Pendennis, semiautobiographical novel by William Makepeace Thackeray, published in monthly installments from 1848 to 1850 and published in book form in two volumes in 1849–50. The novel traces the youthful career of Arthur Pendennis: his first love affair, his experiences at “Oxbridge University,”

pendant, in architecture, sculpted ornament or elongated boss terminating the fan, or pendant, vaulting, associated with late English Gothic architecture of the Perpendicular period (15th century). Such devices are also to be found hanging from the framing of open timber roofs of this as well as

pendentive, in architecture, a triangular segment of a spherical surface, filling in the upper corners of a room, in order to form, at the top, a circular support for a dome. The challenge of supporting a dome over an enclosed square or polygonal space assumed growing importance to the Roman

Carmen Basilio: …lost a 15-round decision to Paul Pender. Three days later Basilio announced his retirement. His career record was 56 wins (27 by knockout) and 16 losses. Basilio was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990.

Krzysztof Penderecki was an outstanding Polish composer of his generation whose novel and masterful treatment of orchestration won worldwide acclaim. Penderecki studied composition at the Superior School of Music in Kraków (graduated 1958) and subsequently became a professor there. He first drew

Thomas J. Pendergast was a U.S. politician who created a powerful political machine in Missouri. Critics of Pres. Harry S. Truman frequently linked his name with Pendergast, a former associate. Pendergast went to Kansas City in 1893, where he learned the rudiments of municipal politics from

Thomas J. Pendergast was a U.S. politician who created a powerful political machine in Missouri. Critics of Pres. Harry S. Truman frequently linked his name with Pendergast, a former associate. Pendergast went to Kansas City in 1893, where he learned the rudiments of municipal politics from

Teddy Pendergrass was an American rhythm-and-blues singer who embodied the smooth, Philly soul sound of the 1970s as the lead vocalist for Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes before embarking on a successful solo career. Beginning as a gospel singer in Philadelphia churches, Pendergrass taught himself

Teddy Pendergrass was an American rhythm-and-blues singer who embodied the smooth, Philly soul sound of the 1970s as the lead vocalist for Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes before embarking on a successful solo career. Beginning as a gospel singer in Philadelphia churches, Pendergrass taught himself

Sutan Sjahrir: …1931 and helped establish the Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia, a rival group to Partindo, the nationalist organization formed from remnants of the suppressed Partai Nasional Indonesia (“Indonesian Nationalist Party”), founded by Sukarno, the foremost Indonesian nationalist leader. The groups differed on the goals and means appropriate to nationalists, with Pendidikan opposed…

Benin: Plant and animal life: The Pendjari National Park (1,062 square miles) borders on Burkina Faso.

Pendle, borough (district), administrative county of Lancashire, northwestern England, on the eastern boundary of the county. Most of the borough—including its largest towns Burnley, Nelson, and Colne—lies in the historic county of Lancashire, but an area in the northeast, including the towns of

Pendle: …borough takes its name from Pendle Hill, with an elevation of 1,831 feet (707 metres), and Pendle Forest, famous for their association with Lancashire witches in the 17th century. In the early 18th century woolen textiles were an important domestic industry, but they were replaced by cotton by the end…

Pendleton, city, seat (1868) of Umatilla county, northeastern Oregon, U.S., on the Umatilla River, adjacent to the Umatilla Indian Reservation. Situated on the Oregon Trail, it was founded in 1869 by G.W. Bailey and named for George Hunt Pendleton, a prominent Ohio senator. It became a wheat and

Pendleton Civil Service Act, (Jan. 16, 1883), landmark U.S. legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system). Widespread public demand for civil service reform was stirred after the

Clarence M. Pendleton was an American government official and the first African American to occupy the position of chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Pendleton aroused controversy with his conservative opinions, including his disdain for affirmative action, his opposition to

Clarence M. Pendleton was an American government official and the first African American to occupy the position of chairman of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Pendleton aroused controversy with his conservative opinions, including his disdain for affirmative action, his opposition to

Edmund Pendleton was a Virginia patriot during the American Revolution. Pendleton’s father and grandfather died the year of his birth, and the young man grew up without paternal care. Apprenticed at the age of 14 to the clerk of the Caroline County court, Pendleton acquired a legal education, and

Ellen Fitz Pendleton was an American educator who served as president of Wellesley (Massachusetts) College for a quarter of a century. Pendleton graduated from Wellesley College in 1886. She remained at Wellesley as a tutor in mathematics, Latin, and Greek until 1888, when she received an

George Pendleton was an American lawyer and legislator, an advocate of civil service reform and sponsor of the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), which created the modern civil service system. Admitted to the bar in 1847, Pendleton, a Democrat, practiced law in Cincinnati and in 1853 was elected

George Pendleton was an American lawyer and legislator, an advocate of civil service reform and sponsor of the Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883), which created the modern civil service system. Admitted to the bar in 1847, Pendleton, a Democrat, practiced law in Cincinnati and in 1853 was elected

the Beach Boys, American rock group whose dulcet melodies and distinctive vocal mesh defined the 1960s youthful idyll of sun-drenched southern California. Initially perceived as a potent pop act—celebrants of the surfing and hot rod culture of the Los Angeles Basin during the 1960s—the Beach Boys

Umberto Eco: …Il pendolo di Foucault (1988; Foucault’s Pendulum).

Pendred’s syndrome, hereditary metabolic condition that is characterized by deafness and defective incorporation of iodine into thyroid hormone, resulting in goitre or enlargement of the thyroid gland. Pendred’s syndrome is a major cause of congenital deafness. It does not produce symptoms of

nystagmus: One type of nystagmus, called pendular nystagmus, is characterized by even, smooth eye movements, whereas in the type referred to as jerk nystagmus the movements are sharper and quicker in one direction than in the other. Jerk nystagmus can occur normally, such as when one is dizzy (e.g., from spinning…

Remizidae: The penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus) is irregularly distributed in river scrub and marshes across Eurasia. An 11-cm- (4.5-inch-) long brownish bird with a black mask on its whitish head, it is named for its two-chambered nest (built by the male), which consists of a finely felted…

pendulum, body suspended from a fixed point so that it can swing back and forth under the influence of gravity. Pendulums are used to regulate the movement of clocks because the interval of time for each complete oscillation, called the period, is constant. The formula for the period T of a

Central Asian arts: Sogdiana: …in murals of Varakhsha and Pendzhikent.

sedimentary rock: Dolomites and dolomitization: …areas suggests that even these penecontemporaneous dolomites are produced by altering calcite or aragonite almost immediately after their initial precipitation. Dolomites generated by later alteration of older limestones are known as diagenetic dolomites.

Catherine O’Hara: Schitt’s Creek and Beetlejuice Beetlejuice: …Unfortunate Events (2004), the fantasy Penelope (2006), Away We Go (2009), and the TV movie Temple Grandin (2010). She appeared in several TV comedies and had a recurring role (2003 and 2005) on Six Feet Under. Her voice work included the animated films Over the Hedge (2006) and Burton’s Frankenweenie…

Penelope, in Greek mythology, a daughter of Icarius of Sparta and the nymph Periboea and wife of the hero Odysseus. They had one son, Telemachus. Homer’s Odyssey tells the story of how, during her husband’s long absence after the Trojan War, many chieftains of Ithaca and nearby islands become her

curassow: …crested (miscalled purple) guan (Penelope purpurascens), found from Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela, is an important game bird, about 65 cm long and weighing about 2 kg. It is greenish brown, with white spotting below. Several species are endangered.

Sue Goyette: A new kind of narrative: In the book-length poem Penelope: In First Person (2017), she retells Homer’s Odyssey from the perspective of Odysseus’s wife. Antithesis: A Memoir appeared in 2020.

Margaret Atwood: Novels: Atwood’s 2005 novel, The Penelopiad: The Myth of Penelope and Odysseus, was inspired by Homer’s epic The Odyssey, this time told from the perspective of Odysseus’s wife, the faithful Penelope, and Penelope’s maids.

peneplain, gently undulating, almost featureless plain that, in principle, would be produced by fluvial erosion that would, in the course of geologic time, reduce the land almost to baselevel (sea level), leaving so little gradient that essentially no more erosion could occur. The peneplain concept

hard-target munition, ammunition capable of damaging and destroying reinforced targets such as tanks and hardened underground bunkers. Such munitions are specially designed to cause more-serious internal damage to such targets than that caused by standard conventional munitions. Hard-target

traumatic brain injury: Primary injury: Penetrating injury results in different injury patterns from blunt injury. The biggest factors in the degree of damage from a penetrating injury are the velocity and mass of the projectile. Shells from high-powered rifles and other high-velocity projectiles can cause an enormous pressure wave that…

electromagnetic radiation: Gamma rays: The great penetrating power of gamma rays stems from the fact that they have no electric charge and thus do not interact with matter as strongly as do charged particles. Because of their penetrating power gamma rays can be used for radiographing holes and defects in metal…

superconductivity: Discovery: …predicted the existence of an electromagnetic penetration depth, which was first confirmed experimentally in 1939. In 1950 it was clearly shown for the first time that a theory of superconductivity must take into account the fact that free electrons in a crystal are influenced by the vibrations of atoms that…

lubrication: Penetration number.: The penetration number, applied to grease, is a measure of the film characteristics of the grease. The test consists of dropping a standard cone into the sample of grease being tested. Gradations indicate the depth of penetration: the higher the number, the more…

twinning: Penetration twins are complete crystals that pass through one another and often share the centre of their axial systems.

Pineiós River, principal stream of Thessaly (Modern Greek: Thessalía), Greece, rising in the Óros (mountains) Lákmos of the Pindus (Píndos) Mountains just east of Métsovon in the nomós (department) of Tríkala; it is navigable in its lower course. In prehistoric times the Pineiós formed a great lake

shrimp: The shrimp Peneus setiferus feeds on small plants and animals in coastal waters from North Carolina to Mexico; it attains lengths of 18 cm (7 inches). The young live in shallow bays and then move into deeper waters. Crangon vulgaris and Peneus setiferus are commercially important, as…

tea tree oil: …the 1920s by Australian chemist Arthur Penfold in a series of papers that explored the germicidal properties of various Australian essential oils. In 1930 the Medical Journal of Australia published an official report on tea tree oil as a potential new germicide. Since then, the oil has been sold in…

Pembroke, urbanized area, historic and present county of Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro), southwestern Wales. The Pembroke area comprises the localities of Pembroke, situated on a southeastern arm of the Milford Haven inlet (a fine natural harbour of the Celtic Sea), and, just to the northwest, Pembroke

Peng Dehuai was a military leader, one of the greatest in Chinese communist history, and minister of national defense of China from 1954 until 1959, when he was removed for criticizing the military and economic policies of the party. Peng was a military commander under a local warlord and later

Peng Dehuai was a military leader, one of the greatest in Chinese communist history, and minister of national defense of China from 1954 until 1959, when he was removed for criticizing the military and economic policies of the party. Peng was a military commander under a local warlord and later

Bengbu, city, north-central Anhui sheng (province), China. The area is mentioned in the early 1st millennium bce in connection with myths surrounding the cultural hero Emperor Yu. Throughout most of Chinese history, however, it was only a small market town and port on the middle course of the Huai

Victoria Benedictsson: …was followed by a novel, Pengar (1885; “Money”), a critical view of a society that confers status and security on women only through marriage; and another, somewhat contradictory, novel, Fru Marianne (1887; “Mrs. Marianne”), in which a doll wife outgrows her early romantic notions and finds fulfillment in sharing work…

William Pengelly was an English educator, geologist, and a founder of prehistoric archaeology whose excavations in southwestern England helped earn scientific respect for the concept that early humans coexisted with extinct animals such as the woolly rhinoceros, woolly mammoth, and the mammoth.

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

P’eng-hu Islands, archipelago and hsien (county) of Taiwan. It consists of about 64 small islands that lie approximately 30 miles (50 km) west of the coast of mainland Taiwan, from which it is separated by the P’eng-hu Channel. Of volcanic origin, many of the islands consist of weathered basalt,

forint: The forint’s predecessor was the pengö, which was replaced at a rate of 400 quintillion pengö to 1 forint.

origins of agriculture: Early history: …what Chinese archaeologists call the Pengtoushan culture, whose radiocarbon dates cluster from 9500 to 8100 bp. The sites each cover about 3 hectares (7.5 acres). Bashidang has some of the earliest defensive walls and ditches found in China.

rocket and missile system: Antiship: The Norwegian Penguin, a rocket-powered missile weighing between 700 and 820 pounds and employing technology derived from the U.S. Maverick air-to-surface missile, had a range of about 17 miles and supplemented its active radar guidance with passive infrared homing. The Penguin was exported widely for fighter-bomber, attack…

A rockhopper penguin on the Falkland IslandsMost penguins are black and white, but the rockhopper penguin—like the southern rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome) in the foreground of this image—adds more colors. Rockhoppers have distinctive red eyes and a thin stripe of yellow feathers above each eye.

supervillain: Media inspirations: …proving his intellectual prowess; and the Penguin’s waddle made him look like a figure of fun, but one of murderous intent.

Naomi Watts: Later credits: After the drama Penguin Bloom (2020), Watts was cast as a scientist in the sci-fi thriller Boss Level (2021). She then starred with Bill Murray in The Friend (2024), an adaptation of Sigrid Nunez’s acerbic novel set in the literary world.

Uys Krige: In 1968 he coedited The Penguin Book of South African Verse, which included translations of African-language poetry as well as Afrikaans poetry. Krige also translated a number of works in English, Spanish, and Italian literature into Afrikaans.

Sir Allen Lane: …Bodley in 1935 and founded Penguin Books, Ltd., which published Penguin paperback reprints priced at 6 pence (12 cents, U.S.). Encouraged by the success of the Penguin venture, he extended his efforts to include other series, such as Pelicans (serious nonfiction) and topical Penguin Specials. The Penguin Shakespeare was published…

French literature: The novel later in the century: …in L’Île des Pingouins (1908; Penguin Island) and his condemnation of fanaticism in his novel on the French Revolution, Les Dieux ont soif (1912; The Gods Are Athirst). For Anglophone readers right up to the end of World War II, he spoke for that Voltairean liberal humanism, reason, and justice…

Penguin Random House, publishing house formed by the merger of Penguin and Random House in 2013. It is one of the world’s largest book publishers. Headquarters are in New York City. Random House was founded by Americans Bennett Cerf and Donald S. Klopfer in 1925. As it grew, it published the works

Colin Farrell: Career: …Farrell starred in the miniseries The Penguin, reprising his role as the title character. For his performance, he won a Golden Globe for best actor in a limited series.

Benedict Cumberbatch: From Star Trek to Alan Turing: …animated wolf in the comedy Penguins of Madagascar and reprised his role as Smaug in The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies. Cumberbatch returned to the stage as the titular Danish prince in a 2015 production of Hamlet. The entire run of the show, produced at the Barbican Centre,…

Maoke Mountains, westernmost segment of the central highlands of New Guinea. It is located in the Indonesian province of Papua. The range extends for 430 miles (692 km), and much of it lies above 12,000 feet (3,660 metres), with a number of peaks rising above the 14,500-foot (4,400-metre) snow

Shrewsbury, town, administrative and historic county of Shropshire, western England. It is the county town (seat) of Shropshire, and its strategic position near the border between England and Wales has made it a town of great importance. The older, central portion of the town lies on a peninsula

Baetic Cordillera, mountain system comprising the Andalusian mountains of southeastern Spain. The northern range (called pre-Baetic in Andalusia and sub-Baetic in Valencia) runs about 360 miles (580 km) from Cape Trafalgar in Andalusia to Cape Nao in Valencia, and it continues in a submerged form

Pénicaud Family, French enamelers active in Limoges during the 16th century, considered to be among the finest such craftsmen of their time. They were noted for their work in grisaille enamel, monochromatically painted enamel work intended to look like sculpture. Nardon Pénicaud (c. 1470–c. 1542),

Pénicaud Family: …but his brother or son, Jean I (fl. 1510–40), introduced motifs characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. Jean I was also the first enameler to frequently apply transparent enamel colours on copper. The existence of two other members of the Pénicaud family also named Jean is disputed, although Jean II has…

Pénicaud Family: …two other members of the Pénicaud family also named Jean is disputed, although Jean II has been often cited as an important master of the grisaille technique. The last prominent enamelist of the family, Pierre, is considered a mediocre artist.

Pénicaud Family: Nardon Pénicaud (c. 1470–c. 1542), the first recorded member of the family, worked in the French Gothic style, but his brother or son, Jean I (fl. 1510–40), introduced motifs characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. Jean I was also the first enameler to frequently apply transparent…

lead poisoning: Susceptibility and treatment: …of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and penicillamine. A lengthy treatment may be necessary, but recovery is usually complete, except when there is major involvement of the brain structures. Until the last half of the 20th century, damage to the brain caused by lead poisoning ended in death in about 25 percent…

penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, derived from the Penicillium mold. In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming first observed that colonies of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus failed to grow in those areas of a culture that had been

penicillin: The naturally occurring penicillins, penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) and penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin), are still used clinically. Because of its poor stability in acid, much of penicillin G is broken down as it passes through the stomach; as a result of this characteristic, it must be given by intramuscular injection, which…

MRSA: Mechanisms of resistance: This gene encodes a unique penicillin-binding protein (PBP) that binds methicillin and thereby promotes bacterial survival by preventing the antibiotic from inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Numerous variants of MRSA have evolved, including two strains of epidemic MRSA (EMRSA), which first appeared in the early 1990s—their emergence corresponding to the dramatic…

antibiotic: Penicillins: …to degradation by β-lactamase (penicillinase), an enzyme that specifically breaks the β-lactam ring, thereby inactivating the antibiotic. In addition, the antibacterial spectrum of activity and pharmacological properties of the natural penicillins can be changed and improved by these chemical modifications. The addition of a β-lactamase inhibitor, such as clavulanic…

Penicillium, genus of blue or green mold fungi (kingdom Fungi) that exists as asexual forms (anamorphs, or deuteromycetes). Those species for which the sexual phase is known are placed in the Eurotiales. Found on foodstuffs, leather, and fabrics, they are of economic importance in the production of

Penicillium chrysogenum, species of fungus in the genus Penicillium (kingdom Fungi) that occurs across a variety of habitats and is especially common in moist areas, including forests and damp indoor environments. Penicillium chrysogenum is very closely related to P. rubens and P. notatum and has,

dairy product: Ripening: …mold spores Penicillium roqueforti or P. glaucum, which are added to the milk or to the curds before pressing and are activated by air needled into the cheese. Surface-ripened cheeses such as Gruyère, brick, Port Salut, and Limburger derive their flavour from both internal ripening and the surface environment. Specific…

penicillin: …contaminated by the green mold Penicillium notatum. He isolated the mold, grew it in a fluid medium, and found that it produced a substance capable of killing many of the common bacteria that infect humans. Australian pathologist Howard Florey and British biochemist Ernst Boris Chain isolated and purified penicillin in…

Gorgonzola: …characteristic greenish blue mold (Penicillium roqueforti). This cheese is also made in other parts of Lombardy and in Piedmont and Emilia-Romagna. Pop. (2011) 19,402.

erection, enlargement, hardening, and elevation of the male reproductive organ, the penis. Internally, the penis has three long masses of cylindrical tissue, known as erectile tissue, that are bound together by fibrous tissue. The two identical areas running along the sides of the penis are termed

Wales: Music, literature, and film: The singing of penillion, simple vernacular songs, to the accompaniment of the triple harp was a feature of Welsh folk culture until the early 18th century, and efforts have been mounted to revive the form. The cymanfa ganu (“singing festival”) has been a popular expression of religious Nonconformism…

Maarten Tromp: …squadron under the command of Sir John Penington. By October 10 the Dutch fleet was strong enough to challenge the Spaniards, and on October 21 Tromp attacked Oquendo, and Penington’s efforts at protection were of little avail. In the Battle of the Downs, the armada was completely defeated, suffering severe…

Peninj mandible: The Peninj site is also important to the study of human evolution because about 120 artifacts were unearthed near the fossil. These Stone Age implements belong to the Acheulean industry and include stone cleavers and hand axes. The sandstone in which the fossil was found has…

Peninj mandible, an almost perfectly preserved fossil jaw of the hominin (of human lineage) species Paranthropus boisei containing a complete set of adult teeth. It was found in 1964 at Peninj, a locale in Tanzania to the west of Lake Natron and about 80 km (50 miles) from Olduvai Gorge, a major

peninsula, in physical geography, a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by water. The word is derived from the Latin paene (“almost”) and insula (“island”). In its original sense it connotes attachment to a larger landmass by a neck of land (isthmus) narrower than the peninsula itself, but it

Nicoya Peninsula, peninsula in western Costa Rica that is bounded on the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, on the northeast by the Cordillera de Guanacaste, and on the southeast by the Gulf of Nicoya. Costa Rica’s largest peninsula, Nicoya measures about 85 miles (140 km) northwest–southeast and

Osa Peninsula, peninsula, southern Costa Rica, bounded on the northwest by Coronado Bay, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Gulf of Dulce. Costa Rica’s second largest peninsula, Osa measures about 20 miles (30 km) northeast-southwest and about 35 miles (55 km)

Paraguaná Peninsula, peninsula in Falcón estado (state), northwestern Venezuela. It lies between the Caribbean Sea on the east and the Gulf of Venezuela on the west. The largest peninsula in Venezuela, it is about 40 miles (60 km) from north to south and has about 200 miles (300 km) of coastline.

Yucatán Peninsula, a northeastern projection of Central America, lying between the Gulf of Mexico to the west and north and the Caribbean Sea to the east. Encompassing some 76,300 square miles (197,600 square km), it includes the Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán and, in the

Sierra Leone: Relief: The Peninsula Mountains rise from the coastal swamps and reach some 2,900 feet (880 metres) at Picket Hill.

Gulf Cooperation Council: …first significant deployment of the Peninsula Shield Force was in 2011 in Bahrain to guard government infrastructure against an uprising there during the Arab Spring protests. Economic coordination included attempts at economic union, though integrative agreements were often lacklustre in comparison with policy coordination. An agreement to launch a single…

Chubut: The Valdés Peninsula, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999, juts into the Atlantic in northeast Chubut province, separating the San José (north) and Nuevo (south) gulfs. San José Gulf was officially decreed a wildlife sanctuary in 1974 in an attempt to protect the…

peninsular, any of the colonial residents of Latin America from the 16th through the early 19th centuries who had been born in Spain. The name refers to the Iberian Peninsula. Among the American-born in Mexico the peninsulars were contemptuously called gachupines (“those with spurs”) and in South

Peninsular Campaign, (April 4–July 1, 1862), in the American Civil War, large-scale but unsuccessful Union effort to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Va., by way of the peninsula formed by the York and the James rivers. Following the engagement between the ironclads Monitor and

India: Inland regions: …Deccan may be termed the peninsular foreland. That large ill-defined area lies between the peninsula proper to the south (roughly demarcated by the Vindhya Range) and the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Great Indian Desert (beyond the Aravalli Range) to the north.

Asia: The Precambrian: …intrusive or tectonic contacts with Peninsular gneiss of similar age. The so-called Sargur schist belts within the Peninsular gneiss may be the oldest suture zones in the Indian subcontinent. In the Angaran platform the older (i.e., more than 3 billion years) gneiss-granulite basement shows a progressive development in time from…

Peninsular Malaysia, region of the 13-state federation of Malaysia. It occupies the southern half of the Malay Peninsula and is separated from East Malaysia (on the island of Borneo) by the South China Sea. Formerly the Federation of Malaya (1948–63), it contains the bulk of Malaysia’s population