pronghorn: …and northern Mexico and the peninsular pronghorn of Baja California remain endangered.

Peninsular War, (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were opposed by British, Spanish, and Portuguese forces. Napoleon’s peninsula struggle contributed considerably to his eventual downfall; but until 1813 the conflict in Spain and Portugal,

penis, the copulatory organ of the male of higher vertebrates that in mammals usually also provides the channel by which urine leaves the body. The corresponding structure in lower invertebrates is often called the cirrus. The human penis is anatomically divided into two continuous areas—the body,

baculum, the penis bone of certain mammals. The baculum is one of several heterotropic skeletal elements—i.e., bones dissociated from the rest of the body skeleton. It is found in all insectivores (e.g., shrews, hedgehogs), bats, rodents, and carnivores and in all primates except humans. Such wide

dress: Male display: …Guinea, where the men wear penis sheaths (usually made from a dried gourd) that may be 15 inches long or in some cases even longer. The purpose is to impress both women and enemies, by showing that the warriors are more virile than their opponents. The competition between warriors has…

dress: Male display: …Guinea, where the men wear penis sheaths (usually made from a dried gourd) that may be 15 inches long or in some cases even longer. The purpose is to impress both women and enemies, by showing that the warriors are more virile than their opponents. The competition between warriors has…

Sigmund Freud: Sexuality and development: …a highly controversial assumption of penis envy in the already castrated female child, proved troublesome for subsequent psychoanalytic theory. Not surprisingly, later analysts of female sexuality have paid more attention to the girl’s relations with the pre-Oedipal mother than to the vicissitudes of the Oedipus complex. Anthropological challenges to the…

body modifications and mutilations: The genitalia: …many adult men wore a penis pin, knobbed on each end and averaging about 1.5 inches (4 cm) long, in a permanent perforation through the glans to increase pleasure in their sexual partners. The Alfur (Sulawesi) inserted pebbles under the skin of the glans for the same purpose.

piddock: The flat-topped piddock (Penitella penita), from the Arctic Ocean to Lower California, bores into hard clay, sandstone, and cement, sometimes damaging man-made structures. Some Penitella and Diplothyra species bore into the shells of other mollusks, particularly oysters and abalone.

yamim noraʾim, in Judaism, the High Holy Days of Rosh Hashana (on Tishri 1 and 2) and Yom Kippur (on Tishri 10), in September or October. Though the Bible does not link these two major festivals, the Talmud does. Consequently, yamim noraʾim is sometimes used to designate the first 10 days of the

Hindu Kush: Climate: …snow hummocks—called nieves penitentes or Büsserschnee (literally, “penitent snow”)—that give the illusion of kneeling human figures, sometimes two or three feet high; especially noticeable in the early morning, they are formed by the alternation of strong sunlight and rapid evaporation during the day and severe cold at night.

penitential book, any of the manuals used in Europe by priests of the Western church, especially during the early Middle Ages, in administering ecclesiastical penance. (The name penance is applied to both a sacramental rite and acts performed in satisfaction for sins.) Penitentials contained (1)

prison, an institution for the confinement of persons who have been remanded (held) in custody by a judicial authority or who have been deprived of their liberty following conviction for a crime. A person found guilty of a felony or a misdemeanour may be required to serve a prison sentence. The

Con Son: Con Son Island, which is 13 miles (21 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide, is well wooded and has an indented coast. It has also been known as Penitentiary Island because it was used for political prisoners.

Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky: In 1965 his journal, The Penkovskiy Papers, was published in the United States, though the book’s authenticity has been questioned by some.

Oleg Vladimirovich Penkovsky was a senior Soviet military intelligence officer who was convicted of spying for the United Kingdom and the United States. He was probably the West’s most valuable double agent during the Cold War. Penkovsky joined the Soviet Red Army in 1937 and served as an artillery

Bhutan: The emergence of Bhutan: …through the appointment of regional penlops (governors of territories) and jungpens (governors of forts). Doopgein Sheptoon exercised both temporal and spiritual authority, but his successor confined himself to only the spiritual role and appointed a minister to exercise the temporal power. The minister became the temporal ruler and acquired the…

climate: Evaporation and humidity: …fact, according to the well-known Penman calculation of evaporation (an equation that considers potential evaporation as a function of humidity, wind speed, radiation, and temperature), this loss of water is essentially determined by the net radiation balance during the day.

Arthur Penn: Films of the 1980s and later work: Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989), a marriage of black humour and violence, became a cult favourite with fans of the subversive comedian-magicians of the title.

Arthur Penn: Films of the 1980s and later work: …the subversive comedian-magicians of the title.

Philadelphia: The city layout: Kennedy Boulevard is Penn Center, and the long stretch of Broad Street, north and south of Penn Square, has been called the Avenue of the Arts because of its numerous cultural attractions. The multilevel complex comprises high-rise offices and hotels, with interior courts and malls and underground walkways…

New York Central Railroad Company, one of the major American railroads that connected the East Coast with the interior. Founded in 1853, it was a consolidation of 10 small railroads that paralleled the Erie Canal between Albany and Buffalo; the earliest was the Mohawk and Hudson, New York state’s

Pennsylvania Railroad Company, largest of the trunkline railroads that connected the East Coast of the United States with the interior. It was chartered in 1846 by the Pennsylvania legislature to build a line between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. Its first passenger train ran in 1848 between

New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company: It was absorbed by the Penn Central Transportation Company in 1969.

Laura Matilda Towne: …friend Ellen Murray established the Penn School, one of the earliest freedmen’s schools, and laid down a rigorous curriculum patterned on the tradition of New England schools. It was for decades the only secondary school available to the African American population of the Sea Islands. From 1870 teacher-training courses were…

Laura Matilda Towne: …friend Ellen Murray established the Penn School, one of the earliest freedmen’s schools, and laid down a rigorous curriculum patterned on the tradition of New England schools. It was for decades the only secondary school available to the African American population of the Sea Islands. From 1870 teacher-training courses were…

Penn Square, site in Philadelphia that is the location of the City Hall of Philadelphia and is the centre of the gridiron of streets provided for in William Penn’s original plans for the city, which called the site Center Square. Penn Square is at the intersection of Broad and Market streets.

Arthur Penn was an American motion-picture, television, and theater director whose films were noted for their critical examination of the darker undercurrents of American society. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) A child of divorce, Penn spent the early years of his

Arthur Penn was an American motion-picture, television, and theater director whose films were noted for their critical examination of the darker undercurrents of American society. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) A child of divorce, Penn spent the early years of his

Irving Penn was an American photographer noted for his sophisticated fashion images and incisive portraits. Penn, the brother of the motion-picture director Arthur Penn, initially intended to become a painter, but at age 26 he took a job designing photographic covers for the fashion magazine Vogue.

Sean Penn is an American film actor and director known for his versatility and intense performances. The son of show-business parents, Penn chose to forgo college and instead joined the Los Angeles Repertory Theater. After a few television appearances, including a role in an episode of Barnaby

Sean Penn is an American film actor and director known for his versatility and intense performances. The son of show-business parents, Penn chose to forgo college and instead joined the Los Angeles Repertory Theater. After a few television appearances, including a role in an episode of Barnaby

Sir William Penn was a British admiral and father of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. In his youth Penn served at sea, and in the English Civil Wars he fought for Parliament, being appointed rear admiral of the Irish seas in 1647. He was arrested in 1648 on suspicion of corresponding with

Walking Purchase: William Penn’s son Thomas Penn (1702–75), who was proprietor of Pennsylvania in 1737, hired the three fastest walkers in the colony and offered a large prize to the one who could cover the most land. The winner, running on a carefully cleared path, crossed more than twice the…

William Penn was an English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the American Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and other religious minorities of Europe. William was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn. He acquired the foundations of a

Sandro Penna was an Italian poet who celebrated homosexual love, particularly pederasty, with lyrical elegance. Usually written in the form of epigrams, his moody poems often feature the tranquil, homoerotic imagery of young boys at play. In 1925 Penna graduated from the Technical Institute of

Pennacook, Algonquian-speaking North American Indians whose villages were located in what are now southern and central New Hampshire, northeastern Massachusetts, and southern Maine. The Pennacook economy depended on hunting, fishing, and the cultivation of corn (maize). They were semisedentary,

diatom: … have radial markings; the elongated Pennales, which move with a gliding motion, have pinnate (featherlike) markings.

Luzerne: … was the scene of the Pennamite-Yankee Wars (1769–84), a protracted struggle for land between colonists from Pennsylvania and Connecticut. During the American Revolution British and Indian forces slaughtered 360 settlers gathered at Forty Fort in the Wyoming Massacre (July 3, 1778). Located near Hazleton, the Eckley Miners’ Village is a…

flag: Forms and functions: …known as a pendant, or pennant) was a long tapering flag, 60 to 18 feet (18 to 5.5 metres) long and about 24 feet (7 metres) broad at the hoist, ending in two points. Because of its great length, almost its only use was at sea. In the 15th century…

butterflyfish: …its dorsal fin; and the pennant coralfish, or feather-fin bull fish (Heniochus acuminatus), a black-and-white striped Indo-Pacific species with a very long spine in its dorsal fin.

fisher, (Martes pennanti), North American carnivore of northern forests (taiga), trapped for its valuable brownish black fur (especially fine in the female). It is a member of the weasel family (Mustelidae). The fisher has a weasel-like body, bushy tail, tapered muzzle, and low rounded ears. Adults

Thomas Pennant was a Welsh naturalist and traveler, one of the foremost zoologists of his time. Pennant was a landowner of independent means. His books were valued for their highly readable treatment of the existing knowledge of natural history. His volume on British Zoology (1766) stimulated

nightjar: The pennant-winged nightjar (Semeiophorus vexillarius) of Africa gets its name from its boldly patterned black and white wing, which has greatly lengthened innermost primary flight feathers (50 to 70 cm [20 to 28 inches]).

Apiales: Other families: Pennantia is the only genus in Pennantiaceae, with four species native to northeastern Australia, Norfolk Island, and New Zealand. Griselinia is the only genus in Griseliniaceae; its six species occur in New Zealand and southern South America. Torricelliaceae has three genera: Torricellia, with three species…

Apiales: Other families: …smaller families in Apiales are Pennantiaceae, Griseliniaceae, Torricelliaceae, and Myodocarpaceae, which are woody species with separate male and female plants; their flowers are clustered at the ends of branches, and their fruits are single-seeded. Pennantia is the only genus in Pennantiaceae, with four species native to northeastern Australia, Norfolk Island,…

diatom: … have radial markings; the elongated Pennales, which move with a gliding motion, have pinnate (featherlike) markings.

muscle: Muscles that work skeletons: …shoulder is said to be pennate; relatively short fibres attach diagonally onto a tendon that penetrates far into the muscle. The ankle muscles shown in Figure 4B are pennate muscles, but most of the hamstring muscles (at the back of the thigh) are parallel. The adductor muscles of the shells…

sea pen, any of the 300 species of the order Pennatulacea, colonial invertebrate marine animals of the class Anthozoa (phylum Cnidaria). The name sea pen derives from their resemblance to quill pens. They occur in shallow and deep waters from polar seas to the tropics. The central stalk of the

John Pennel was an American pole-vaulter who was the first to jump more than 5.18 m (17 feet) and was a world-record holder (1963, 1966, 1969). Pennel competed for Northeast Louisiana State College (later Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe) from 1959 through 1963. His 1963 world record was set

Joseph Pennell: …collaboration with his wife, author Elizabeth Robins Pennell. In London his friends included many of the most notable creative figures of the day, including the writers George Bernard Shaw and Robert Louis Stevenson and the painters John Singer Sargent and James McNeill Whistler.

Joseph Pennell was an American etcher, lithographer, and writer who was one of the major book illustrators of his time. After attending the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, Pennell found work etching historic landmarks and illustrating travel articles and books for American

copepod: The largest species, Pennella balaenopterae, which is parasitic on the fin whale, grows to a length of 32 cm (about 13 inches). Males of Sphaeronellopsis monothrix, a parasite of marine ostracods, are among the smallest copepods, attaining lengths of only 0.11 mm.

Penneru River, river of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states, southern India. It has a total length of about 350 miles (560 km). The Penneru rises in an upland region on the Deccan plateau, 7 miles (11 km) west-southwest of Chik Ballapur in southeastern Karnataka. It flows north into Andhra Pradesh

Penneru River, river of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states, southern India. It has a total length of about 350 miles (560 km). The Penneru rises in an upland region on the Deccan plateau, 7 miles (11 km) west-southwest of Chik Ballapur in southeastern Karnataka. It flows north into Andhra Pradesh

William Penney, Baron Penney was a British nuclear physicist who led Britain’s development of the atomic bomb. Penney studied physics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology of the University of London (B.S. 1929, Ph.D. 1931) and at the University of Cambridge (Ph.D. 1935). He taught at

J.C. Penney was a merchant who established one of the largest chains of department stores in the United States. Penney’s first job was clerking in a general store for a salary of $2.27 per month. For medical reasons he moved to Colorado in 1897 and was soon hired by local dry-goods merchants Guy

J.C. Penney was a merchant who established one of the largest chains of department stores in the United States. Penney’s first job was clerking in a general store for a salary of $2.27 per month. For medical reasons he moved to Colorado in 1897 and was soon hired by local dry-goods merchants Guy

nuclear weapon: Atomic weapons: William Penney, a member of the British team at Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S., during the war, was placed in charge of fabricating and testing the bomb, which was to be of a plutonium type similar to the one dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. That Britain…

William Penney, Baron Penney was a British nuclear physicist who led Britain’s development of the atomic bomb. Penney studied physics at the Imperial College of Science and Technology of the University of London (B.S. 1929, Ph.D. 1931) and at the University of Cambridge (Ph.D. 1935). He taught at

Arlington Central School District Board of Education v. Murphy: Majority and dissenting opinions: …Supreme Court’s earlier ruling in Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman (1981). The recovery provision of the IDEA, however, “does not even hint that acceptance of IDEA funds makes a State responsible for reimbursing prevailing parents for services rendered by experts.” Moreover, the court pointed out that, although the…

Norman Z. McLeod: Middle years: …to Columbia, where he made Pennies from Heaven, a sentimental musical that was memorable largely for its Oscar-nominated song and the musical skills of Louis Armstrong. Mind Your Own Business (1936), another Ruggles showcase, concluded McLeod’s Paramount career on a relatively low note.

Herbert Ross: Films of the 1980s: Pennies from Heaven (1981), an ambitious adaptation of Dennis Potter’s acclaimed British Broadcasting Corporation series, was celebrated by many critics but failed to connect with audiences. Steve Martin was daringly cast against type as the desperately unhappy sheet-music salesman whose fantasies—envisioned as glorious musical numbers…

Little Richard was a flamboyant American singer and pianist whose hit songs of the mid-1950s were defining moments in the development of rock and roll. Born into a family of 12 children, Penniman learned gospel music in Pentecostal churches of the Deep South. As a teenager, he left home to perform

explosive: Ammonium nitrate: Penniman, an American, found a solution to the problem by coating the ammonium nitrate with a small percentage of paraffin, or some similar substance, prior to use. With this development a series of ammonia dynamites soon became popular. Coating was discontinued when other, safer means…

Pennine Alps, segment of the central Alps along the Italian-Swiss border, bounded by the Great St. Bernard Pass and the Mont Blanc group (southwest), by the Upper Rhône Valley (north), by Simplon Pass and the Lepontine Alps (northeast), and by the Dora Baltea River valley (south). The highest point

Pennines: The Pennine Way, a footpath running along the hills of the Pennines from end to end for 250 miles (400 km), was opened in 1965.

Pennines, major upland mass forming a relief “backbone,” or “spine,” in the north of England, extending southward from Northumberland into Derbyshire. The uplands have a short, steep western slope and dip gently eastward. They are surrounded on the east, west, and south by the Vale of York, the

Hans Georg Dehmelt: …for his development of the Penning trap, an electromagnetic device that can hold small numbers of ions (electrically charged atoms) and electrons for periods of time long enough to allow their properties to be studied with unprecedented accuracy.

Pennisetum, genus of the grass family (Poaceae), containing about 80 species of annual and perennial plants native to tropical and subtropical areas. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P.

Pennisetum: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

weed: Biological control: Kikuyu grass, which was introduced into California to prevent soil erosion on hillsides and roadways, soon spread into orchards, turf, and crop areas, where it became a serious weed.

Pennisetum: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), an annual species, is cultivated in tropical areas for its edible grain. Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

Africa: Lowland rainforest: Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) can grow abundantly in areas where the vegetation has been disturbed, providing good fodder for grazing animals when young but quickly becoming rank, coarse, and a refuge for insects. Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) is a troublesome grass on depleted and fire-seared…

Pennisetum: Several varieties of feathertop (P. villosum), native to Ethiopia, are cultivated as ornamentals for their arching form and feathery coloured flower clusters.

flag: Forms and functions: The pennon, a small triangular flag, was carried by each knight on his lance. One purpose of the pennon was to obviate accidents in much the same way as does a red flag tied to a long pole or rod that extends beyond the tailboard of…

Pere Ubu: …Ray Gun Suitcase (1995) and Pennsylvania (1998) were viewed by many as worthy additions to the band’s critically acclaimed oeuvre. Later albums included St. Arkansas (2002); Long Live Père Ubu! (2009), from Thomas’s musical adaptation of Ubu roi, with the actress Sarah Jane Morris singing the part of Mère Ubu;…

Pennsylvania, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the original 13 American colonies. The state is approximately rectangular in shape and stretches about 300 miles (480 km) from east to west and 150 miles (240 km) from north to south. It is bounded to the north by Lake Erie and

warship: Armament: …shell guns in the three-decker Pennsylvania, along with 104 32-pounder solid-shot guns. The British made similar installations. There was good reason for navies to proceed cautiously, as the production of shell guns at first encountered many manufacturing problems. (Indeed, in a gala demonstration of the 12-inch shell guns on the…

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest art academy and museum in the United States, founded 1805. Specializing in American painting and sculpture of the 18th to the 20th century, the Academy’s Art Museum was built between 1872 and 1876 according to

Akron: … in 1827 and of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal in 1840, linking it with Pittsburgh. Waterpower and transportation supplied by these canals led to Akron’s early development as an industrial centre. The abundant water supply and the arrival of the railroads prompted Benjamin F. Goodrich to move a small rubber…

Pennsylvania Avenue, major thoroughfare of Washington, D.C. It runs for 7 miles (11 km) in a northwesterly direction from the District of Columbia–Maryland line over the Anacostia River (John Philip Sousa Bridge) and through Washington’s well-known central section lined with government buildings

property law: Constitutional limitations on government regulation of property: …are basically the facts of Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon [1922].)

Gettysburg College, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. Though it is affiliated with the Lutheran church, the college maintains a policy of nonsectarian instruction. The college offers a liberal arts curriculum and awards bachelor’s degrees only.

Western architecture: Colonial architecture in North America: (4) The Pennsylvania colonial style was late in origin (the colony was not founded until 1681) and rapidly developed into a sophisticated Georgian mode, based on English precedents. A local variant, often called Pennsylvania Dutch, evolved in the southeastern counties where Germans settled in large numbers after…

Pennsylvania German, 17th- and 18th-century German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania and their descendants. Emigrating from southern Germany (Palatinate, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.) and Switzerland, they settled primarily in the southeastern section of Pennsylvania, where they practiced any of several

Pennsylvania: Early years as a state: The Pennsylvania Emancipation Act of 1781 had pledged the gradual abolition of slavery in the state. The southern boundary of Pennsylvania, ratified in 1769, was the Mason and Dixon Line, which became the dividing line between the slave and the free states before the American Civil…

Franklin stove, type of wood-burning stove, invented by Benjamin Franklin (c. 1740), that was used to warm frontier dwellings, farmhouses, and urban homes for more than 200 years. See

Benjamin Franklin: Achievements and inventions of Benjamin Franklin: Other moneymaking ventures included the Pennsylvania Gazette, published by Franklin from 1729 and generally acknowledged as among the best of the colonial newspapers, and Poor Richard’s almanac, printed annually from 1732 to 1757. Despite some failures, Franklin prospered. Indeed, he made enough to lend money with interest and to invest…

Pennsylvania German, 17th- and 18th-century German-speaking settlers in Pennsylvania and their descendants. Emigrating from southern Germany (Palatinate, Bavaria, Saxony, etc.) and Switzerland, they settled primarily in the southeastern section of Pennsylvania, where they practiced any of several

hospital: History of hospitals: …hospital in America was the Pennsylvania Hospital, in Philadelphia, which obtained a charter from the crown in 1751.

Whiskey Rebellion, (1794), in American history, uprising that afforded the new U.S. government its first opportunity to establish federal authority by military means within state boundaries, as officials moved into western Pennsylvania to quell an uprising of settlers rebelling against the liquor

Widener University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. It comprises schools of arts and sciences; law; education, innovation, and continuing studies; hospitality management; human service professions; engineering; nursing; and business

Widener University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Chester, Pennsylvania, U.S. It comprises schools of arts and sciences; law; education, innovation, and continuing studies; hospitality management; human service professions; engineering; nursing; and business

Philadelphia Museum of Art (PMA), art museum of international renown located in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Its collection of approximately 240,000 objects spans all of art history and is particularly strong in American, European (medieval to the present), and Asian art. Also included under the

Pennsylvania Railroad Company, largest of the trunkline railroads that connected the East Coast of the United States with the interior. It was chartered in 1846 by the Pennsylvania legislature to build a line between Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. Its first passenger train ran in 1848 between

Pennsylvania State University, coeducational state-supported system of higher education in Pennsylvania, U.S. The main campus, at University Park, is the system’s largest branch and is the focus of its graduate and four-year undergraduate education. The system also includes the four-year school

Pennsylvania State University, coeducational state-supported system of higher education in Pennsylvania, U.S. The main campus, at University Park, is the system’s largest branch and is the focus of its graduate and four-year undergraduate education. The system also includes the four-year school

Western architecture: United States: …New York City (1894–98), and Pennsylvania Station, New York City (1902–11; demolished in 1963); the last is a mighty adaptation of the Baths of Caracalla and a reminder that the Roman baths exercised a powerful influence on the imagination of architects from at least the time of Donato Bramante.

The Pennsylvania Study, educational study conducted between 1925 and 1938 that intended to shift the definition of academic progress from the passing of time (the Carnegie unit as “the package method of academic advancement”) to a student’s demonstration of knowledge as ascertained by innovative