Greek literature: Nonliturgical poetry: Paul the Silentiary in the mid-6th century used the same Homeric form for a long descriptive poem on the Church of the Divine Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople. Many brief occasional poems were written in hexameters or elegiac couplets until the late 6th century. But…

Wolfgang Paul: …for his development of the Paul trap—an electromagnetic device that captures ions (electrically charged atoms) and holds them long enough for their properties to be accurately measured.

Paul V was an Italian pope from 1605 to 1621. A distinguished canon lawyer, he was papal envoy to Spain for Pope Clement VIII, who made him cardinal in 1596. He became vicar of Rome in 1603 and on May 16, 1605, was elected as Pope Leo XI’s successor at a time when the Kingdom of Naples and the

St. Paul VI ; canonized October 14, 2018; feast day September 26) was an Italian pope (reigned 1963–78) during a period including most of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) and the immediate postconciliar era, in which he issued directives and guidance to a changing Roman Catholic Church. His

Beastie Boys: …Records for their 1989 release, Paul’s Boutique, the Beastie Boys strategically appropriated retro-funk influences, adding an acoustic dimension to digital sound-collage techniques learned from Rick Rubin and Grandmaster Flash.

Paul’s Case, short story by Willa Cather, published in the collection The Troll Garden in 1905. It recounts the tragic results of a boy’s desire to escape what he sees as a dull and stifling environment. The protagonist is a sensitive high-school student who despises his middle-class home and

Kodiak, city, Kodiak Island, southern Alaska, U.S. It is situated on Chiniak Bay, on the northeastern coast of Kodiak Island. Founded in 1792 by Aleksandr Andreyevich Baranov, manager in America for the Northeastern Company (later the Russian-American Company), it was first known as Pavlovsk Gavan,

Breaking Bad: Premise and characters: …former student Jesse Pinkman (Aaron Paul) to make and sell methamphetamine. Their laboratory is a used recreational vehicle parked in the desert. Their product is exceptionally pure and atypically colored blue, unlike any form of “crystal meth” anyone has ever tried before or even seen. It becomes in high…

Acts of Paul, one of the earliest of a series of pseudepigraphal (noncanonical) New Testament writings known collectively as the Apocryphal Acts. Probably written about ad 160–180, the Acts of Paul is an account of the Apostle Paul’s travels and teachings. It includes, among others, an episode

Alice Paul was an American women’s suffrage leader who first proposed an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Paul was reared in a Quaker home. She graduated from Swarthmore College (1905) and pursued postgraduate studies at the New York School of Social Work. She then went to England

Justin Trudeau: The 2021 snap election: …Green Party was guided by Annamie Paul. The Bloc Québécois entered the contest under the leadership of Yves-François Blanchet.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe: Early training and influence: …to become an apprentice with Bruno Paul, a leading furniture designer who worked in the Art Nouveau style of the period. Two years later he received his first commission, a traditional suburban house. Its perfect execution so impressed Peter Behrens, then Germany’s most progressive architect, that he offered the 21-year-old…

Chris Paul is an American professional basketball player who became one of the premier stars of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the early 21st century. Paul’s career single-handedly gives the lie to one of basketball’s enduring myths: the pure point guard. Supposedly, the pure point is

Chris Paul is an American professional basketball player who became one of the premier stars of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the early 21st century. Paul’s career single-handedly gives the lie to one of basketball’s enduring myths: the pure point guard. Supposedly, the pure point is

Jean Paul was a German novelist and humorist whose works were immensely popular in the first 20 years of the 19th century. His pen name, Jean Paul, reflected his admiration for the French writer Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Jean Paul’s writing bridged the shift in literature from the formal ideals of

John Paul Jones was an American naval hero in the American Revolution, renowned for his victory over British ships of war off the east coast of England (September 23, 1779). Apprenticed at age 12 to John Younger, a Scottish merchant shipper, John Paul sailed as a cabin boy on a ship to Virginia,

Les Paul was an American jazz and country guitarist and inventor who was perhaps best known for his design of a solid-body electric guitar, though he also made notable contributions to the recording process. Paul designed a solid-body electric guitar in 1941. However, by the time the Les Paul

Lewis Paul was an English inventor who devised the first power spinning machine, in cooperation with John Wyatt. Paul was the son of a Huguenot refugee, at whose death he became a ward of the Earl of Shaftesbury. He began working with Wyatt about 1730, and they patented their machine in 1738. The

Cholly Knickerbocker: …taken over in 1919 by Maury Paul.

Rand Paul is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2010 and began his term representing Kentucky the following year. He sought his party’s nomination in the U.S. presidential election of 2016. Rand, the middle of five children, was the son of Ron Paul, a

Rand Paul is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2010 and began his term representing Kentucky the following year. He sought his party’s nomination in the U.S. presidential election of 2016. Rand, the middle of five children, was the son of Ron Paul, a

History of film: Edison and the Lumière brothers: …1896 by the scientific-instrument maker Robert W. Paul. In 1899 Paul formed his own production company for the manufacture of actualities and trick films, and until 1905 Paul’s Animatograph Works, Ltd., was England’s largest producer, turning out an average of 50 films per year. Between 1896 and 1898, two Brighton…

Ron Paul is an American politician, who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1976–77, 1979–85, 1997–2013) and who unsuccessfully ran as the 1988 Libertarian presidential candidate. He later sought the Republican nomination for president in 2008 and 2012. Paul grew up

Ron Paul is an American politician, who served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1976–77, 1979–85, 1997–2013) and who unsuccessfully ran as the 1988 Libertarian presidential candidate. He later sought the Republican nomination for president in 2008 and 2012. Paul grew up

St. Paul the Apostle was one of the leaders of the first generation of Christians, often considered to be the most important person after Jesus in the history of Christianity. In his own day, although he was a major figure within the very small Christian movement, he also had many enemies and

Ferdinand Christian Baur: …der Apostel Jesu Christi (1845; Paul, the Apostle of Jesus Christ), Baur applied the same principles to the life and thought of the Apostle Paul and concluded that Paul did not write all of the letters then attributed to him. Baur considered only the letters to the Galatians, Corinthians, and…

African Meeting House: Origins: …preacher from New Hampshire named Thomas Paul founded and led a congregation of the African Baptist Church. Its first meetings were held at Faneuil Hall—Boston’s public meeting hall where patriots of the American Revolution had held their meetings. There is a surviving account of a baptism of “nine Negroes” on…

Wolfgang Paul was a German physicist who shared one-half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1989 with the German-born American physicist Hans G. Dehmelt. (The other half of the prize was awarded to the American physicist Norman F. Ramsey.) Paul received his share of the prize for his development of

Joseph Paul-Boncour was a French leftist politician who served as the minister of labour, of war, and of foreign affairs and, for four years, France’s permanent representative to the League of Nations. After receiving a degree in law from the University of Paris, Paul-Boncour practiced law,

Isabel Allende: >Paula (1994), was written as a letter to her daughter, who died of a hereditary blood disease in 1992. A more lighthearted book, Afrodita: cuentos, recetas, y otros afrodisíacos (1997; Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses), shared her personal knowledge of aphrodisiacs and includes family…

Alfred Stieglitz: The Photo-Secession: For example, the negative for Paula was made in 1889, but the first confirmed exhibition of a print of it was in 1921, and the oldest extant print is dated 1916. If judged from the work that Stieglitz chose to reproduce while editor of Camera Notes, or from the 15…

Paola, town, eastern Malta, just south of Valletta and adjacent to Tarxien to the southeast. It was founded in 1626 by the grand master of the Hospitallers (Knights of Malta), Antoine de Paule, and it remained a small village until the late 19th century, when it grew rapidly as a residential

St. Jerome: Life: , Marcella, Paula, and her daughters Blesilla and Eustochium). He taught them the Hebrew text of the Psalms, orally and in letters, he answered their biblical problems, and he was their master in spirituality as well. Under these conditions, he wrote a defense of the perpetual virginity…

Rudolph Maté: In 1952 he helmed Paula, a soap opera starring Loretta Young, on whose television series Maté would work in 1959–60. Second Chance (1953) was a passable noir originally released in 3-D and starring Robert Mitchum, Linda Darnell, and Jack Palance. The Black Shield of

Roddy Doyle: Other works: …Doors (1996) and its sequel, Paula Spencer (2006), are told through the unflinching perspective of Paula Spencer, a working-class woman who is in a violent marriage when the first book begins. The third book in the Paula Spencer series, The Women Behind the Door (2024), sees Paula as a woman…

Paula Deen: …to the 2002 premiere of Paula’s Home Cooking, Deen’s own cable-television show on the Food Network. Viewers were captivated as much by Deen’s unsophisticated and self-deprecating sense of humour, her nonjudgmental attitude, and her all-around rustic charm as they were by her cooking, and the show not only shot to…

James Kirke Paulding was a dramatist, novelist, and public official chiefly remembered for his early advocacy and use of native American material in literature. At 18 he went to New York City, where he formed a lasting friendship with the Irving brothers. This association aroused his enthusiasm for

Paola: …the Hospitallers (Knights of Malta), Antoine de Paule, and it remained a small village until the late 19th century, when it grew rapidly as a residential district for workers from the adjacent Grand Harbour dockyards. It has a well-preserved Neolithic temple and the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum (catacombs), discovered in 1902…

Nicolas C. Paulescu was a Romanian physiologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the antidiabetic hormone insulin. However, his anti-Semitic writings contributed to the rise of the fascist Iron Guard movement (1930–41). As a young student, Paulescu developed an interest in the arts and in

Nicolas C. Paulescu was a Romanian physiologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the antidiabetic hormone insulin. However, his anti-Semitic writings contributed to the rise of the fascist Iron Guard movement (1930–41). As a young student, Paulescu developed an interest in the arts and in

Nicolas C. Paulescu was a Romanian physiologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the antidiabetic hormone insulin. However, his anti-Semitic writings contributed to the rise of the fascist Iron Guard movement (1930–41). As a young student, Paulescu developed an interest in the arts and in

Parlement: …new tax devised by financier Charles Paulet, was established, enabling officeholders to ensure the hereditability of their offices by paying one-sixtieth of its purchase price every year. However, the office of premier president, the head of Parlement, could be acquired only by a nominee of the crown.

paulette, in pre-Revolutionary France, royal edict of 1604 that resulted in making offices hereditary, a step in the creation of a permanent class of judicial magistrates, the noblesse de robe. The edict provided that, for an annual payment to the crown of one-sixtieth of an office’s value, that

dark triad: …2002 by the Canadian psychologists Delroy Paulhus and Kevin Williams, who described the three traits as overlapping but distinct. Although some psychologists have questioned the utility of grouping the traits together, suggesting that the differences between them might be more important than their similarities, most other researchers have continued to…

Pauli exclusion principle, assertion that no two electrons in an atom can be at the same time in the same state or configuration, proposed (1925) by the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli to account for the observed patterns of light emission from atoms. The exclusion principle subsequently has been

Wolfgang Pauli was an Austrian-born physicist and recipient of the 1945 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery in 1925 of the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that in an atom no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. Pauli made major contributions to quantum

Mário de Andrade: …from his Paulicéia Desvairada (1922; Hallucinated City), was greeted by catcalls, but it has since been recognized as the single most significant influence on modern Brazilian poetry.

Paulician, member of a dualistic Christian sect that originated in Armenia in the mid-7th century. It was influenced most directly by the dualism of Marcionism, a gnostic movement in early Christianity, and of Manichaeism, a gnostic religion founded in the 3rd century by the Persian prophet Mani.

benediction: …Christian churches, however, prefer the Pauline benediction (II Cor. 13:14).

Australia: The advent of multicultural society: …the formation of the anti-immigrant One Nation Party in the late 1990s. Although the party’s success was limited, its position resonated with some Australian voters.

biblical literature: The Pauline Letters: In the New Testament canon of 27 books, 21 are called “letters,” and even the Revelation to John starts and ends in letter form. Of the 21, 13 belong to the Pauline corpus; the Letter to the Hebrews is included…

Robert Browning: Life.: Browning’s first published work, Pauline: A Fragment of a Confession (1833, anonymous), although formally a dramatic monologue, embodied many of his own adolescent passions and anxieties. Although it received some favourable comment, it was attacked by John Stuart Mill, who condemned the poet’s exposure and exploitation of his own…

American theoretical physical chemist Linus Carl Pauling (1901–94) is the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes. His first, a Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1954), was awarded for research into the nature of the chemical bond and its use in elucidating molecular structure; the second, a

Linus Pauling was an American theoretical physical chemist who became the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes. His first prize (1954) was awarded for research into the nature of the chemical bond and its use in elucidating molecular structure; the second (1962) recognized his efforts

Linus Pauling was an American theoretical physical chemist who became the only person to have won two unshared Nobel Prizes. His first prize (1954) was awarded for research into the nature of the chemical bond and its use in elucidating molecular structure; the second (1962) recognized his efforts

chemical bonding: The hydrogen bond: …a set of rules, the Pauling-Corey rules, for its implementation. The implication of these rules is the existence of two types of structure for a polypeptide, which is either a helical form (the α helix) or a pleated sheet form (the β-pleated sheet). All polypeptides have one structure or the…

grasshopper: The South American grasshoppers of Pauliniidae spend most of their lives on floating vegetation and actively swim and lay eggs on underwater aquatic plants. Grasshoppers generally are large, with some exceeding 11 cm (4 inches) in length (e.g., Tropidacris of South America).

St. Jerome: Life: …to the party of Bishop Paulinus, who was opposed by St. Basil, the great orthodox bishop of Caesarea and one of the three Cappadocian Fathers—the others being St. Gregory of Nazianzus and St. Gregory of Nyssa. Recognizing his importance—since Jerome was by now known as a scholar and a monastic…

Saint Paulinus of Nola ; feast day June 22) was the bishop of Nola and one of the most important Christian Latin poets of his time. Paulinus became successively a Roman senator, consul, and governor of Campania, a region of southern Italy. Returning to Aquitaine he married and in 389 retired with

Saint Paulinus of Nola ; feast day June 22) was the bishop of Nola and one of the most important Christian Latin poets of his time. Paulinus became successively a Roman senator, consul, and governor of Campania, a region of southern Italy. Returning to Aquitaine he married and in 389 retired with

Saint Paulinus ; feast day October 10) was an Italian missionary who converted Northumbria to Christianity, became the first bishop of York, and was later made archbishop of Rochester. In 601 Paulinus was sent with St. Mellitus (later first bishop of London) and St. Justus (later first bishop of

Isaac Thomas Hecker: …Catholic priest who founded the Paulist Fathers, a diocesan organization for missionary work in New York.

São Paulo: West of the centre: …is the wide expanse of Avenida Paulista, the throbbing centre of São Paulo’s financial life, interspersed with pricey boutiques, restaurants, and nightclubs. The avenue was once an opulent row of coffee barons’ and industrial magnates’ mansions, each standing back from the street in a private manicured park. Running south-southeast from…

Paulistas, residents of the Brazilian state of São Paulo, Latin America’s foremost industrial centre. Paulistas are credited with exploring much of Brazil’s interior during the colonial years, helping the country extend its borders in the process. In the 16th–17th century bandeiras, expeditions in

Sapindales: Distribution and abundance: …diversity in southeastern Brazil, and Paullinia (195 species) in the American tropics and subtropics. Both are lianas or vines. Allophylus is a tropical and subtropical genus of shrubs and trees, with anywhere from 1 to 200 species recognized by some botanists.

guarana, (Paullinia cupana), woody, climbing plant, of the soapberry family (Sapindaceae), native to the Amazon Basin. It has a smooth, erect stem; large leaves with five oblong-oval leaflets; clusters of short-stalked flowers; and fruit about the size of a grape and usually containing one seed

Marcus Pacuvius: …from one Roman national drama, Paullus (celebrating the victory of Lucius Aemilius Paullus over Perseus of Macedonia in 168 bc), the 12 plays that he translated and adapted from original plays by Sophocles and other Greeks may represent his entire output.

Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus was a Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171–168 bc). Paullus’s father, a consul of the same name, had been killed fighting the Carthaginians at Cannae in 216. Praetor in 191 and consul in 182, Paullus

Paulo Afonso, city, northeastern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies on the São Francisco River at the site of the Paulo Afonso Falls, where an important hydroelectric facility is located. Made the seat of a municipality in 1958, Paulo Afonso is the transportation and commercial

Paulo Afonso Falls, series of rapids and three cataracts in northeastern Brazil on the São Francisco River along the Bahia-Alagoas estado (state) border. Lying 190 miles (305 km) from the river’s mouth, the falls have a total height of 275 feet (84 m) and a width of less than 60 feet (18 m). Water

Order of the Paulownia Sun, exclusive Japanese order, founded in 1888 by Emperor Meiji and awarded for outstanding civil or military merit. The order, awarded to males only, is seldom bestowed on anyone below the rank of admiral, general, or ambassador. Actually, this order, consisting of one

Pauls Valley, city, seat (1907) of Garvin county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S. The area, on the Washita River, was first settled by white North Carolinian Smith Paul, who arrived with a group of relocated Chickasaw Indians in 1837. He began to cultivate the fertile bottomland in 1857, and when the

Gillis Grafström: …controlled jump, because its inventor, Axel Paulsen, had worn hockey skates when he performed it. He also originated several spins—the flying sit spin and the Grafström spin, a variation of the camel spin. He skated just four times for the world title and won three times (1922, 1924, and 1929).

Kantianism: Metaphysical Neo-Kantianism: The influential spiritual moralist Friedrich Paulsen defended the claim that Kant had always behaved as a metaphysician, even in the Critique of Pure Reason, in spite of the epistemological restrictions that he imposed upon himself—a claim that made an impact that was felt throughout the following century.

Henry Paulson: In 2011 he founded the Paulson Institute, a think tank.

Henry Paulson is an American business executive who served as secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (2006–09). As Treasury secretary, Paulson was a member of the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund. Paulson had previously served as chairman and chief executive officer

Henry Paulson is an American business executive who served as secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (2006–09). As Treasury secretary, Paulson was a member of the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund. Paulson had previously served as chairman and chief executive officer

Henry Paulson is an American business executive who served as secretary of the U.S. Department of the Treasury (2006–09). As Treasury secretary, Paulson was a member of the board of governors of the International Monetary Fund. Paulson had previously served as chairman and chief executive officer

Sarah Paulson is a versatile American actress who is admired for effortlessly disappearing into roles on both stage and screen and for playing difficult, often unlikable characters. She is perhaps best known for her long-running collaboration with writer and director Ryan Murphy on the television

Sarah Paulson is a versatile American actress who is admired for effortlessly disappearing into roles on both stage and screen and for playing difficult, often unlikable characters. She is perhaps best known for her long-running collaboration with writer and director Ryan Murphy on the television

Paul of Aegina was an Alexandrian physician and surgeon, the last major ancient Greek medical encyclopaedist, who wrote the Epitomēs iatrikēs biblio hepta, better known by its Latin title, Epitomae medicae libri septem (“Medical Compendium in Seven Books”), containing nearly everything known about

Paul The Deacon was a Lombard historian and poet, whose Historia Langobardorum (“History of the Lombards”) is the principal source on his people. Born to a rich and noble family of Friuli, northeast of Venice, Paul spent many years at the Lombard court in Pavia, serving as councillor under King

Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus was a Roman general whose victory over the Macedonians at Pydna ended the Third Macedonian War (171–168 bc). Paullus’s father, a consul of the same name, had been killed fighting the Carthaginians at Cannae in 216. Praetor in 191 and consul in 182, Paullus

Paul Of Venice was an Italian Augustinian philosopher and theologian who gained recognition as an educator and author of works on logic. Paul studied at the universities of Oxford and Padua, where he also lectured (1408–15), and became Venetian ambassador to Poland (1413), but difficulties with the

Ferdinand Christian Baur: …der Apostel Jesu Christi (1845; Paul, the Apostle of Jesus Christ), Baur applied the same principles to the life and thought of the Apostle Paul and concluded that Paul did not write all of the letters then attributed to him. Baur considered only the letters to the Galatians, Corinthians, and…

Friedrich Paulus was a German field marshal whose advance on Stalingrad (now Volgograd, Russia) in the summer and fall of 1942 represented the high-water mark of Nazi military expansion. Cut off by a Soviet counteroffensive and denied the option of retreat by German leader Adolf Hitler, Paulus was

encyclopaedia: Other topics: August von Pauly (1796–1845), the German Classical philologist, began issuing his Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (“Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquities”) in 1837. The new edition was begun by another German Classical philologist, Georg Wissowa, in 1893. This enormous work on Classical studies has no equal in…

Nikolaus von Dreyse: …the Parisian gun factory of Jean-Samuel Pauly, a Swiss who designed several experimental breech-loading military rifles. Returning to Sömmerda, he in 1824 founded a company to manufacture percussion caps. There he designed a series of “needle-firing guns,” rifles in which a needlelike pin pierced a percussion cap in the centre…

Western music: Instrumental music: …as the Buxheimer Orgelbuch and Conrad Paumann’s Fundamentum organisandi (Fundamentals of Organ Playing). The compositions in both collections are of two basic types, arrangements of vocal works and keyboard pieces entitled Praeambulum (Prelude).

Western painting: Germany: In “The Paumgärtner Altarpiece” of 1502–04 (Alte Pinakothek, Munich), for example, the saints in the wings are depicted with the scrolls and a complexity of composition more reminiscent of a heraldic achievement, while the broad planes of the architecture and the large, simple figures of the…

Tuamotu Archipelago, island group of French Polynesia, central South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago comprises 75 atolls, one raised coral atoll (Makatea), and innumerable coral reefs, roughly dispersed northwest-southeast as a double chain for more than 900 miles (1,450 km). It is the largest group

cow: Natural history: Inside the rumen, the largest chamber of the stomach, bacteria and other microorganisms digest tough plant fibres (cellulose). To aid in this process, cows regurgitate and re-chew food multiple times before it passes on to the rest of the digestive system via the other stomach chambers. This…

Carlo Levi: His Paura della libertà (1946; Of Fear and Freedom) proclaims the necessity of intellectual freedom despite an inherent human dread of it. L’orologio (1950; The Watch) deals with a postwar cabinet crisis in Rome; Le parole sono pietre (1955; Words Are Stones) is a study of Sicily; and La doppia…

Hinduism: Vernacular literatures: …with their mythological heritage by pauranikas, tellers of the ancient stories and heirs of the sutas of 3,000 years ago, and no festival ground is complete without tents where the religious are reminded of their myths by pious speakers, modestly compensated by fees but richly rewarded by the honor in…

pauraque, (Nyctidromus albicollis), nocturnal bird of brushlands from southern Texas to northern Argentina. It is a relative of the nightjar (q.v.), belonging to the family Caprimulgidae. The pauraque is about 30 cm (about 12 inches) long, with rounded wings and a longish tail. It is mottled brown

pauropod, any member of the class Pauropoda (phylum Arthropoda), a group of small, terrestrial invertebrates that superficially resemble tiny centipedes or millipedes. The approximately 380 known species are found worldwide under dead leaves, stones, and rotten wood. They feed chiefly on fungi and

pauropod, any member of the class Pauropoda (phylum Arthropoda), a group of small, terrestrial invertebrates that superficially resemble tiny centipedes or millipedes. The approximately 380 known species are found worldwide under dead leaves, stones, and rotten wood. They feed chiefly on fungi and

Pausanias was a Spartan commander during the Greco-Persian Wars who was accused of treasonous dealings with the enemy. A member of the Agiad royal family, Pausanias was the son of King Cleombrotus I and nephew of King Leonidas. He became regent for Leonidas’ son after the father was killed at

Pausanias was a Greek traveler and geographer whose Periegesis Hellados (Description of Greece) is an invaluable guide to ancient ruins. Before visiting Greece, Pausanias had traveled widely in Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Macedonia, Epirus (now in Greece and Albania), and parts of Italy.

Philip II: Last years: There Philip was assassinated by Pausanias, a young Macedonian noble with a bitter grievance against the young queen’s uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice. This was the official explanation, and Pausanias himself could add nothing to it; he was killed on the spot. Suspicion fell on Olympias…