patrician, any member of a group of citizen families who, in contrast with the plebeian (q.v.) class, formed a privileged class in early Rome. The origin of the class remains obscure, but the patricians were probably leaders of the more important families or clans who formed the major part, if not

patrician, any member of a group of citizen families who, in contrast with the plebeian (q.v.) class, formed a privileged class in early Rome. The origin of the class remains obscure, but the patricians were probably leaders of the more important families or clans who formed the major part, if not

Patrick family, Canadian family who as managers, owners, and league officials helped establish professional ice hockey in Canada. Lester B. Patrick (b. December 30, 1883, Drummondville, Quebec, Canada—d. June 1, 1960, Victoria, British Columbia) and his brother Frank A. Patrick (b. December 23,

Benedict Cumberbatch: Doctor Strange and The Grinch: …whose child goes missing, and Patrick Melrose (2018), a miniseries based on five novels by Edward St. Aubyn, focusing on a self-destructive English gentleman as he reckons with his past. During this time Cumberbatch supplied his distinctive voice to the animated features The Grinch and Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle…

Danica Patrick is an American race car driver and the first woman to win an IndyCar championship event. Patrick’s racing career began with go-karts in her hometown of Beloit, Wisconsin, at age 10. At age 16, after national success in go-karts, Patrick left high school to race Formula Fords and

Danica Patrick is an American race car driver and the first woman to win an IndyCar championship event. Patrick’s racing career began with go-karts in her hometown of Beloit, Wisconsin, at age 10. At age 16, after national success in go-karts, Patrick left high school to race Formula Fords and

Deval Patrick is an American politician, the first Black governor of Massachusetts, serving from 2007 to 2015, and the second Black person to be elected governor of a U.S. state. The Democrat briefly ran for the U.S. presidency in 2019–20. Patrick was born in Chicago to Emily Wintersmith Patrick

Deval Patrick is an American politician, the first Black governor of Massachusetts, serving from 2007 to 2015, and the second Black person to be elected governor of a U.S. state. The Democrat briefly ran for the U.S. presidency in 2019–20. Patrick was born in Chicago to Emily Wintersmith Patrick

Patrick family: Frank refereed in the Montreal senior league (1903–04), and the two joined the Renfrew Millionaires in the professional league that came to be the National Hockey Association (NHA; formed 1910).

Patrick family: …the brothers with their father, Joseph Frank Patrick, a lumberman, formed the Pacific Coast League. They built the first enclosed ice rinks at Vancouver and Victoria; at the time, the Vancouver rink was one of the largest buildings in Canada, seating 10,000. In that league the Patricks introduced many practices…

Patrick family: …while attending McGill University (Montreal), Lester with the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association team (1901–02) and the amateur Montreal Wanderers (1905–07), both of which won Stanley Cups, and for the Brandon (Manitoba) team that played for but did not win the Stanley Cup (1903–05). Frank refereed in the Montreal senior league…

Mary Mills Patrick was an American missionary and educator who oversaw the evolution of a girls’ high school into a major college for Turkish women. Patrick graduated from the Lyons Collegiate Institute in Lyons (now part of Clinton), Iowa, in 1869. In 1871, by appointment of the American Board of

Ruth Patrick was an American aquatic biologist and educator widely regarded as one of the early pioneers of the science of limnology. She is best known for her work with diatoms (a type of algae encased in a glasslike shell) and her efforts in deploying multidisciplinary teams of researchers to

Ruth Patrick was an American aquatic biologist and educator widely regarded as one of the early pioneers of the science of limnology. She is best known for her work with diatoms (a type of algae encased in a glasslike shell) and her efforts in deploying multidisciplinary teams of researchers to

St. Patrick ; feast day March 17) is the patron saint and national apostle of Ireland. He is credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland and was probably responsible in part for the Christianization of the Picts and Anglo-Saxons. He is known only from two short works, the Confessio, his

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Social groups and categories: …either the male line (patriclan) or female line (matriclan). Patriclans were the more common form, and they played a very important social role in certain areas, such as northeast Arnhem Land.

descent: …are of two main types—patrilineal (or agnatic) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the father are emphasized, and matrilineal (or uxorial) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the mother are emphasized.

descent: …are of two main types—patrilineal (or agnatic) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the father are emphasized, and matrilineal (or uxorial) systems, in which the relationships reckoned through the mother are emphasized.

Germanic law: Tribal Germanic institutions: …his property passed to his descendants in the nearest degree of proximity, with a preference for males. (The declaration in the Salic Law that daughters could not inherit land was used by 16th-century French lawyers as additional support for the long-standing practice of excluding women or their descendants from succeeding…

South American nomad: Composite bands: …in the male line) and patrilocal (a wife resided with her husband’s lineage and band).

moiety system: …common than patrilineal moieties (patrimoieties). Matrimoieties are generally found in association with smaller kin groups, such as lineages and clans. In all cases—whether the moieties are exogamous or not, unilineal or not, or aligned on the basis of season, geographic position, name bestowal, or other criteria—they serve to divide…

patrimonialism, form of political organization in which authority is based primarily on the personal power exercised by a ruler, either directly or indirectly. A patrimonial ruler may act alone or as a member of a powerful elite group or oligarchy. Although the ruler’s authority is extensive, he is

Papal States: Early history: …property around Rome (called the Patrimony of St. Peter). From the 5th century, with the breakdown of Roman imperial authority in the West, the popes’ influence in central Italy increased as the people of the area relied on them for protection against barbarian invasions. Leo I (reigned 440–461), for example,…

Valerianoideae: …members of the Eurasian genus Patrinia, perennials with yellow or white flowers. Spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora, sometimes N. jatamansi) is a perennial herb of the Himalayas that produces an essential oil in its woody rhizomes; it is listed as a critically endangered species by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

cetacean: Annotated taxonomy: †Family Patriocetidae 4 genera. Upper Eocene to Upper Oligocene. Europe and North America. †Family Llanocetidae 1 genus. Lower Oligocene or Upper Eocene. Antarctica. †Family Cetotheriidae (cetotheres) About 30 genera. Middle Oligocene to

radar: Antennas: Army’s Patriot battlefield air-defense system and the U.S. Navy’s Aegis system for ship air defense also depend on the electronically steered phased-array antenna.

USA PATRIOT Act, U.S. legislation, passed by Congress in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush in October 2001, that significantly expanded the search and surveillance powers of federal law-enforcement and intelligence agencies. The USA

Patriot Day, holiday observed in the United States on September 11 to commemorate the lives of those who died in the 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Virginia and those who perished when the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 crashed in

John Osborne: A Patriot for Me (1965) portrays a homosexual Austrian officer in the period before World War I, based on the story of Alfred Redl, and shows Osborne’s interests in the decline of empire and the perils of the nonconformist. West of Suez (1971) revealed a…

Tom Clancy: Red Storm Rising (1986), Patriot Games (1987; film 1992), Clear and Present Danger (1989; film 1994), The Sum of All Fears (1991; film 2002), Rainbow Six (1998), The Bear and the Dragon (2000), The Teeth of the Tiger

Harrison Ford: …adapted from Tom Clancy novels—Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994). In The Fugitive (1993), a film based on the 1960s television show, he portrayed the wrongly convicted Dr. Richard Kimble.

Henry Flood: …Anglo-Irish statesman, founder of the Patriot movement that in 1782 won legislative independence for Ireland.

Netherlands: The Patriot movement: During the next decades, in the face of the rigid conservatism of the princes of Orange (William V succeeded his father in 1751 and assumed personal government in 1759) and under the influence of the French Enlightenment, an essentially new political force began…

militia movement: Supporters of the Patriot movement were able to disseminate and discuss their ideas widely and cheaply through the Internet, which became accessible to the general public in the early 1990s and later encompassed popular social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter.

U Saw: …he founded the Myochit (“Patriot”) Party and organized a private Galon army, modeled on the Nazi storm troopers. U Saw helped engineer the overthrow of prime minister Ba Maw in 1939, and, after serving as minister of forests, he was prime minister from 1940 to 1942.

Netherlands: The Patriot movement: During the next decades, in the face of the rigid conservatism of the princes of Orange (William V succeeded his father in 1751 and assumed personal government in 1759) and under the influence of the French Enlightenment, an essentially new political force began…

United Kingdom: Robert Walpole: These dissidents (who called themselves Patriot Whigs) grew in number until, by the mid-1730s, more than 100 Whig MPs were collaborating with the Tories against Walpole’s nominally Whig administration. Some were motivated primarily by disappointed ambition. But many Whigs and Tories genuinely believed that Walpole had arrogated too much power…

African literature: Afrikaans: The first newspaper in Afrikaans, Die Patriot (“The Patriot”), began publication in 1876. The linguistic shift from Dutch to Afrikaans did not occur without considerable dispute among the whites of Dutch descent. It was after the South African War (1899–1902)—which became a prominent subject of early Afrikaans literature—that Afrikaans became…

Henry Brooke: …Brooke wrote a celebrated drama, Gustavus Vasa, the Deliverer of His Country, performance of which was forbidden because of the supposition that Sir Robert Walpole, the prime minister, was depicted in the part of the villain. Brooke returned to Ireland, and the play was printed and later performed in Dublin…

Ernst Lubitsch: Arrival in Hollywood: …which his first film was The Patriot (1928), with Jannings as the mad tsar of Russia, Paul I, and with Lewis Stone as the count who intrigues against him. Eternal Love (1929), starring John Barrymore, followed.

Samuel Johnson: Political pamphlets: The Patriot (1774) was designed to influence an upcoming election. Johnson had become disillusioned in the 1740s with those members of the political opposition who attacked the government on “patriotic” grounds only to behave similarly once in power. This essay examines expressions of false patriotism…

Heinrich Mann: …The Poor); Der Untertan (1918; The Patrioteer); and Der Kopf (1925; The Chief)—carries even further his indictment of the social types produced by the authoritarian state. These novels were accompanied by essays attacking the arrogance of authority and the subservience of the subjects. A lighter work of this period is…

Paraguay: Continued rule by the Colorado Party: …Lugo of the centre-left coalition Patriotic Alliance for Change (Alianza Patriótica para el Cambio; APC) defeated Blanca Ovelar of the Colorado Party, ending that party’s 62 years of continuous rule.

Carlo Carrà: …period, such as the collage Patriotic Celebration, Free Word Painting (1914), was based on Futurist concepts, he soon began to paint in a style of greatly simplified realism. Lot’s Daughters (1915), for example, represents an attempt to recapture the solidity of form and the stillness of the 13th-century painter Giotto.…

Robert Mugabe: Early life and rise to power: …a breakaway from Joshua Nkomo’s Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU). In 1964 he was arrested for “subversive speech” and spent the next 10 years in prison. During that period he acquired law degrees by correspondence courses. While still in prison he led a coup in 1974 deposing Sithole as ZANU’s…

Zambia: Zambia in the 21st century: …competitor, Michael Sata of the Patriotic Front (PF), made claims of voting irregularities and contested the election. Sporadic violence ensued in areas loyal to Sata, but the result of the election stood, and Mwanawasa was sworn in for his second term in October 2006. Mwanawasa again suffered a stroke in…

Patriotic Gore, collection of essays by Edmund Wilson, published in 1962. Subtitled Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War, the book contains 16 essays on contemporaries’ attitudes toward the Civil War, the effect it had on their lives, and the effects of the postwar Reconstruction

Canadian literature: The literary movement of 1860: …Mouvement Littéraire de Québec (Literary Movement of Quebec). Often congregating at the bookstore of poet Octave Crémazie, its dozen members shared patriotic, conservative, and strongly Roman Catholic convictions about the survival of French Canada. Their spokesman, Henri-Raymond Casgrain, promoted a messianic view of the spiritual mission of French Canadians…

Mikhail Glinka: His composition “The Patriotic Song” was the Russian national anthem from the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 until 2000. Ruslan and Lyudmila provided models of lyrical melody and colourful orchestration on which Mily Balakirev, Aleksandr Borodin, and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov formed their styles. Glinka’s orchestral composition…

FARC: …PCC, established a political party, Patriotic Union (Unión Patriótica; UP), in a cease-fire agreement with the government. The UP participated in elections beginning in 1986 and won a large portion of the votes. In subsequent years, however, thousands of UP members, including three of the party’s presidential candidates, were killed…

Iraq: The invasion: … in the north and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in the south—contended with one another for control. This competition encouraged the Baʿathist regime to attempt to direct affairs in the Kurdish autonomous region by various means, including military force. The Iraqi military launched a successful attack against the Kurdish…

Justus Möser: …Möser’s collection of weekly papers, Patriotische Phantasien (1774–76; “Patriotic Ideas”), he called for the national organic development of a state rather than a system of arbitrary laws imposed by a sovereign; J.W. von Goethe compared the Phantasien to writings by Benjamin Franklin. Möser’s Osnabrückische Geschichte (1768; “History of Osnabrück”), a…

Mishima Yukio: The short story “Yukoku” (“Patriotism”) from the collection Death in Midsummer, and Other Stories (1966) revealed Mishima’s own political views and proved prophetic of his own end. The story describes, with obvious admiration, a young army officer who commits seppuku, or ritual disembowelment, to demonstrate his loyalty to the…

patriotism, feeling of attachment and commitment to a country, nation, or political community. Patriotism (love of country) and nationalism (loyalty to one’s nation) are often taken to be synonymous, yet patriotism has its origins some 2,000 years prior to the rise of nationalism in the 19th

Lennox Robinson: …among the most notable being Patriots (first performed 1912), The Whiteheaded Boy (1916), and The Lost Leader (1918). During 1910–14 Robinson was manager of the Abbey Theatre and again from 1919 to 1923, in which year he became a director. Among his later plays were Drama at Inish (1933), Church…

John Goodman: Film career: …10 Cloverfield Lane (2016); and Patriots Day (2016), about the Boston Marathon bombing of 2013. In 2017 Goodman appeared in the action thrillers Kong: Skull Island,e Once Upon a Time in Venice, and Atomic Blonde. His later movies included Captive State (2019), in which aliens have colonized Earth and face…

Boston Marathon: …1897 and annually thereafter on Patriots’ Day (originally April 19; from 1969 the third Monday in April), which commemorates the Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775) in the American Revolutionary War. The Boston Marathon is one of the world’s six major marathons, along with the New York City, Chicago, Berlin,…

Hakushaku Itagaki Taisuke: …with a mass following, the Society of Patriots, but he resisted the desire of radical members of the group to join in the rebellion that was raised in 1877 by dissatisfied samurai. In 1878 Itagaki tried to further his movement by establishing a school devoted to teaching the principles of…

patristic literature, body of literature that comprises those works, excluding the New Testament, written by Christians before the 8th century. Patristic literature is generally identified today with the entire Christian literature of the early Christian centuries, irrespective of its orthodoxy or

Stoicism: Revival of Stoicism in modern times: …was advocated—though from diverse standpoints—by Francesco Patrizi, a versatile Platonist, and by Giordano Bruno, defender of an infinite cosmos; and in both authors the inspiration and source were fundamentally Stoic. In the development of a philosophy of public law based upon a study of human nature, Stoic elements are found…

Epicureanism: The Epicurean school: …Rome in 90 bce, and Patro, the head of the school until 51 bce. Already famous as an epigram writer was Philodemus of Gadara (born 110 bce). In the papyri of Herculaneum, comprising the effects of Philodemus’s library, there are sizable remains of almost all of his numerous works. Epicureanism…

Achilles: …Phthia with his inseparable companion Patroclus. Later non-Homeric tales suggest that Patroclus was Achilles’ kinsman or lover. Another non-Homeric episode relates that Thetis dipped Achilles as a child in the waters of the River Styx, by which means he became invulnerable, except for the part of his heel by which…

asteroid: Trojan asteroids: …two more were found: (617) Patroclus, located near the trailing Lagrangian point, and (624) Hektor, near the leading Lagrangian point. It was later decided to continue naming such asteroids after participants in the Trojan War as recounted in Homer’s epic work the Iliad and, furthermore, to name those near the…

Patroclus, in Greek legend, member of the army under Agamemnon during the Trojan War and close friend of the Greek hero Achilles. Patroclus’s death at the hand of the Trojan prince Hector in Homer’s Iliad serves a vital narrative function by inspiring Achilles to rejoin the battle. Patroclus also

warning system: History: …the Minoan civilization of Crete, patrol ships were used, but mainly for offensive purposes. In later centuries, raised quarterdecks and lookout posts atop sailing masts were provided, but the beginnings of serious maritime detection technology did not come until the advent of the submarine.

warship: Torpedo boats: In the 1930s the German, Italian, British, and U.S. navies regained interest in motor torpedo boats, which had been largely discarded after World War I. All four navies built them in substantial numbers to fight in narrow seas during World War II. Against convoys in the English Channel and…

police: Mobility: …close contact was the foot patrol. Officers were deployed by time of day (watches) and area (beats). Beats were kept geographically small to allow officers to respond to incidents in a timely manner. In larger rural jurisdictions, officers were deployed on horseback. Both foot and mounted patrols continue to be…

Andrew Of Caesarea: ), Patrologia Graeca, vol. 106 (1866).

Jacques-Paul Migne: This enormous series consists of Patrologia Latina, 217 vol. (1844–55; “Collection of the Latin Fathers”), the available works of Latin ecclesiastical writers up to the time of Pope Innocent III; and Patrologia Graeca, 162 vol. (“Collection of the Greek Fathers”; Greek text and Latin translation, 1857–66), the writings of Christian…

Jacques-Paul Migne: …is considered to be the Patrologiae cursus completus (“Complete Course of the Teachings of the Church Fathers”). This enormous series consists of Patrologia Latina, 217 vol. (1844–55; “Collection of the Latin Fathers”), the available works of Latin ecclesiastical writers up to the time of Pope Innocent III; and Patrologia Graeca,…

patristic literature, body of literature that comprises those works, excluding the New Testament, written by Christians before the 8th century. Patristic literature is generally identified today with the entire Christian literature of the early Christian centuries, irrespective of its orthodoxy or

patron saint, saint to whose protection and intercession a person, a society, a church, or a place is dedicated. The choice is often made on the basis of some real or presumed relationship with the persons or places involved. St. Patrick, for example, is the patron saint of Ireland because he is

Ann Patchett: Early novels: Her first novel, The Patron Saint of Liars (1992), tells the story of a young pregnant woman who leaves the husband she does not love to travel to a home for unwed mothers. There, as her feelings change and she creates a new family, so do her plans…

Western architecture: England: During the 16th century the patron played a much greater role in the development of English Renaissance architecture than did the architect; there were almost no professional architects who were trained as the Italians were in the theory of design and building. Most of the building was executed by mason…

spoils system, practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and with other favours. The spoils system involves political activity by public employees in support of their party and the employees’

Granger movement: …in 1867 began an organization—the Patrons of Husbandry—he hoped would bring farmers together for educational discussions and social purposes.

patronymic, name derived from that of a father or paternal ancestor, usually by the addition of a suffix or prefix meaning “son.” Thus the Scottish name MacDonald originally meant “son of Donald.” Usually the “son” affix is attached to a baptismal name, but it is also possible to attach it to the

Antirent War: …of leaseholding farmers over the patroon system then prevailing on the great hereditary estates, originally established by the Dutch. In addition to rent, a farmer had to provide certain services to the landowner; the farmer’s position was similar to that of a copyholder or villein under European feudalism. On the…

Konstantin Päts was an Estonian statesman who served as the last president of Estonia (1938–40) before its incorporation into the Soviet Union in 1940. Of peasant stock, Päts was educated in the law but began a career in journalism in 1901, when he founded the Estonian-language newspaper Teataja

Lozi: …conquered in 1838 by the Kololo of South Africa; in Kololo speech “Aluyi” became “Barotse.” In 1864 the Aluyi defeated the Kololo, and “Barotse” has since become “Lozi” (“Malozi”), referring to both the dominant group and all its subjects. The dominant Lozi occupy the floodplain of the Zambezi River, and…

Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev was a Soviet cosmonaut. He served as design engineer on the Soyuz 11 mission, in which he, mission commander Georgy T. Dobrovolsky, and flight engineer Vladislav N. Volkov remained in space a record 24 days and created the first manned orbital scientific station by docking

Title IX, clause of the 1972 Federal Education Amendments, signed into law on June 23, 1972, which stated that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or

Jerry Lewis: The Patsy (1964) was a mild farce about a bellhop who is trained to replace a recently deceased star, and in The Family Jewels (1965), Lewis essayed seven roles. After the box-office failures of The Family Jewels and Boeing, Boeing (1965), Lewis left Paramount for…

Odisha: The arts: …painting, stone carving, wood carving, pattachitra (patta meaning “cloth” or “canvas,” chitra meaning “painting”) painting depicting scenes from Hindu mythology, and painting on palm leaves. The state also is widely recognized for its exquisite silver filigree ornamentation, pottery, and decorative work.

Pattani, town, southern Thailand, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. The town is located at the mouth of the Pattani River. Pattani was an independent Muslim city-state, ruling a large portion of the surrounding region until the 16th century, when it became a vassal state of Siam (now

shoe: History: …shoe, an overshoe, called a patten, often of the same material, was worn.

Gladys Knight and the Pips: …24, 2015, Detroit, Michigan), and Edward Patten (b. August 2, 1939, Atlanta—d. February 25, 2005, Livonia, Michigan).

baseball: Baseball and the arts: Using pseudonyms, Gilbert Patten (writing as Burt L. Standish), Edward Stratemeyer (as Lester Chadwick), and Harvey Shackleford (as Hal Standish) created all-American baseball heroes like Frank Merriwell, Baseball Joe, and Fred Fearnot to inspire and delight their readers. This tradition reached its height of popularity in the…

William Ferguson: The Aborigines Protection Board, the Aborigines Progressive Association, and the Day of Mourning: …of the Australian Aborigines’ League), Jack Patten, Pearl Gibbs, and other activists. On January 26—Australia Day, the national holiday commemorating the establishment of the first permanent European settlement on the continent of Australia—protesters, who dressed in black, marched on Australia Hall in Sydney to bring attention to the mistreatment of…

William Ferguson: The Aborigines Protection Board, the Aborigines Progressive Association, and the Day of Mourning: …of the Australian Aborigines’ League), Jack Patten, Pearl Gibbs, and other activists. On January 26—Australia Day, the national holiday commemorating the establishment of the first permanent European settlement on the continent of Australia—protesters, who dressed in black, marched on Australia Hall in Sydney to bring attention to the mistreatment of…

Lakeland terrier, breed of dog originally used to hunt and kill foxes in the Lake District of England. Formerly known as the Patterdale terrier, the Lakeland terrier was bred for gameness when in pursuit of foxes and otters. Somewhat like a small Airedale terrier in appearance, it stands about 13

root and pattern system: …and syllabic features, called the pattern.

fashion industry: Fashion design and manufacturing: …the clothing design into a pattern in a range of sizes. Because the proportions of the human body change with increases or decreases in weight, patterns cannot simply be scaled up or down uniformly from a basic template. Pattern making was traditionally a highly skilled profession. In the early 21st…

garden and landscape design: Line: The pattern—that is, the form created by lines—is three-dimensional in any given scene that is viewed. It is four-dimensional in that a spectator continues to move through the landscape over periods of time. The pattern changes throughout each day because of the changing light and shade…

small arm: Minié rifles: 702-inch Pattern 1851 Minié rifle. In the Crimean War (1854–56), Russian troops armed with smoothbore muskets were no match for Britons shooting P/51 rifles. Massed formations were easy prey, as were cavalry and artillery units. A correspondent for the Times of London wrote: “The Minié is…

small arm: Minié rifles: …first generally applied to these Pattern 1853 rifles. Subsequent tests indicated that rifles with 33-inch barrels could provide accuracy equal to the 39-inch P/53 barrels. When the resulting P/53 Short Rifles were issued, there began a century-long trend toward shorter weapons.

furniture: Low Countries: …are found repeatedly in the pattern books of German and Flemish artists of the time—books of ornament which circulated among and influenced metalworkers, carvers, plasterers and furniture makers throughout the north.

pattern glass, pressed glassware produced in sets of many pieces decorated with the same pattern. Manufactured in large quantities in the United States in 1840–80 by the larger glassworks, it was an offshoot of the American invention (1820s) of mechanically pressed glass, which allowed cheaper

clothing and footwear industry: Design in clothing and footwear: Pattern grading, making sets of patterns to fit a range of sizes, is the next step in the design process. Anthropometric tables for sizing apparel have been compiled by various government agencies and other sources. Formerly pattern grading was a completely manual drafting process, but…

knitting: Pattern knits, such as those of fisherman knit sweaters, are produced by varying the manner in which the knit and purl stitches are used. Because the knit stitch tends to advance and the purl stitch to recede, a variety of patterns can be made by…