Narragansett Bay: …wide and receives the Blackstone, Pawtuxet, Taunton, and Woonasquatucket rivers. It includes Rhode (Aquidneck), Prudence, and Conanicut islands as well as Mount Hope Bay (a northeastern arm), the Providence River (a northwestern arm), and the Sakonnet River

South American forest Indian: Belief and aesthetic systems: …as that used by the Pawumwa of the Guaporé River, prevents sickness. The hunter or fisherman, in order to be successful and not to be panema (unlucky), as they say in many Amazonian regions, takes precautions such as scarring his arms or abstaining from certain foods. The magical devices of…

Pax, in Roman religion, personification of peace, probably recognized as a deity for the first time by the emperor Augustus, in whose reign much was made of the establishment of political calm. An altar of Pax Augusta (the Ara Pacis) was dedicated in 9 bc and a great temple of Pax completed by the

Badajoz, city, capital of Badajoz provincia (province), in the Extremadura comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southwestern Spain. Situated on the south bank of the Guadiana River near the Portuguese frontier, it occupies a low range of hills crowned by a ruined Moorish castle. It originated

20th-century international relations: Industry, technology, and trade: …(with some exaggeration) as the Pax Britannica. The pound sterling became the preferred reserve currency of the world and the Bank of England the hub of international finance. British textiles, machinery, and shipping dominated the markets of Asia, South America, and much of Europe. The British Isles (again with some…

Peace of God, a movement led by the medieval church, and later by civil authorities, to protect ecclesiastical property and women, priests, pilgrims, merchants, and other noncombatants from violence from the 10th to the 12th century. The Peace of God arose in southern France, in particular

Spain: Spain and Europe: …Europe enjoyed a kind of Pax Hispanica. Spanish armies controlled Italy, Flanders, and parts of the Rhineland. Spanish and Spanish-inclined Jesuits were confessors at the courts of the Austrian Habsburgs, Poland, Bavaria, and some of the minor German and Italian princes. Spanish subsidies, pensions, and bribes made clients even of…

Afonso I: …beyond the Tagus River, annexing Beja in 1162 and Évora in 1165; in attacking Badajoz, he was taken prisoner but then released. He married Mafalda of Savoy and associated his son, Sancho I, with his power. By the time of his death he had created a stable and independent monarchy.

Pax Romana, a state of comparative tranquillity throughout Classical antiquity and the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 bce–14 ce) to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161 –180 ce). Augustus laid the foundation for this period of concord, which also extended to North Africa and

eschatology: The early church: This theocratic identification of the pax romana Christiana (Latin: “peace of the Christian Roman Empire”) with Isaiah’s vision of the peace of the nations (2:1–3) would become one of the most important elements of political Christianity until the end of the Wars of Religion (late 16th century). In the 4th…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Northern Andes: …del Cóndor (13,000 feet) and Mount Pax (11,000 feet).

Katina Paxinou was an internationally recognized Greek actress known for her tragic roles in both modern and classic drama. With her second husband, the Greek actor-producer Alexis Minotis, she produced revivals of classic plays in ancient outdoor Greek theatres and translated modern plays into

Celastraceae: Paxistima (or Pachystima), five species of low, often creeping, North American shrubs, includes P. canbyi, with evergreen leaves and small, greenish flowers.

Paxos, island, Corfu (Modern Greek: Kérkyra) nomós (department), the smallest of the seven major Ionian Islands (Iónia Nisiá) of Greece, about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Párga on the coast of Epirus (Ípeiros). A hilly mass of limestone covered with olive groves, Paxos rises to about 750 feet

Paxos, island, Corfu (Modern Greek: Kérkyra) nomós (department), the smallest of the seven major Ionian Islands (Iónia Nisiá) of Greece, about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Párga on the coast of Epirus (Ípeiros). A hilly mass of limestone covered with olive groves, Paxos rises to about 750 feet

Christina H. Paxson is an American economist who made substantial contributions to the fields of health economics and public policy. Paxson grew up in Forest Hills, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. She earned a bachelor’s degree in economics from Swarthmore College in 1982 and master’s and

Christina H. Paxson is an American economist who made substantial contributions to the fields of health economics and public policy. Paxson grew up in Forest Hills, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. She earned a bachelor’s degree in economics from Swarthmore College in 1982 and master’s and

Paxton Boys uprising, attack in 1763 by Pennsylvania frontiersmen upon an Indian settlement during the Pontiac Indian uprising and the subsequent events related to the attack. On December 14, 1763, about 57 drunken settlers from Paxton, Pennsylvania, slaughtered 20 innocent and defenseless

construction: Development of iron technology: …the trusses were ingenious “Paxton gutters” made of wooden compression members above iron tension rods that prestressed the wood to reduce deflection. All these prefabricated elements were simply bolted or clipped together on the site to enclose a space of 90,000 square meters (1,000,000 square feet) in only six…

Bill Paxton was an American actor who was an exceptionally versatile artist; he played a wide variety of roles in films and on television, conveying in each part an essential and believable humanity. Paxton moved to Los Angeles when he was 18 years old and entered the film industry as a set dresser

Sir Joseph Paxton was an English landscape gardener and designer of hothouses, who was the architect of the Crystal Palace for the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. He was originally a gardener employed by the duke of Devonshire, whose friend, factotum, and adviser he became. From 1826 he was

Tom Paxton is an American folk singer-songwriter who was especially prominent in the folk music revival of the 1960s. After studying drama at the University of Oklahoma and serving in the U.S. Army, Paxton joined the folk music scene in New York City, singing and playing acoustic guitar in small

Tom Paxton is an American folk singer-songwriter who was especially prominent in the folk music revival of the 1960s. After studying drama at the University of Oklahoma and serving in the U.S. Army, Paxton joined the folk music scene in New York City, singing and playing acoustic guitar in small

Bill Paxton was an American actor who was an exceptionally versatile artist; he played a wide variety of roles in films and on television, conveying in each part an essential and believable humanity. Paxton moved to Los Angeles when he was 18 years old and entered the film industry as a set dresser

comparable worth, in economics, the principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring comparable skills, responsibilities, and effort. In the United States the concept of comparable worth was introduced in the 1970s by reformers seeking to correct inequities in pay for

gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. As more women

Kevin Spacey: Later credits and House of Cards: … and Haley Joel Osment in Pay It Forward (2000) and appeared as a newspaper reporter in The Shipping News (2001), a film adaptation of E. Annie Proulx’s award-winning novel. In 2003 Spacey was appointed artistic director of the Old Vic in London. He was the first American to serve as…

A mortgage is a big expense, but it’s only one part of your family’s budget. Decisions about it need to be made in the context of your entire situation. For some of us, it makes sense to pay down the mortgage as soon as possible and live debt free. For others, that mortgage is an efficient use of

Ural Mountains: …to the low, severely eroded Pay-Khoy Ridge, which forms a 250-mile (400-km) fingerlike extension to the northern tip of the Urals proper, the mountains constitute the major portion of the Uralian orogenic belt, which stretches 2,175 miles (3,500 km) from the Aral Sea to the northernmost tip of Novaya Zemlya.

Ireland: Health and welfare: Pay-related social insurance is paid by most employees age 16 and over. Benefits include widows’ and orphans’ pensions, unemployment and disability benefits, deserted wives’ allowances, and old-age pensions. The indigent receive certain benefits on a noncontributory basis. These include widows’ and orphans’ pensions, old-age pensions,…

Central American and northern Andean Indian: Modern developments: …and the Jicaque, Miskito (Mosquito), Paya, and Sumo Indians, as well as many former and runaway African slaves, collaborated with them. These groups, however, at the end of the 20th century, were again relegated to an economically and politically marginal position.

Mesoamerican Indian languages: The classification and status of Mesoamerican languages:

Taksin was a Thai general, conqueror, and later king (1767–82) who reunited Thailand, or Siam, after its defeat at the hands of the Myanmar (Burmese) in 1767. Of Chinese-Thai parentage, Taksin became the protégé of a Thai nobleman who enrolled him in the royal service. In 1764 he gained the rank of

Uruguay: The arts: …a popular contest called the payada, two singers, each with a guitar, take turns improvising verses to the same tune. Numerous radio stations and musical events reflect the popularity of rock music (mainly imported from the United States and Europe, though some Uruguayan bands enjoy wide followings) and Caribbean genres…

gaucho literature: …poetic genre that imitates the payadas (“ballads”) traditionally sung to guitar accompaniment by the wandering gaucho minstrels of Argentina and Uruguay. By extension, the term includes the body of South American literature that treats the way of life and philosophy of the itinerant gauchos. Long a part of South American…

Muhammad Iqbal: Early life and career: Payām-e Mashriq (1923; “Message of the East”), written in response to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s West-östlicher Divan (1819; “Divan of West and East”), affirmed the universal validity of Islam. In 1927 Zabūr-e ʿAjam (“Persian Psalms”) appeared, about which A.J. Arberry, its translator into English, wrote…

Phayao, town, northern Thailand, lying in a mountainous region on the watershed between the Mekong and Chao Phraya river systems. Phayao is located on a scenic mountain lake that empties into the Ing River, a Mekong tributary. The town was the capital of a principality in the 13th and 14th

kheer, a chilled South Asian dessert made from slow-cooked rice, milk, and sugar, much like a rice pudding. It is typically flavoured with saffron, cardamom, raisins, and/or various nuts, notably pistachios, cashews, and almonds. The dish can also be made by using cracked wheat, tapioca, or

Margaret Atwood: Other fiction and nonfiction works: …at the University of Cambridge; Payback (2008; film 2012), an impassioned essay that treats debt—both personal and governmental—as a cultural issue rather than as a political or an economic one; In Other Worlds: SF and the Human Imagination (2011), in which she illuminates her relationship to science fiction; and Burning…

Mary Gordon: …Your Heart Lies (2017), and Payback (2020). The Rest of Life (1993) and The Liar’s Wife (2014) are collections of novellas. Among Gordon’s works of nonfiction are Spiritual Quests: The Art and Craft of Religious Writing (1988) and Good Boys and Dead Girls and Other Essays (1991). She also wrote…

thin-film solar cell: Types of thin-film solar cells: smallest carbon footprint and quickest payback time of any thin-film solar cell technology on the market (payback time being the time it takes for the solar panel’s electricity generation to cover the cost of purchase and installation).

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?: …You Wholesale”), Minority Report (2002), Paycheck (2003), and A Scanner Darkly (2006) have all graced blockbuster screens. The complexities of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? inspired Ridley Scott’s groundbreaking Blade Runner (1982), but, as extraordinary as the movie is, it remains a pale shade of the text.

Faron Young: …went on to fame included Johnny Paycheck, the Wilburn Brothers, Roger Miller, Lloyd Green, and Darrell McCall.

Anselme Payen was a French chemist who made important contributions to industrial chemistry and discovered cellulose, a basic constituent of plant cells. Payen, the son of an industrialist, was put in charge of a borax-refining plant in 1815. He broke the Dutch monopoly on borax—most of which was

Arctic: Conquest of the Northeast Passage: …command of Karl Weyprecht and Julius Payer mounted an attempt on the passage from the west, intending to winter at either Cape Chelyuskin or the New Siberian Islands. Instead, the ship was beset in the Barents Sea, and as it drifted north it came within sight of Franz Josef Land.…

Ural Mountains: Physiography: …level, although the highest peak, Mount Payer, reaches 4,829 feet (1,472 metres). The next stretch, the Nether-Polar Urals, extends for more than 140 miles (225 km) south to the Shchugor River. This section contains the highest peaks of the entire range, including Mount Narodnaya (6,217 feet [1,895 metres]) and Mount…

Payette River, watercourse, southwestern Idaho, U.S., formed by the confluence of the North Fork Payette River and South Fork Payette River in Boise National Forest near the village of Banks. The North Fork originates in Payette Lake, a popular recreation site near McCall. The Payette flows south

Julie Payette is a Canadian astronaut and engineer who was named the 29th governor-general of Canada (2017–21). Payette received a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from McGill University in Montreal in 1986 and a master’s degree in computer engineering from the University of Toronto in

ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on Mar. 22, 2024 and will no longer be updated. The NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) is a nonprofit organization formed in 1906 that regulates college athletics, including game rules, athlete eligibility, and college tournaments. As of Mar.

ProCon Debates: Should Prisons Be Privatized?; Should the Federal Minimum Wage Be Increased? ProCon Issue in the News: A federal appeals court is considering rehearing a case about whether private prisons have to pay immigrant detainees the minimum wage of the state in which they work. On behalf of

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …of the missile (called the payload) coasts in the midcourse phase, usually beyond the Earth’s atmosphere. The payload contains the warhead (or warheads), the guidance system, and such penetration aids as decoys, electronic jammers, and chaff to help elude enemy defenses. The weight of this payload constitutes the missile’s throw…

astronaut: Astronaut training: …aboard the space shuttle as payload specialists, and teacher Christa McAuliffe was a “teacher in space” payload specialist on the doomed Challenger mission. The first U.S. astronaut to orbit Earth, John Glenn, returned to space as a shuttle payload specialist in October 1998. Most payload specialists made only one spaceflight.

payment, the performance of an obligation to pay money. A person under such an obligation is called a debtor, and a person to whom the obligation is owed is called a creditor. The obligation may arise in various ways, but it is most commonly the result of a commercial transaction or contract

There’s a relatively new thing in the retail trading world called zero-commission trading. As far as what it offers, the name says it all—you can place trades commission-free. Still, brokerages need to make money for the services they provide. So if they’re not getting compensated through

Curtis Bernhardt: 1950s and ’60s: Payment on Demand (1951) was a well-mounted drama about the marital problems of a couple (played by Davis and Barry Sullivan), with elaborate flashbacks building suspense. Sirocco (1951), a solid period action film, featured Bogart as a gunrunner, while The Blue Veil (1951) was a…

Peter Payne was an English theologian, diplomat, and follower of the early religious Reformer John Wycliffe. He was a leading figure in securing Bohemia for the Hussites. About the time Payne was principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford (1410–12), he joined the Lollards, and when the influential

Second Seminole War: Gadsden then negotiated the Treaty of Payne’s Landing (1832) with various Seminole leaders. It called for the Seminoles to move within three years to the land assigned to Creek Indians west of the Mississippi if Seminole leaders found the land to be suitable and for the Seminoles to be…

Alexander Payne is an American director, screenwriter, and producer noted for creating films that mix sardonic humor with humanistic character-driven drama in prosaic contemporary settings. Payne grew up in Omaha, where his mother was a professor of Romance languages and his father ran a

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was a British-born American astronomer who discovered that stars are made mainly of hydrogen and helium and established that stars could be classified according to their temperatures. Payne entered the University of Cambridge in 1919. A lecture by astronomer Sir Arthur

Alexander Payne is an American director, screenwriter, and producer noted for creating films that mix sardonic humor with humanistic character-driven drama in prosaic contemporary settings. Payne grew up in Omaha, where his mother was a professor of Romance languages and his father ran a

Dolley Madison was an American first lady (1809–17), the wife of James Madison, fourth president of the United States. Raised in the plain style of her Quaker family, she was renowned for her charm, warmth, and ingenuity. Her popularity as manager of the White House made that task a responsibility

Holland-Dozier-Holland: …company, Invictus/Hot Wax, for which Freda Payne, Honey Cone, and the Chairmen of the Board recorded. Holland-Dozier-Holland were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. A memoir, Come and Get These Memories, written by Brian and Eddie Holland with Dave Thompson, was published in 2019.

Humfry Payne was an English archaeologist noted for the publication Necrocorinthia (1931), in which a vast body of important information on archaic vase painting and other arts practiced at Corinth was gathered and classified. Payne was educated at Christ Church College, Oxford, where he studied

John Payne was an American actor, a popular leading man during the 1940s who appeared opposite Alice Faye and Betty Grable in a succession of Twentieth Century-Fox musicals. Payne attended the University of Virginia and Columbia University in New York and made his motion-picture debut in Dodsworth

John Howard Payne was an American-born playwright and actor, who followed the techniques and themes of the European Romantic blank-verse dramatists. A precocious actor and writer, Payne wrote his first play, Julia, or, The Wanderer, when he was 15. Its success caused him to be sent to Union

Mary Surratt: Mary Surratt was arrested with Lewis Payne (who had wounded William Seward, the secretary of state), George Atzerodt (who had failed to murder Vice President Andrew Johnson), David Herold (who had accompanied Atzerodt), and two other alleged conspirators. She stood trial on May 12, 1865, before a nine-man military commission.…

One Direction: West Yorkshire, England) Liam Payne (born August 29, 1993, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England—died October 16, 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina) Harry Styles (born February 1, 1994, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, England)

One Direction: West Yorkshire, England) Liam Payne (born August 29, 1993, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England—died October 16, 2024, Buenos Aires, Argentina) Harry Styles (born February 1, 1994, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire, England)

Peter Payne was an English theologian, diplomat, and follower of the early religious Reformer John Wycliffe. He was a leading figure in securing Bohemia for the Hussites. About the time Payne was principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford (1410–12), he joined the Lollards, and when the influential

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act: …began writing the legislation, and Sereno Payne of New York, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,introduced a bill that called for reductions. However, other members of the House revised the law to increase rates favoured by businesses within their districts. In the Senate, Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island,…

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1909 in response to a call from Republican Pres. William Howard Taft for lower tariffs. His acceptance of a bill that failed to significantly decrease rates caused him to lose the support of the progressive wing of his party. The

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was a British-born American astronomer who discovered that stars are made mainly of hydrogen and helium and established that stars could be classified according to their temperatures. Payne entered the University of Cambridge in 1919. A lecture by astronomer Sir Arthur

Chetumal, city, capital of Quintana Roo estado (state), southeastern Mexico. It is situated in the eastern Yucatán Peninsula, just north of the Belizean border. Chetumal lies at the mouth of the Hondo River on the Bay of Chetumal (an extension of the Caribbean Sea), at an elevation of 20 feet (6

statistics: Decision analysis: …is referred to as the payoff.

game theory: Cooperative versus noncooperative games: …impossible to deduce one player’s payoff from the payoff of the other; consequently, both players’ payoffs must be given.) The first number in each entry is the payoff to the row player (player A), and the second number is the payoff to the column player (player B).

disc jockey: …or gifts (commonly known as payola). This widespread practice of commercial bribery was given national exposure by a federal investigation in 1959. As a result, payola faded for a while, but in the mid-1980s new exposés revealed that the practice continued to exist in many quarters.

PayPal is an American e-commerce company formed in March 2000 that specializes in making money transfers over the Internet. The company enables users to link their PayPal accounts to their own bank accounts and credit cards, making transfers and payments faster than analog ways of moving money.

payroll tax, levy imposed on wages and salaries. In contrast to income taxes, payroll taxes do not include income from capital sources such as dividends and interest. Taxes on payrolls are seldom used as a source of general revenues, although in some developing countries the income tax base may

geography: Geography’s early research agenda in Europe: …regions, or what he called pays—relatively small homogeneous areas—whose distinctive genres de vie (“modes of life”) resulted from the interactions of people with their physical milieux. Unlike some of his German contemporaries, notably Ratzel, he did not see those interactions as predominantly determined by the physical environment. Instead, he promoted…

France: Military and financial organization: …areas of central France, the pays d’élection, the provincial assemblies, ceded their right to approve taxation and disappeared altogether. But, in those provinces where the provincial Estates survived (the pays d’état), the right to vote the amount of royal taxation also survived. During the Italian wars, meetings of the Estates…

history of Europe: Sovereigns and estates: …smaller assemblies of provinces (pays d’états) lately incorporated into the realm, such as Languedoc and Brittany. They met regularly and had a permanent staff for raising taxes on property. With respect to the other provinces (pays d’élection), the crown had enjoyed the crucial advantage of an annual tax since…

Germanic law: Rise of feudal and monarchial states: In the south, the so-called pays de droit écrit (“land of written law”), where Gallo-Romans had been far more numerous than Franks, the custom of each district was based mainly on the vulgar law of the Lex Romana Visigothorum. In Italy this law existed side by side with Lombard law.…

Pays de la Loire, région of France encompassing the western départements of Mayenne, Sarthe, Maine-et-Loire, Vendée, and Loire-Atlantique. Pays de la Loire is bounded by the régions of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the northwest, Normandy to the north, Centre to the east, and Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the

Pierre Marivaux: Le Paysan parvenu (1734–35; “The Fortunate Peasant”) is the story of a handsome opportunistic young peasant who uses his attractiveness to older women to advance in the world. Both works concern struggles to arrive in society and reflect the author’s rejection of authority and religious…

Paysandú, city, western Uruguay, on the Uruguay River. The city was founded in 1772 by a priest, Policarpo Sandú, and 12 families of Christianized Indians, who translated the Spanish word padre (“father”) into the Guaraní Indian word pay, from which stems the name Paysandú. Now Uruguay’s third

farm management: Democratic Republic of the Congo: A land-settlement plan, called the paysannat system, in which strips of cultivated land were alternated with bush and grassland, was introduced in the 1930s to increase production. This system, however, has disintegrated since independence due to the lack of management personnel and government extension services and disruption of marketing channels.…

Georges Lefebvre: Lefebvre’s major work, Les Paysans du Nord pendant la Révolution française (1924; “The Peasants of the North During the French Revolution”), was the result of 20 years of research into the role of the peasantry during the Revolution, during which time he supported himself as a secondary school…

Payson, city, Utah county, northern Utah, U.S. Nestled in the foothills of the southern Wasatch Range, the city was founded as an agricultural colony in 1850 and was named after pioneer James Pace. A centre of grain and food-crop production, Payson later hosted several manufacturing plants

Elizabeth Payson Prentiss was an American writer of popular children’s books of a pious and homely character. Elizabeth Payson was the daughter of a well-known minister and revivalist. At age 19 she opened a short-lived school, but ill health made it difficult for her to establish herself. In 1845

Hebrew literature: Piyyuṭim: The authors were called payṭanim (from Greek poiētēs, “poet”), their poems piyyuṭim. The keynote was messianic fervour and religious exuberance. Besides employing the entire biblical, Mishnaic, and Aramaic vocabularies, the payṭanim coined thousands of new words. Such poems, presupposing a highly educated audience, abound in recondite allusions and contain…

Gary Payton is an American basketball player who is regarded as one of the most tenacious defenders in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). When Payton went into the NBA in 1990, he was part of a new generation of players: they were brash, flashy, unafraid to speak their minds,

Gary Payton is an American basketball player who is regarded as one of the most tenacious defenders in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA). When Payton went into the NBA in 1990, he was part of a new generation of players: they were brash, flashy, unafraid to speak their minds,

New Orleans Saints: …record under first-year head coach Sean Payton. Featuring a potent offense led by quarterback Drew Brees, the Saints became national media darlings as they rebounded from the previous season’s adversity and defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the postseason en route to their first NFC championship game, which they lost to…

Walter Payton was an American professional gridiron football player whose productivity and durability made him one of the game’s greatest running backs. He retired in 1987 as the leading rusher in the history of the National Football League (NFL), a title he held until 2002, when he was surpassed

Walter Payton was an American professional gridiron football player whose productivity and durability made him one of the game’s greatest running backs. He retired in 1987 as the leading rusher in the history of the National Football League (NFL), a title he held until 2002, when he was surpassed

Walter Payton was an American professional gridiron football player whose productivity and durability made him one of the game’s greatest running backs. He retired in 1987 as the leading rusher in the history of the National Football League (NFL), a title he held until 2002, when he was surpassed

caviar: This payusnaya caviar is preferred by some because of its more intense flavour. The red roe of salmon and that of other fishes is sometimes sold under the name caviar. The roes of whitefish and lumpfish are dyed black with cuttlefish ink to resemble sturgeon eggs.

Slavic religion: Folk conceptions: These forms are: bog (“god”); sporysh, anciently an edible herb, today a stalk of grain with two ears, a symbol of abundance; ray (“paradise”); and dobro (“the good”). The word bog is an Indo-Iranian word signifying riches, abundance, and good fortune. Sporysh symbolizes the same concept. In Iranian…

Víctor Paz Estenssoro was a Bolivian statesman, founder and principal leader of the left-wing Bolivian political party National Revolutionary Movement (MNR). He served three times as president of Bolivia (1952–56, 1960–64, 1985–89). Paz Estenssoro began his career as professor of economics at the

Manuel de Godoy was a Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed to a series of misfortunes and defeats that culminated in the abdication of King Charles IV and the occupation of Spain by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte. Born into an old but poor