Morena, city, northern Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It is situated in a plateau region about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the Chambal River and 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Gwalior. Morena is an agricultural trade centre, and it is connected by rail and national highway with Gwalior and

Latin literature: The 12th to the 14th century: Bonaventura and John Pecham in England. Pecham’s Philomena praevia is an extended lyrical meditation that blends the story of the Redemption with the liturgical course of a single day.

Auguste Escoffier: …created the péche Melba (peach Melba) in honour of the famous singer Nellie Melba when she was staying there in 1893. In 1899 he moved to the Carlton Hotel, where he was to build a fabulous reputation for haute cuisine during the next 23 years; on one occasion Emperor…

Pechenegs, a seminomadic, apparently Turkic people who occupied the steppes north of the Black Sea (8th–12th century) and by the 10th century were in control of the lands between the Don and lower Danube rivers (after having driven the Hungarians out); they thus became a serious menace to

Pechenga, town, Murmansk oblast (region), northwestern European Russia. It lies at the head of Pechenga Bay on the Barents Sea coast. Dating from the 16th century, the town was in northern Finland between 1919 and 1940 and was the terminus of the Arctic Highway from the Gulf of Bothnia. It is

Anthony of Kiev: …for the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), an institution that later acquired a reputation as the cradle of Russian monasticism. Reverting to his Athonite training, he sent to Constantinople (modern Istanbul) for architects to construct the new monastery complex at the mountain.

Kyiv: City layout: …of the centre is the Pecherskyy district, along the top of the riverbank. This district contains many of the principal buildings of the Ukrainian government, including the glass-domed palace, built in 1936–39, that houses the Supreme Council and the 10-story block that houses the Cabinet of Ministers. Nearby is the…

Georges Bizet: …Les Pêcheurs de perles (The Pearl Fishers; first performed 1863) nor La Jolie Fille de Perth (1867; The Fair Maid of Perth) had a libretto capable of eliciting or focusing the latent musical and dramatic powers that Bizet eventually proved to possess. The chief interest of Les Pêcheurs de…

Pechiney, French state-owned, multinational holding company formed in December 1971 as Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann SA after the merger of Pechiney SA, an aluminum producer established in 1855, and Société Ugine Kuhlmann, an aluminum maker and chemical company established in 1889. In 1982 the French

Pechiney, French state-owned, multinational holding company formed in December 1971 as Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann SA after the merger of Pechiney SA, an aluminum producer established in 1855, and Société Ugine Kuhlmann, an aluminum maker and chemical company established in 1889. In 1982 the French

Pechiney: Pechiney, who, after passing up earlier opportunities, began using the highly efficient electrolytic process to extract aluminum in 1897. Under his leadership the firm became informally but widely known as Pechiney as it steadily expanded its aluminum production. The Alais et Camargue firm survived World…

advanced ceramics: The Pechini process: A process related to the sol-gel route is the Pechini, or liquid mix, process (named after its American inventor, Maggio Pechini). An aqueous solution of suitable oxides or salts is mixed with an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid such as citric acid. Chelation, or the formation…

major industrial polymers: Polyethylene (PE): In 1899 a German chemist, Hans von Pechmann, observed the formation of a white precipitate during the autodecomposition of diazomethane in ether. In 1900 this compound was identified by the German chemists Eugen Bamberger and Friedrich Tschirner as polymethylene ([CH2]n), a polymer that is virtually identical to polyethylene. In 1935…

Pechora River, river in Russia, having a course of 1,124 miles (1,809 km). Rising in the northern Urals near Mount Koyp, it flows south in a narrow, deep valley, then west and north across an extensive, level basin to enter the Barents Sea by a delta. The Pechora drains an area of 124,500 square

Pechora Sea, sea lying to the north of European Russia, between Kolguyev Island to the west and the Yugorsky Peninsula to the east. To the north is Novaya Zemlya. The Pechora Sea is, in effect, a southeastern extension of the Barents Sea. Its average depth is 20 feet (6 m), but it reaches a maximum

Pechoro-Ilychsky Nature Reserve, natural area, set aside for research in the natural sciences, in the low-lying western foothills of the Northern Ural Mountains, near the confluence of the Ilych and Pechora rivers, in northwestern Russia. The reserve was established in 1930, mainly to protect the

Pechora Sea, sea lying to the north of European Russia, between Kolguyev Island to the west and the Yugorsky Peninsula to the east. To the north is Novaya Zemlya. The Pechora Sea is, in effect, a southeastern extension of the Barents Sea. Its average depth is 20 feet (6 m), but it reaches a maximum

Claudia Pechstein is a German speed skater whose nine Olympic medals (five gold, two silver, and two bronze) made her one of the sport’s most decorated Olympians. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica essay on "Training for Olympic Gold.") Pechstein began figure skating at age 3 and switched to speed

Max Pechstein was a painter and printmaker, who was a leading member of the group of German Expressionist artists known as Die Brücke (“The Bridge”). He is best known for his paintings of nudes and landscapes. Pechstein began his artistic career working as an apprentice to a decorator from 1896 to

peck, unit of capacity in the U.S. Customary and the British Imperial Systems of measurement. In the United States the peck is used only for dry measure and is equal to 8 dry quarts, or 537.6 cubic inches (8.810 litres). In Great Britain the peck may be used for either liquid or dry measure and is

Mani Ratnam: …Tamil-language film Kannathil muthamittal (2002; A Peck on the Cheek) is set in war-torn Sri Lanka and is about an adopted girl searching for her birth mother.

pecking order, Basic pattern of social organization within a flock of poultry in which each bird pecks another lower in the scale without fear of retaliation and submits to pecking by one of higher rank. For groups of mammals (e.g., baboon, wolf) or other birds, the term “dominance hierarchy” is

Annie Smith Peck was an American mountain climber whose numerous ascents—often record-setting and some at an advanced age—made her a remarkable figure in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Peck early developed remarkable physical strength, endurance, and courage through determined competition

Gregory Peck was a tall, imposing American actor with a deep, mellow voice, best known for conveying characters of honesty and integrity. A pharmacist’s son, Peck attended military school and San Diego State College before enrolling as a premed student at the University of California at Berkeley.

Gregory Peck was a tall, imposing American actor with a deep, mellow voice, best known for conveying characters of honesty and integrity. A pharmacist’s son, Peck attended military school and San Diego State College before enrolling as a premed student at the University of California at Berkeley.

American frontier: Characteristics of the first frontiers: … were settled is described inJohn Mason Peck’s A New Guide for Emigrants to the West (1836). He speaks of “three classes, like the waves of the ocean” that had rolled along one after the other. First came the pioneer who lived “largely upon the natural growth of vegetation” and…

Justin Peck is an American ballet dancer and choreographer who earned acclaim as a soloist but was better known for crafting ballets in which complex structures frame clearly articulated classical steps. He became resident choreographer of New York City Ballet (NYCB) in 2014. Peck also

Rufus Wheeler Peckham was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1896 to 1909. Peckham was educated in Albany and Philadelphia and was admitted to the bar in 1859, after which he practiced law in Albany. In 1883 he was appointed a justice of the New York State Supreme Court, and in

hand tool: Neolithic tools: …grinding, by a third, the pecking, or crumbling, method. In this procedure a point of the rock being worked was bruised by a hard hammerstone, the struck points crumbling into powder under relatively light but rapidly delivered blows. This technique allowed the manufacture of tools from numerous varieties of appropriate…

pecking order, Basic pattern of social organization within a flock of poultry in which each bird pecks another lower in the scale without fear of retaliation and submits to pecking by one of higher rank. For groups of mammals (e.g., baboon, wolf) or other birds, the term “dominance hierarchy” is

Sam Peckinpah was an American motion-picture director and screenwriter who was known for ultraviolent but often lyrical films that explored issues of morality and identity. During World War II, Peckinpah enlisted in the U.S. Marines. He later attended California State University, Fresno (B.A.,

Sam Peckinpah was an American motion-picture director and screenwriter who was known for ultraviolent but often lyrical films that explored issues of morality and identity. During World War II, Peckinpah enlisted in the U.S. Marines. He later attended California State University, Fresno (B.A.,

Seth Pecksniff, fictional character, an unctuous English architect whose insincere behaviour made the name Pecksniff synonymous with hypocrisy. He appears in the novel Martin Chuzzlewit (1843–44) by Charles

bald cypress: …water-resistance and is known as pecky, or peggy, cypress in the lumber trade when it contains small, attactive holes caused by a fungus. The tree is grown as an ornamental for its colourful fall foliage and can be cultivated far north of its native range.

Pechora River, river in Russia, having a course of 1,124 miles (1,809 km). Rising in the northern Urals near Mount Koyp, it flows south in a narrow, deep valley, then west and north across an extensive, level basin to enter the Barents Sea by a delta. The Pechora drains an area of 124,500 square

Pechora Sea, sea lying to the north of European Russia, between Kolguyev Island to the west and the Yugorsky Peninsula to the east. To the north is Novaya Zemlya. The Pechora Sea is, in effect, a southeastern extension of the Barents Sea. Its average depth is 20 feet (6 m), but it reaches a maximum

casu marzu: …cheese,” is an offshoot of pecorino sardo, a Sardinian cheese made from ewe’s milk. Its flavour and soft texture are similar to Gorgonzola. In spring a few cuts are made into the rind, and the larvae of a cheese fly known as Piophila casei are introduced to the cheese. The…

Italian literature: Popular literature and romances: …literature is represented by the Pecorone (c. 1378; “Dullard”), stories by Ser Giovanni Fiorentino after a pattern set by Boccaccio. In the same vein, Franco Sacchetti’s Trecentonovelle (c. 1390; “Three Hundred Short Stories”) provides colourful and lively descriptions of people and places.

Pecos, city, seat (1883) of Reeves county, southwestern Texas, U.S. It is situated in the Pecos River valley, some 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Odessa. It originated in 1881 as a station on the Texas and Pacific Railway and as a cow town at the intersection of old cattle and wagon trails. It

Pecos Bill, in American folklore, cowboy hero of the Pecos River region of Texas who was an exaggerated personification of Western stamina and values; his vivid exploits are analogous to those of the legendary giant lumberjack Paul Bunyan of the North Woods. Created by journalists, primarily Edward

Pecos River, river in the southwestern United States, rising in Mora county, north-central New Mexico, in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, and flowing about 926 miles (1,490 km) through eastern New Mexico and western Texas. It drains about 38,300 square miles (99,200 square km) before emptying into

Rio Grande: The economy: …Fort Quitman, Texas), and the Pecos River Compact (1948) between New Mexico and Texas, concerning the Pecos above Girvin, Texas. Essentially all of the average annual production of more than three million acre-feet in the upper Rio Grande (including the 60,000 acre-feet allotted to Mexico by treaty) is consumed within…

diplomacy: The development of the foreign ministry and embassies: …By 1737 another French diplomat-theorist, Antoine Pecquet, had declared diplomacy to be a sacred calling requiring discretion, patience, accurate reporting, and absolute honesty, themes that have been repeated through succeeding centuries.

differential gear: …in 1827 by a Frenchman, Onésiphore Pecqueur. It was used first on steam-driven vehicles and was a well-known device when internal-combustion engines appeared at the end of the 19th century.

Pécs, (“Five Churches”), city of county status and seat of Baranya megye (county), southwestern Hungary. It lies at the southern foot of the wooded Mecsek Mountains, 135 miles (220 km) south-southwest of Budapest. The site was occupied by the Roman town of Sopianae, the capital of the province of

Pécs: …the Turks but was renamed Janus Pannonius University of Pécs and reopened in 1922. The Medical University of Pécs (1951) is also situated in the city. The University of Pécs was reformed in 2000 by the merger of Janus Pannonius University, the Medical University of Pécs, and Illyés Gyula Teacher…

Pécs: …the Turks but was renamed Janus Pannonius University of Pécs and reopened in 1922. The Medical University of Pécs (1951) is also situated in the city. The University of Pécs was reformed in 2000 by the merger of Janus Pannonius University, the Medical University of Pécs, and Illyés Gyula Teacher…

photoreception: Concave mirror eyes: Scallops (Pecten) have about 50–100 single-chambered eyes in which the image is formed not by a lens but by a concave mirror. In 1965 British neurobiologist Michael F. Land (the author of this article) found that although scallop eyes have a lens, it is too weak…

pectin, any of a group of water-soluble carbohydrate substances that are found in the cell walls and intercellular tissues of certain plants. In the fruits of plants, pectin helps keep the walls of adjacent cells joined together. Immature fruits contain the precursor substance protopectin, which is

pectin, any of a group of water-soluble carbohydrate substances that are found in the cell walls and intercellular tissues of certain plants. In the fruits of plants, pectin helps keep the walls of adjacent cells joined together. Immature fruits contain the precursor substance protopectin, which is

moss animal: Size range and diversity of structure: …pilings, and the freshwater phylactolaemate Pectinatella each produce masses that may be one-half metre across. Colonies that form crusts generally cover only a few square centimetres; erect colonies may rise only two to five centimetres (0.8–2 inches).

gundi: The East African gundi, or Speke’s pectinator (Pectinator spekei), is geographically isolated from all other gundi species and lives in Ethiopia and Somalia.

scorpion: External features: The unique comblike pectines arise from the genital segment. A pair of book lungs are found on the ventral side of mesosomal segments three through six. The seventh mesosomal segment marks the end of the “body.” The mesosoma is covered dorsally by plates that are separated from each…

gastropod: Classification: Order Monotocardia Heart with 1 auricle; 1 gill, often modified; siphon and chemoreception osphradium (sensory receptor) progressively more complex; penis present; head frequently modified into a proboscis; nervous system progressively more concentrated; about 30,000 species. Suborder Mesogastropoda (Taenioglossa) Radula taenioglossate (with 7 denticles, or

scallop, any of the marine bivalve mollusks of the family Pectinidae, particularly species of the genus Pecten. The family, which includes about 50 genera and subgenera and more than 400 species, is worldwide in distribution and ranges from the intertidal zone to considerable ocean depths. The two

fruit processing: Pectinization: If the juice is to be clarified further or concentrated after extraction, treatment with pectinase may be required. The juice is monitored for pectin content using a qualitative pectin check, consisting of combining one part juice with two parts ethanol. If a gel forms,…

gelechiid moth: The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is one of the most destructive pests of cotton. Though probably native to India, it is now distributed worldwide. It bores into cotton bolls, devouring blossoms and seeds. The pinkish-coloured larva generally pupates in a cocoon inside a boll or seed,…

jewelry: Egyptian: …was utilized in the small pectoral or pendant (3.3 × 2.4 inches [8.4 × 6.1 cm]) that belonged to Sesostris III in the 12th dynasty (1938–1756 bce) and is now housed in the Egyptian Museum. The superbly rhythmic composition is framed by an architectonic design obtained by leaving open all…

skeleton: Limbs: The pectoral fin of the elasmobranchs possesses basal cartilages that articulate with the pectoral girdle. They carry a number of radial cartilages consisting of varying numbers of short segments; beyond these are located delicate fin rays.

pectoral girdle, in anatomy, the bony structure on either side of the body that connects the arm to the upper portion of the axial skeleton, being composed of the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade). The pectoral girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton, which also includes

pectoralis muscle: … (breastbone) in the human body: pectoralis major and pectoralis minor.

pectoralis muscle: The pectoralis minor lies, for the most part, beneath the pectoralis major, arising from the middle ribs and inserting into (attaching to) the scapula (shoulder blade). It aids in drawing the shoulder forward and downward (in opposition to the trapezius muscle).

pectoralis muscle, any of the muscles that connect the front walls of the chest with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder. There are two such muscles on each side of the sternum (breastbone) in the human body: pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The pectoralis major, the larger and more

pectus excavatum, a chest deformity caused by depression of the breastbone, or sternum. Pectus excavatum is generally not noticeable at birth but becomes more evident with age unless surgically corrected. In most instances the abnormality is due to a shortened central tendon of the diaphragm, the

Milky Way Galaxy: Solar motion calculations from radial velocities: …the second is that the peculiar motions—the motions of individual stars with respect to that standard of rest—are randomly distributed. Considering the geometry then provides a mathematical solution for the motion of the Sun through the average rest frame of the stars being considered.

cosmology: Friedmann-Lemaître models: A nonzero peculiar velocity for an emitting galaxy with respect to its local cosmological frame can be taken into account by Doppler-shifting the emitted photons before applying the cosmological redshift factor; i.e., the observed redshift would be a product of two factors. When the observed redshift is…

slavery: Family and property: …and use property in a peculium that was legally revocable but could be used to purchase their freedom. This provision gave slaves an incentive to work as well as the hope of eventual manumission.

patria potestas: …they earned as soldiers (peculium castrense). By Justinian’s day (527–565), the rules of peculium castrense were extended to many sorts of professional earnings; and in other acquisitions, such as property inherited from the mother, the father’s rights were reduced to a life interest.

soil: Water runoff: …by human intervention are called peds. The peds in the surface horizons of soils develop into clods under the effects of cultivation and the traffic of urbanization. Soils whose A horizon is dense and unstructured increase the fraction of precipitation that will become surface runoff and have a high potential…

doping: Forms of doping: PEDs include anabolic steroids, stimulants, human growth hormone (HGH), EPO, and other substances that may be used to boost athletic performance. PEDs act in different ways. For example, anabolic steroids, which mimic the effects of testosterone, are used to increase muscle mass and strength. Stimulants,…

Lee S. Shulman: …with coining the phrase “pedagogical content knowledge,” which he used to emphasize the need for teachers to integrate their knowledge of subject matter with content-specific pedagogical strategies so as to produce successful teaching outcomes. From his research a model of pedagogical reasoning was developed that details activities that engage…

G. Stanley Hall: …the Pedagogical Seminary (later the Journal of Genetic Psychology), was founded by Hall in 1893.

Anton Makarenko: The Road to Life; or, Epic of Education), recounts his educational work at Gorky Colony. Kniga dlya roditeley (1937; A Book for Parents) and Flagi na bashnyakh (1939; “Flags on the Battlements”; Eng. trans. Learning to Live) explore the theory of collective education. Makarenko regarded…

pedagogy, the study of teaching methods, including the aims of education and the ways in which such goals may be achieved. The field relies heavily on educational psychology, which encompasses scientific theories of learning, and to some extent on the philosophy of education, which considers the

The Four Branches of the Mabinogi, four distinct but linked Welsh narratives compiled some time between the latter half of the 11th century and the early 13th century. Believed to be the work of a single redactor, the Four Branches have deep, often clearly visible roots in Celtic myth and folklore,

bicycle: Treadles and pedals: powered velocipedes: There is evidence that a small number of two-wheeled machines with rear treadle drives were built in southwestern Scotland during the early 1840s. Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a blacksmith of Dumfriesshire, is most often associated with these. He is said to have traveled 40…

keyboard instrument: The English action: …two or, at most, three pedals. One of the two ordinary pedals shifted the keyboard sideways so that the hammers struck two or only one of the three strings provided for each note. The second pedal raised all the dampers. It was sometimes replaced by two pedals—one for the treble…

sea anemone: …are typically attached by the pedal disk, or base, to a hard surface such as a rock, wharf timber, a seashell, or the back of a crab. Most seldom move; some occasionally creep very slowly or move in a slow somersaulting fashion. Members of certain genera (e.g., Edwardsia, Halcampa, Peachia)…

chemoreception: Territorial behavior: …adding the secretion of the pedal glands to the dung. Similar to the preorbital gland secretions, the pedal gland secretions are very complex, and bontebok contain over 80 compounds of different classes. Territorial males habitually defecate at the same sites, and they do so frequently. Male oribi may defecate up…

pedal harp, musical instrument in which pedals control a mechanism raising the pitch of given strings by a semitone (single action) or by both a semitone and a whole tone (double action). The modern double-action pedal harp, the standard orchestral harp, covers six and a half octaves (three below

locomotion: Bottom locomotion: In pedal locomotion, which is a slow, continuous gliding that is superficially indistinguishable from ciliary locomotion, propulsion along the bottom is generated by the passage of contraction waves through the ventral musculature, which is in contact with the bottom surface. The pedal contraction waves are either…

organ: …from several keyboards and a pedal board. Under their control are the various ranks of wooden and metal pipes of differing length and shape. These fall into the two distinct categories of flue pipes and reeds.

pedal point, in music, a tone sustained through several changes of harmony that may be consonant or dissonant with it; in instrumental music it is typically in the bass. The name originates from the technique of prolonging a tone on the pedal keyboard of the organ; hence the occasional use, chiefly

bivalve: Locomotion: …are the anterior and posterior pedal retractors. They retract the foot and effect back-and-forth movements. The foot is extended as blood is pumped into it, and it is prevented from overinflating by concentric rings of circular, oblique, and longitudinal muscle fibres, which also help to direct pedal extension and permit…

steel guitar: The pedal steel guitar, a variation on the traditional lap steel guitar, typically is supported by a stand and uses pedals and levers controlled by the feet and knees, respectively. The pedal steel guitar offers an increased range of sliding notes, the ability to make changes…

pedal point, in music, a tone sustained through several changes of harmony that may be consonant or dissonant with it; in instrumental music it is typically in the bass. The name originates from the technique of prolonging a tone on the pedal keyboard of the organ; hence the occasional use, chiefly

organ: …from several keyboards and a pedal board. Under their control are the various ranks of wooden and metal pipes of differing length and shape. These fall into the two distinct categories of flue pipes and reeds.

organ: …from several keyboards and a pedal board. Under their control are the various ranks of wooden and metal pipes of differing length and shape. These fall into the two distinct categories of flue pipes and reeds.

China: Soils of China: …south of this line are pedalfers (leached noncalcareous soils), which are neutral to acid.

Lamiales: Pedaliaceae: Pedaliaceae, the sesame family, is a small family of 14 genera and 70 species. Its native distribution is exclusively Old World, in tropical and dry habitats, and its best-known member is Sesamum indicum (sesame). These are herbs or shrubs with spurred flowers and ovaries…

Saint Nicodemus the Hagiorite: Nicodemus’ outstanding work, the Pedalion, or Rudder of the Ship of Knowledge, is a commentary on Greek church law. Its bias against the Latin church, although partly attributable to interpolations by another editor, reflects the author’s negative feelings toward the institutions of Western Christianity. Nicodemus did not hesitate, however,…

Julian Barnes: Nonfiction works: …about France and French culture; The Pedant in the Kitchen (2003), which explores his love of food; Through the Window (2012), an exploration of his literary influences; and Keeping an Eye Open: Essays on Art (2015). Barnes used the story of the pioneering surgeon Samuel Pozzi to explore Belle Époque…

Savinien de Cyrano de Bergerac: …of blasphemy, and a comedy, Le Pédant joué (published 1654; “The Pedant Imitated”). As long as classicism was the established taste, Le Pédant joué was despised, but its liveliness has its appeal to modern readers, as it did to Molière, who based two scenes of Les Fourberies de Scapin on…

Makar Sankranti, Hindu festival in January celebrating the entrance of the Sun into the astrological sign of makara (corresponding to Capricorn) and the beginning of the Sun’s uttarayana (northward journey). Makar Sankranti occurs on January 14 (or 15 during a leap year). Did You Know? The Sun’s

Gordon River: …have created Lakes Gordon and Pedder, the former of which is one of the largest freshwater storage reservoirs in Australia. Lake Gordon has a surface area of 105 square miles (272 square km) and a storage capacity of 399,621,000,000 cubic feet (11,316,000,000 cubic m). Lake Pedder has a surface area…

Recife: …what is now called the War of the Mascates (i.e., peddlers) because the small tradesmen of Recife tried to organize a municipality of their own. In 1827 Recife became the official capital of the province of Pernambuco.

Pedernales, city, southwestern Dominican Republic, on the Caribbean coast just across from Anse-à-Pitre, Haiti. It was founded in 1915 and serves as a commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural region, which yields principally sugarcane, coffee, corn (maize), and tubers. Bauxite is mined

geomagnetic field: Convective electrojets: …is referred to as the Pedersen conductivity, and it is usually a factor of two less than the Hall conductivity perpendicular to the electric field. Consequently, the electrojet currents are actually stronger than the north–south ionospheric currents connecting the Region 1 and Region 2 currents. Typical disturbances produced by the…

Charles J. Pedersen was an American chemist who, along with Jean-Marie Lehn and Donald J. Cram, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his synthesis of the crown ethers—a group of organic compounds that would selectively react with other atoms and molecules much as do the molecules in

Charles J. Pedersen was an American chemist who, along with Jean-Marie Lehn and Donald J. Cram, was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his synthesis of the crown ethers—a group of organic compounds that would selectively react with other atoms and molecules much as do the molecules in