therapeutics: Photodynamic therapy: Another form of nonionizing radiation therapy is photodynamic therapy (PDT). This technique involves administering a light-absorbing substance that is selectively retained by the tumour cells. The cells are killed by exposure to intense light, usually laser beams of appropriate wavelengths. Lesions amenable to…

climate change: Decadal variation: One such variation is the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), also referred to as the Pacific Decadal Variability (PDV), which involves changing sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the North Pacific Ocean. The SSTs influence the strength and position of the Aleutian Low, which in turn strongly affects precipitation patterns along the…

Petróleos de Venezuela, SA, state-owned Venezuelan company created through the nationalization of the petroleum industry on Jan. 1, 1976. It earns the largest share of Venezuela’s foreign exchange. Its headquarters are in Caracas. By 1971 Venezuela had begun to take steps to curb the influence of

Pete Weber is an American bowler who was one of the sport’s greatest players, though he arguably attracted more attention for his brash personality. He was the first bowler in the history of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) to complete the “triple crown” at least twice (1989 and 2013) in

polyethylene (PE), light, versatile synthetic resin made from the polymerization of ethylene. Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin resins. It is the most widely used plastic in the world, being made into products ranging from clear food wrap and shopping bags to detergent

explosive: Picric acid and ammonium picrate: A series of plastic demolition explosives with great shattering power, designated Composition C-1 to Composition C-4, has had considerable publicity. These contain about 80 percent RDX combined with a mixture of various oils, waxes, and plasticizers. The only significant difference is in the temperature range through which they…

Five Great Kings: …identified as the following: (1) Pe-har, chief of the Five Great Kings and described as “king of the karma,” who resides in the northern quarter, is white in colour and rides a white lion; (2) Brgya-byin, the “king of the mind,” who resides in the centre, is dark blue and…

pea, (Pisum sativum), herbaceous annual plant in the family Fabaceae, grown virtually worldwide for its edible seeds. Peas can be bought fresh, canned, or frozen, and dried peas are commonly used in soups. Some varieties, including sugar peas and snow peas, produce pods that are edible and are

aphid: Types of aphids: The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) has two colour morphs, pale green and pinkish red. It overwinters on clover and alfalfa, migrating to peas in spring. The yellow bean mosaic virus it transmits is often responsible for killing pea plants. Each female produces 50 to 100 young…

pea crab, any member of a genus (Pinnotheres) of crabs (order Decapoda) living in the mantle cavity of certain bivalve mollusks, echinoderms, and polychaetes as a commensal (i.e., on or in another animal host but not deriving nourishment from it). Females of Pinnotheres ostreum, also known as the

Fabaceae, pea family of flowering plants (angiosperms), within the order Fabales. Fabaceae, which is the third largest family among the angiosperms after Orchidaceae (orchid family) and Asteraceae (aster family), consists of more than 700 genera and about 20,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and

Fabales, order of dicotyledonous flowering plants in the Rosid I group among the core eudicots. The order comprises 4 families (Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Quillajaceae, and Surianaceae), 754 genera, and more than 20,000 species. However, more than 95 percent of the genera and species belong to

leptospirosis, acute systemic illness of animals, occasionally communicable to humans, that is characterized by extensive inflammation of the blood vessels. It is caused by a spirochete, or spiral-shaped bacterium, of the genus Leptospira. Leptospires infect most mammals, particularly rodents and

Battle of Pea Ridge, (March 7–8, 1862), bitterly fought American Civil War clash in Arkansas, during which 11,000 Union troops under General Samuel Curtis defeated 16,000 attacking Confederate troops led by Generals Earl Van Dorn, Sterling Price, and Ben McCulloch. Following a fierce opening

Great Smog of London: Background: Known as “pea-soupers” for their dense, yellow appearance, such all-encompassing fogs had become a hallmark of London by the 19th century. But polluted fog was an issue in London as early as the 13th century, due to the burning of coal, and the situation only worsened as…

seed beetle: …cycle is typified by the pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum) and the bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus), both of which occur throughout the world.

fox-trot: …the dance’s inception and the peabody (with a quick leg cross).

Peabody, city, Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Boston. Originally part of Salem, it became part of Danvers in 1752 and was separately incorporated as the town of South Danvers in 1855. In 1868 it was renamed to honour the philanthropist George

Peabody Award, any of the awards administered annually by the University of Georgia’s Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication in recognition of outstanding public service and achievement in electronic media. Recipients are organizations and individuals involved in the production or

anthropology: Museum-based study: …entirely to anthropology was the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology (1866) at Harvard University, followed in 1901 by the Lowie Museum of Anthropology (now the Phoebe Apperson Hearst Museum of Anthropology) at the University of California. The Field Museum in Chicago (1893) was established (as the Columbian Museum of…

Connecticut: Cultural life: …for British Art, and the Peabody Museum of Natural History—all located in New Haven; the Bruce Museum of Arts and Sciences, in Greenwich; the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, in Hartford; and the New Britain Museum of American Art. Symphony concerts and concerts by smaller groups are presented regularly in…

Elizabeth Palmer Peabody was an American educator and participant in the Transcendentalist movement, who opened the first English-language kindergarten in the United States. Peabody was educated by her mother, who for a time operated an innovative girls’ school in the home, and from an early age

George Peabody was an American-born merchant and financier whose banking operations in England helped establish U.S. credit abroad. When his brother’s Newburyport, Mass., dry goods store burned down in 1811, Peabody went to Georgetown in Washington, D.C., to work in a wholesale dry-goods warehouse.

Josephine Preston Peabody was an American writer of verse dramas and of poetry that ranged from precise, ethereal verse to works of social concern. Peabody grew up in Brooklyn until 1884, when the death of her father and the consequent poverty of her family forced them to move to the home of her

Lucy Whitehead McGill Waterbury Peabody was an American missionary who was an influential force in a number of Baptist foreign mission societies from the 1880s well into the 20th century. Lucy McGill graduated from Rochester (New York) Academy in 1878. Thereafter she taught for three years in the

Peace, comedy by Aristophanes, performed at the Great Dionysia in 421 bce. The plot concerns the flight to heaven on a monstrous dung beetle by a war-weary farmer, Trygaeus (“Vintager”), who searches for the lost goddess Peace only to discover that the God of War has buried her in a pit. With the

ethics: War and peace: The Vietnam War ensured that discussions of the justness of war and the legitimacy of conscription and civil disobedience were prominent in early writings in applied ethics. There was considerable support for civil disobedience against unjust aggression and against unjust laws even in a…

Spanish literature: The novel: …Ha estallado la paz (1966; Peace After War).

India: The Bangladesh war: The Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation, signed in mid-1971 by India with the Soviet Union, gave India the arms it used in the war. With the birth of Bangladesh, India’s already dominant position in South Asia was enhanced, and its foreign policy, which remained officially…

Palace Museum: …the palace, known as the Palace of Peace and Longevity. These include priceless objects of precious metals and jewels and some examples of the 3,000 pieces that formed the imperial tableware.

Algeria: End to the civil war and amnesty for peace: …year Bouteflika put forth the Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation, which was endorsed by referendum in late September. In February 2006 a presidential decree concerning its implementation was approved by the council of ministers. Among those measures were compensation for the families of the “disappeared,” an amnesty for state…

Patti Smith: …1996 and was followed by Peace and Noise (1997) and Gung Ho (2000). Smith continued releasing new records in the 21st century, among them Banga (2012). If anything, that late work showed her stronger than before, full of the old fire but purged of her more extreme excesses. She later…

Astana: …Foster to design the new Palace of Peace and Reconciliation, a 203-foot- (62-metre-) high pyramid that includes, among other things, a library and an opera house. The city continued to develop rapidly throughout Nazarbayev’s presidency, and, on March 20, 2019, the day after he left office, the city was renamed…

John Knowles: Its sequel, Peace Breaks Out (1981), features student rivalry in the same setting but viewed from the perspective of a troubled young teacher who has recently returned from World War II.

Brethren: …one of the three historic “peace churches,” along with the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and Mennonites, because of a continuing (but not unanimous) adherence to the principle of conscientious objection to all wars. They usually affirm rather than swear oaths. All branches of the Brethren have been active in…

Carlisle Commission, during U.S. War of Independence, group of British negotiators sent in 1778, to effect a reconciliation with the 13 insurgent colonies by a belated offer of self-rule within the empire. Shocked by the British defeat at Saratoga (concluded Oct. 17, 1777) and fearful of French

diplomacy: Conference diplomacy and the impact of democratization: The peace conferences at The Hague (1899–1907), which resulted in conventions aimed at codifying the laws of war and encouraging disarmament, were harbingers of the future.

diplomacy: Conference diplomacy and the impact of democratization: The peace conferences at The Hague (1899–1907), which resulted in conventions aimed at codifying the laws of war and encouraging disarmament, were harbingers of the future.

Peace Corps, U.S. government agency of volunteers, established by executive order by Pres. John F. Kennedy on March 1, 1961, and authorized by the U.S. Congress through the Peace Corps Act of September 22, 1961. (From 1971 to 1981 it was a subagency of an independent agency called ACTION.) The

Copperhead, during the American Civil War, pejoratively, any citizen in the North who opposed the war policy and advocated restoration of the Union through a negotiated settlement with the South. The word Copperhead was first so used by the New York Tribune on July 20, 1861, in reference to the

North Dakota, constituent state of the United States of America. North Dakota was admitted to the union as the 39th state on November 2, 1889. A north-central state, it is bounded by the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba to the north and by the U.S. states of Minnesota to the east,

music festival: …bandmaster Patrick Gilmore organized two Peace Jubilee festivals, featuring choirs of 20,000 and orchestras of 1,000, plus artillery firing and bells. Annual chamber-music festivals, performing specially commissioned works, were established by Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge (Pittsfield, Mass., 1918), and more specialized ones followed in the 20th century. In 1937 the conductor…

Utsunomiya: The Peace Kannon (a manifestation of the goddess of compassion) is an 88-foot (27-metre) statue that was carved on the wall of a quarry between 1948 and 1956. Pop. (2005) 457,673; (2010) 511,739.

houseplant: Foliage plants: The peace lilies (not a true lily), of the genus Spathiphylla, are easy-growing, vigorous tropical herbs forming clumps; they have green foliage and a succession of flowerlike leaves (spathes), usually white. Species of Anthurium, many of which, such as the flamingo flower, have colourful spathes, do…

the Troubles: Internment, peace walls, and Bloody Sunday: …into brick and steel “peace walls,” some of which stood 45 feet (14 metres) high, segregating loyalist and republican enclaves, most famously the Falls Road Catholic community and the Shankill Protestant community of Belfast.

Peace Mission, predominantly black 20th-century religious movement in the United States, founded and led by Father Divine (1878/80–1965), who was regarded, or worshiped, by his followers as God, Dean of the Universe, and Harnesser of Atomic Energy. According to most accounts, Father Divine was born

international relations: Between the two world wars: …was an offshoot of the peace movement and was concerned primarily with understanding the causes and costs of war, as well as its political, sociological, economic, and psychological dimensions. Interest in the question “Why war?” also brought a host of social scientists, including economists, sociologists, psychologists, and even mathematicians—all of…

Caen: The Caen Memorial (opened 1988) is a museum dedicated to both war and peace.

Treaty of Amiens, (March 27, 1802), an agreement signed at Amiens, Fr., by Britain, France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic (the Netherlands), achieving a peace in Europe for 14 months during the Napoleonic Wars. It ignored some questions that divided Britain and France, such as the fate of the

Treaty of Copenhagen, (1660), treaty between Sweden and Denmark-Norway that concluded a generation of warfare between the two powers. Together with the Treaty of Roskilde, the Copenhagen treaty largely fixed the modern boundaries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In the Roskilde treaty (signed Feb.

Treaty of Pressburg, (Dec. 26, 1805), agreement signed by Austria and France at Pressburg (now Bratislava, Slovakia) after Napoleon’s victories at Ulm and Austerlitz; it imposed severe terms on Austria. Austria gave up the following: all that it had received of Venetian territory at the Treaty of

Treaty of Stolbovo, (1617), peace settlement concluded between Sweden and Russia ending Sweden’s intervention in Russia’s internal political affairs and blocking Russia from the Baltic Sea. In 1610 Muscovite leaders, faced with a succession crisis, a war with Poland, and peasant uprisings (Time of

Robert Cooley Angell: …and of American Elites (1963); Peace on the March (1969); and The Quest for World Order (1979).

Nagasaki: Peace Park, on the Urakami-gawa, was established under the point of detonation of the bomb. The Roman Catholic cathedral of Urakami (built in 1959 to replace the original 1914 cathedral that was destroyed by the bomb) overlooks the park. Pop. (2015) 429,508; (2020) 409,118.

Peace People, peace organization with headquarters in Belfast, N.Ire. Founded by Máiread Maguire, Betty Williams, and Ciaran McKeown, it began in 1976 as a grassroots movement to protest the ongoing violence in Northern Ireland. Hundreds of thousands of people, not only in Northern Ireland but also

Peace People, peace organization with headquarters in Belfast, N.Ire. Founded by Máiread Maguire, Betty Williams, and Ciaran McKeown, it began in 1976 as a grassroots movement to protest the ongoing violence in Northern Ireland. Hundreds of thousands of people, not only in Northern Ireland but also

PCP, hallucinogenic drug with anesthetic properties, having the chemical name 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine. PCP was first developed in 1956 by Parke Davis Laboratories of Detroit for use as an anesthetic in veterinary medicine, though it is no longer used in this capacity. Used for a brief time

Sacred Pipe, one of the central ceremonial objects of the Northeast Indians and Plains Indians of North America, it was an object of profound veneration that was smoked on ceremonial occasions. Many Native Americans continued to venerate the Sacred Pipe in the early 21st century. The Sacred Pipe

peace psychology, area of specialization in the study of psychology that seeks to develop theory and practices that prevent violence and conflict and mitigate the effects they have on society. It also seeks to study and develop viable methods of promoting peace. The roots of peace psychology are

war: Evolution of theories of war: …it gained new currency in peace research, a contemporary form of theorizing that combines analysis of the origins of warfare with a strong normative element aiming at its prevention. Peace research concentrates on two areas: the analysis of the international system and the empirical study of the phenomenon of war.

Peace River, river in northern British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, forming the southwestern branch of the Mackenzie River system. From headstreams (the Finlay and the Parsnip rivers) in the Canadian Rockies of British Columbia, the Peace River flows northeastward across the Alberta prairies,

Funny Cide: Peace Rules, who had finished second in the Derby, was set at 2–1. Funny Cide blew past the opposition and won by nine and three-quarter lengths, the second largest winning margin in the history of the race.

Megadeth: Popular success and the heavy metal renaissance: …and released its second album, Peace Sells…but Who’s Buying?. With its combination of clever antiestablishment, apocalyptic song lyrics layered over tighter rhythms and even more complex guitar work than in the band’s first release, the album is considered a standout in the thrash metal category. At the same time, a…

Manchester University: …Brethren, is known for its Peace Studies Institute and Program in Conflict Resolution. Established in 1948, it was the first peace-studies program in the United States and is the only such program to hold the status of a nongovernmental organization within the United Nations (UN). The university’s environmental-studies program, founded…

Rube Goldberg: …best editorial cartoon, his “Peace Today,” a warning against atomic weapons. When he retired from cartooning in 1964, he achieved critical recognition for his sculpture in bronze and his cartoons in clay.

Cat Stevens: Breakthrough albums: …“Morning Has Broken,” and “Peace Train” were massively popular.

law of war: Cessation of hostilities: …all matters are agreed, a peace treaty may be concluded. Of course, it is possible to end hostilities without any treaty; neither the Falklands conflict nor the Iran–Iraq War ended in this way, although an agreement sponsored by the UN provided for the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in…

the Troubles: Internment, peace walls, and Bloody Sunday: …into brick and steel “peace walls,” some of which stood 45 feet (14 metres) high, segregating loyalist and republican enclaves, most famously the Falls Road Catholic community and the Shankill Protestant community of Belfast.

Japan: Political trends: …the final details of the Treaty of Peace with Japan. The treaty was formally signed on September 8, 1951, and the occupation of Japan ended on April 28, 1952.

disturbing the peace, any of three distinct types of legal offense. In its broadest sense, the term is synonymous with crime itself and means an indictable offense. In another and more common sense, however, the phrase includes only those crimes that are punishable primarily because of their

pigeon: The rock dove is typically dull in colour—gray and white rump and two large black wing bars; this Eurasian species nests above 5,000 feet (1,525 metres) in Asia. It has been domesticated and selectively bred since 3000 bce with the production of numerous colour variants and…

justice of the peace, in Anglo-American legal systems, a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases. A justice of the peace may, in some jurisdictions, also administer oaths and perform marriages. In England and Wales a magistrate is appointed on

Jane Fonda: …films included Georgia Rule (2007), Peace, Love & Misunderstanding (2011), Lee Daniels’ The Butler (2013), and This Is Where I Leave You (2014). In 2009 Fonda returned to Broadway, after a 46-year absence, to portray a dying musicologist in 33 Variations. She also had a recurring role on the television…

Caen: The Caen Memorial (opened 1988) is a museum dedicated to both war and peace.

Ukraine: Kuchma’s presidency: In 1994 Ukraine joined the Partnership for Peace Programme run by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); the country also established a “special partnership” with the organization in 1996. In 1995 Ukraine joined the Council of Europe.

Dominique Pire: …Centre, later known as the University of Peace, for instructing youths in the principles and practice of peace. He was also the founder of the World Friendships (to promote better understanding between races) and the World Sponsorships (to aid African and Asian refugees). Pire’s Bâtir la paix (Building Peace) appeared…

Edward Hicks: …perhaps 100 painted) of The Peaceable Kingdom. The latter work depicts Hicks’s belief, as a Quaker, that Pennsylvania was the fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy (11:6–9) of justice and gentleness between all men and beasts. William Penn and other Quakers appear on the left of the picture, making their treaty with…

20th-century international relations: Soviet progress and American reaction: …longer inevitable, and thus “peaceful coexistence” inescapable. In Leninist doctrine this last phrase implied a state of continued competition and Socialist advance without war. The immediate opportunities for Socialism, according to Khrushchev, derived from the struggle of the colonial peoples, which the U.S.S.R. would assist through foreign aid, propaganda,…

Peacekeeper missile, intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that was part of the United States’ strategic nuclear arsenal from 1986 to 2005. The MX (for “missile experimental”) was the most-sophisticated ICBM fielded by the United States during the Cold War against the Soviet Union. Under

Lewis MacKenzie: …an account of his career, Peacekeeper: The Road to Sarajevo, in which he recounted his harrowing experiences. In 1993 the Conference of Defence Associations Institute presented MacKenzie with its Vimy Award, and in 2006 he was awarded the Order of Canada.

United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, international armed forces first used in 1948 to observe cease-fires in Kashmir and Palestine. Although not specifically mentioned in the United Nations (UN) Charter, the use of international forces as a buffer between warring parties pending troop withdrawals

United Nations: Peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peace building: …1992 the UN created the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), which provides administrative and technical support for political and humanitarian missions and coordinates all mine-clearing activities conducted under UN auspices.

John Cena: Animated films and TV: …character in the TV series Peacemaker (2022– ), a spin-off of The Suicide Squad. In 2024 Cena had a cameo in the popular show The Bear.

Samuel Colt: 45-calibre Peacemaker model, introduced in 1873, became the most-famous sidearm of the American West.

Baldomero Espartero, prince de Vergara was a Spanish general and statesman, victor in the First Carlist War, and regent. The son of working-class parents, Espartero entered the army at age 15 and fought with Spanish forces in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars and in the rebellious

George Clooney: Film stardom: Out of Sight and the Ocean’s trilogy: …films—including Batman & Robin (1997), The Peacemaker (1997), and Out of Sight (1998)—Clooney left ER in 1999 to concentrate on his movie career. Later that year he appeared in the critically acclaimed Three Kings. The comedy-drama centered on U.S. soldiers at the end of the Persian Gulf War. Clooney then…

Richard B. Morris: …Labor in Early America (1946); The Peacemakers; The Great Powers and American Independence (1965), an authoritative and scholarly account of the multitude of diplomatic machinations involved in American independence; John Jay, the Nation, and the Court (1967); The Founding Fathers: A Fresh Appraisal (1974); and Dissertations in American Biography (1981).…

criminology: Sociological theories: …such view, the so-called “peacemaking” theory, is based on the premise that violence creates violence. Advocates of this theory argue that criminal justice policies constitute state-sanctioned violence that generates rather than suppresses criminal violence.

rules of engagement: Peacetime rules of engagement (PROE) were also developed that differentiated hostile acts versus hostile intent and also emphasized that a response must be appropriate to the level of threat. Prior to the development of PROE, rules of engagement had only served to inform wartime actions;…

peach, (Prunus persica), economically important crop tree grown throughout the warmer temperate regions of both the Northern and Southern hemispheres for its sweet fruits. Peaches are widely eaten fresh and are also baked in pies and cobblers; canned peaches are a staple commodity in many regions.

pottery: Coloured glazes: …in the West as “peach bloom,” a pinkish red mottled with russet spots and tinged with green. The Chinese have various names for it, but perhaps the commonest is “bean red” (jiangdou hong). It is used on a white body. Most objects glazed in this way are small items…

Hugo Wast: …as Flor de durazno (1911; Peach Blossom), which established his literary reputation, and Desierto de piedra (1925; A Stone Desert)—portray rural people in their struggle against nature and adversity and their ability to endure personal hardship. In such novels as La casa de los cuervos (1916; The House of Ravens),…

Peach Bowl, annual American college football postseason bowl game played in Atlanta. Along with the Cotton, Fiesta, Orange, Rose, and Sugar bowls, the Peach Bowl is one of the host sites of the national quarterfinals and semifinals of the College Football Playoff. (Read Walter Camp’s 1903

leaf blister: Peach leaf curl, caused by T. deformans, affects peaches, nectarines, and almonds and can cause agricultural losses. Red oaks are commonly afflicted with oak leaf blister, caused by T. caerulescens

Auguste Escoffier: …created the péche Melba (peach Melba) in honour of the famous singer Nellie Melba when she was staying there in 1893. In 1899 he moved to the Carlton Hotel, where he was to build a fabulous reputation for haute cuisine during the next 23 years; on one occasion Emperor…

peach palm, (Bactris gasipaes), species of palm (family Arecaceae), that is grown extensively for its edible fruits. The peach palm is cultivated from Central America as far south as Ecuador. Known as palm chestnuts, the fruits are commonly stewed and flavoured with salt or honey. The somewhat dry

Georgia, constituent state of the United States of America. Ranking fourth among the U.S. states east of the Mississippi River in terms of total area (though first in terms of land area) and by many years the youngest of the 13 former English colonies, Georgia was founded in 1732, at which time its

clearwing moth: The peach tree borer (Synanthedon exitiosa) of North America attacks shrubs and fruit trees, especially peach. The female lays eggs near the base of the peach tree. The larvae overwinter in burrows in the tree, and their boring in the bark in spring sometimes kills the…

gelechiid moth: The peach twig borer (Anarsia lineatella) attacks fruit trees. Less destructive gelechiid pests include the tomato pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella) and the strawberry crown miner (Aristotelia fragariae). Several Gnorimoschema species produce galls in goldenrod stems, and many Recurvaria species mine leaves and pine needles.

Charles William Peach was an English naturalist and geologist who made valuable contributions to the knowledge of marine invertebrates and of fossil plants and fish. While in the revenue coast guard (1824–45) in Norfolk, his attention was attracted to seaweeds and other marine organisms, and he