as his staff or alms bowl. The alms bowl (patra), particularly, is associated with a romantic tradition of wanderings and, in different historical periods, has been variously reported as located in Peshawar or in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). In addition, the bodily remains and personal effects of the great Buddhist…

Pátrai, city and dímos (municipality), Western Greece (Modern Greek: Dytikí Elláda) periféreia (region), southern Greece. Located on the Gulf of Patraïkós, it is the chief port of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos) peninsula and one of the largest ports in Greece. A legendary federation of three

Pátrai, city and dímos (municipality), Western Greece (Modern Greek: Dytikí Elláda) periféreia (region), southern Greece. Located on the Gulf of Patraïkós, it is the chief port of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos) peninsula and one of the largest ports in Greece. A legendary federation of three

patralatā, decorative motif in Indian art, consisting of a lotus rhizome (underground plant stem). A cosmology that identifies water as the source of all life had a great influence on early Indian art, and, of its visual symbols, the lotus is the most important and has been a dominant motif in

Pátrai, city and dímos (municipality), Western Greece (Modern Greek: Dytikí Elláda) periféreia (region), southern Greece. Located on the Gulf of Patraïkós, it is the chief port of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos) peninsula and one of the largest ports in Greece. A legendary federation of three

Romanian literature: Between the wars: …were typical Bucharest citizens, and D.D. Pătrăscanu wittily described political life.

Abílio Manuel Guerra Junqueiro: …pride in a dramatic poem Pátria (1896), which blamed the Braganza dynasty and delusions of a glorious national past for the country’s downfall. The poem’s popularity was immense and, when the republic was established in 1910, Guerra Junqueiro, as a revolutionary hero, was appointed envoy to Bern. In his last…

Mexico: Cultural milieu: …regions, often referred to as patrias chicas (“small homelands”), which help to perpetuate cultural diversity. The large number of indigenous languages and customs, especially in the south, also accentuates cultural differences. However, indigenismo, or pride in the indigenous heritage, has been a major unifying theme of the country since the…

patria potestas, (Latin: “power of a father”), in Roman family law, power that the male head of a family exercised over his children and his more remote descendants in the male line, whatever their age, as well as over those brought into the family by adoption. This power meant originally not only

Judaism: The ancient Middle Eastern setting: …the family of the Hebrew patriarchs—Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob (all early 2nd millennium bce)—as having its chief seat in the northern Mesopotamian town of Harran, which then belonged to the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni. From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to

patriarch, title used for some Old Testament leaders (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s 12 sons) and, in some Christian churches, a title given to bishops of important sees. The biblical appellation patriarch appeared occasionally in the 4th century to designate prominent Christian bishops. By the

José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva was a Brazilian statesman who played a key role in Brazil’s attainment of independence from Portugal. He is known to Brazilians as the “Patriarch of Independence.” Andrada went to Portugal as a student and became a distinguished scholar there, earning an

Witi Ihimaera: …the Gypsies (1994; filmed as The Patriarch [2016]). The Uncle’s Story (2000) relates the stories of two generations of gay Māori men. Contemporary characters are inserted into a Māori myth about warring birds in Sky Dancer (2003). The Trowenna Sea (2009), a fictionalized version of the story of a Māori…

Sir Robert Filmer: …(1679) and his major work, Patriarcha, was published for the first time (1680). John Locke, then writing on politics, attacked his writings as “glib nonsense,” but 20th-century scholars have viewed Filmer as a significant and interesting figure in his own right, quite apart from Locke’s attention to him. He was…

patriarch, title used for some Old Testament leaders (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s 12 sons) and, in some Christian churches, a title given to bishops of important sees. The biblical appellation patriarch appeared occasionally in the 4th century to designate prominent Christian bishops. By the

Jeremias II: …Moscow patriarchate and organized a Patriarchal Academy in Constantinople that was to serve as an intellectual centre for Orthodoxy and to raise the educational level of the clergy.

Rashidun, (Arabic: “Rightly Guided,” or “Perfect”), the first four caliphs of the Islamic community, known in Muslim history as the orthodox or patriarchal caliphs: Abū Bakr (reigned 632–634), ʿUmar (reigned 634–644), ʿUthmān (reigned 644–656), and ʿAlī (reigned 656–661). The 29-year rule of the

Kharkiv: …17th-century Pokrovsky Cathedral, the 19th-century Patriarchal Cathedral, and the belltower commemorating the victory over Napoleon I in 1812.

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, honorary primacy of the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches; it is also known as the “ecumenical patriarchate,” or “Roman” patriarchate (Turkish: Rum patriarkhanesi). According to a legend of the late 4th century, the

patriarch, title used for some Old Testament leaders (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s 12 sons) and, in some Christian churches, a title given to bishops of important sees. The biblical appellation patriarch appeared occasionally in the 4th century to designate prominent Christian bishops. By the

Ward McAllister: The Patriarchs accepted or rejected aspirants to New York’s “high society.” McAllister contributed articles to newspapers and magazines, becoming known as an authority on the social graces. His book Society As I Have Found It was published in 1890.

patriarchy, hypothetical social system in which the father or a male elder has absolute authority over the family group; by extension, one or more men (as in a council) exert absolute authority over the community as a whole. Building on the theories of biological evolution developed by Charles

Che Guevara: The Congo, Bolivia, and death of Che Guevara: …futile attempt to help the Patrice Lumumba Battalion, which was fighting a civil war there. During that period Guevara resigned his ministerial position in the Cuban government and renounced his Cuban citizenship. After the failure of his efforts in the Congo, he fled first to Tanzania and then to a…

Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (PFUR), state institution of higher learning in Moscow, founded in 1960 as Peoples’ Friendship University “to give an education to people who had liberated themselves from colonialist oppression.” It was renamed Patrice Lumumba Peoples’ Friendship University

Patricia Highsmith: ” Patricia Highsmith: Her Diaries and Notebooks, 1941–1995 (edited by Anna von Planta) was published posthumously in 2021.

patrician, any member of a group of citizen families who, in contrast with the plebeian (q.v.) class, formed a privileged class in early Rome. The origin of the class remains obscure, but the patricians were probably leaders of the more important families or clans who formed the major part, if not

history of the Low Countries: French and English influence: …control the urban elites (the patriciate) by controlling the cities’ finances and the appointment of the magistrates (aldermen, or schepenen) failed because the French king supported the patricians. King Philip IV, who was successful in his territorial expansion in Champagne and Gascony, also tried to incorporate the county of Flanders…