Gottfried Keller: …Die Leute von Seldwyla (1856–74; The People of Seldwyla) and Sieben Legenden (1872; Seven Legends). His last novel, Martin Salander (1886), deals with political life in Switzerland in his time.

Silesia: …Śląska) in 1990 and the Union of People of Silesian Nationality (Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej) in 1996. Central to the controversial assertion of Silesian nationality were conflicting linguistic interpretations: some scholars (and Silesian nationalists) argued that Silesian was a language unto itself, while other scholars (and the Polish government) classified…

Australian literature: Aboriginal narrative: the oral tradition: …Tales (1896) or Alan Marshall’s People of the Dreamtime (1952), where the stories are reshaped to meet European notions of narrative design and structure.

Ahl al-Bayt, designation in Islam for the holy family of the Prophet Muhammad, particularly his daughter Fāṭimah, her husband ʿAlī (who was also Muhammad’s cousin), their sons al-Ḥusayn and Ḥasan, and their descendants. The Shiʿah closely identify this family with the imams, whom they regard as the

Richard Leakey: …Roger Lewin, Origins (1977) and People of the Lake (1978), Leakey presented his view that, some 3 million years ago, three hominin forms coexisted: Homo habilis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus boisei. He argued that the two australopith forms eventually died out and that H. habilis evolved into Homo erectus, the…

Gyula Illyés: …major novel, Puszták népe (1936; People of the Puszta), describes the misery suffered by the Hungarian peasantry. During the German occupation of Hungary (1944–45), Illyés went underground.

Linda Hogan: … (1990), Solar Storms (1995), and People of the Whale (2008)—address ecological issues and the dispossession of Native Americans. Hogan also wrote the essay collection Dwellings: A Spiritual History of the Living World (1995) and the memoir The Woman Who Watches Over the World (2001).

Ahl-e Ḥaqq, (Arabic: “People of Truth,” or “People of God”), a secret, syncretistic religion, derived largely from Islām, whose adherents are found in western Iran, with enclaves in Iraq. They retain the 12 imams of the Ithnā ʿAsharīyah sect and such aspects of Islāmic mysticism as the communal

Thailand: Thaksin Shinawatra: …backing the ousted prime minister—the People Power Party (PPP)—clearly won the most seats in parliament, which effectively amounted to a popular rejection of the coup. The head of the PPP, Samak Sundaravej, became prime minister.

soft skills, nontechnical and non-industry-specific skills applicable to a wide range of tasks across many roles and professions, including interpersonal skills or “people skills” that enable individuals to work effectively in groups and organizations. Examples of soft skills include critical

Jesse Jackson: …resigned in 1971 and founded Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity), a Chicago-based organization in which he advocated Black self-help and achieved a broad audience for his liberal views. In 1984 he established the National Rainbow Coalition, which sought equal rights for African Americans, women, and homosexuals. These two…

Cuba Gooding, Jr.: … in the acclaimed TV series The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story (2016). He later cowrote, directed, and starred in Bayou Caviar (2018). In the romantic drama Life in a Year (2020), Gooding played a father whose son wants to be a rapper.

Miloš Forman: …Forman returned to form with The People vs. Larry Flynt, a biopic of the pornographic magazine publisher whose legal battles provoked debates about freedom of speech. The dramedy featured strong performances, notably by Woody Harrelson in an Oscar-nominated turn as the controversial Flynt, Courtney Love as Flynt’s wife, and Edward…

Wilfrid Sheed: …hypocrisy of a candidate in People Will Always Be Kind (1973).

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Films of the 1950s: …that time he worked on People Will Talk (1951), which featured Cary Grant as a liberal medical professor who falls in love with an unmarried pregnant student (Crain). The World War II thriller 5 Fingers (1952) featured a notable performance by James Mason as a British ambassador’s valet who sells…

Singapore: The political process: …the People’s Action Party (PAP). The PAP’s ability to maintain its control largely has been attributable to Singapore’s rapid economic growth and improved social welfare. In addition, the PAP often has suppressed and co-opted domestic opposition—notably through internal-security laws that allow political dissidents to be held indefinitely without trial—and…

Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga: …1993 formed the leftist coalition People’s Alliance.

Malaysia: Malaysia in the 21st century: …coalition of opposition parties—called the People’s Alliance (Pakatan Rakyat; PR)—that gained more than one-third of the seats in Malaysia’s lower house of parliament, even though he still could not run for office. Anwar officially returned to politics later that year, and in October he won a solid victory in a…

Thailand: Thaksin Shinawatra: …led by the urban-based opposition People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD)—who came to be known as the “yellow shirts” for the colour they wore during demonstrations—and grew steadily in size. Because Thaksin had lost the loyalty of many ranking military officers, he was unable to order that force be used to…

Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson: He joined the leftist People’s Alliance Party and served as party chairman from 1987 until 1995, when he resigned to run for president. Grímsson was first elected to the Althingi (parliament) in 1978 and served off and on until 1995, including one stint (1988–91) as minister of finance. As…

20th-century international relations: Cold War assumptions and the quagmire: …units, and units of the People’s Army of North Vietnam (PAVN) entering the South along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. U.S. Special Forces tried to counter Communist control of the countryside with a “strategic hamlet” program, a tactic used with success by the British in Malaya. Diem instituted a policy…

Myanmar: Administrative framework: …power rested with the unicameral People’s Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw), a 485-member popularly elected body that exercised legislative, executive, and judicial authority. The Council of State, which consisted of 29 members (one representative elected from each of the country’s 14 states and divisions, 14 members elected by the People’s Assembly as…

Egypt: Constitutional framework: …to the legislative body, the House of Representatives.The president has the right to grant amnesty and reduce sentences and the power to appoint civil and military officials and to dismiss them in a manner prescribed by the law. The president is the supreme commander of the armed forces but can…

Sarekat Islām: …latter group set up the Sarekat Islām Merah (Red Islāmic Association), which later changed its name to the Sarekat Rakjat (People’s Association), to serve as the mass organization of the PKI. The split severely undermined the Sarekat Islām, which eventually declined into a secondary party.

National Awakening Party, moderate Islamic political party in Indonesia. The PKB was formed in 1998 by Abdurrahman Wahid—a Muslim cleric and head of the Council of Scholars (Nahdlatul-ʿUlama), the country’s largest Muslim organization— and his supporters. Its opposition to an Islamic government,

China: Finance: …and financial control are the People’s Bank of China and the Ministry of Finance, both subject to the authority of the State Council. The People’s Bank, which replaced the Central Bank of China in 1950 and gradually took over private banks, fulfills many of the functions of Western central and…

David Lloyd George: Early life: …George framed the famous “People’s Budget” of 1909, calling for taxes upon unearned increment on the sale of land and on land values, higher death duties, and a supertax on incomes above £3,000. Moreover, it seemed for a time that the House of Lords’ veto on progressive legislation would…

Russia: Political process: In 2005 a People’s Chamber was established to serve as an advisory board for Russia’s civil society. A Soviet-style amalgam of officials (President Putin supervised the confirmation of the initial members), it added additional support for the presidency.

Germany: Formation of the German Democratic Republic: …a so-called election for a People’s Congress was held in the Soviet occupation zone in May 1949. But instead of choosing among candidates, voters were allowed only the choice of approving or rejecting—usually in less-than-secret circumstances—“unity lists” of candidates drawn from all parties, as well as representatives of mass organizations…

Chartism: …parliamentary reform named after the People’s Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, vote by ballot, annually elected Parliaments, payment of members of Parliament, and abolition of the property qualifications for membership. Chartism was…

two-step flow model of communication: …Hazel Gaudet in the book The People’s Choice, after research into voters’ decision-making processes during the 1940 U.S. presidential election. It stipulates that mass media content first reaches “opinion leaders,” people who are active media users and who collect, interpret, and diffuse the meaning of media messages to less-active media…

NKVD, Soviet secret police agency, a forerunner of the KGB

Friedrich Ebert: Calling itself the Council of People’s Representatives, the government derived its authority from the Workers and Soldiers Council, which claimed to speak for Germany and the German Republic but in truth had been elected rather arbitrarily by the factories and regiments of Berlin alone. Ebert was determined to…

Soviet Union: Into the war: 1940–45: …1941, became chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, in addition to his general secretaryship of the Central Committee) concluded that a Nazi invasion might be avoided; he felt that in any case an invasion would certainly not be possible in 1941. In spite of intelligence from all quarters that…

commune, type of large rural organization introduced in China in 1958. Communes began as amalgamations of collective farms; but, in contrast to the collectives, which had been engaged exclusively in agricultural activities, the communes were to become multipurpose organizations for the direction of

China: Constitutional framework: …in the hands of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee. The State Council and its Standing Committee, by contrast, are made responsible for executing rather than enacting the laws. This basic division of power is also specified for each of the territorial divisions—province, county, and so forth—with the…

Germany: Formation of the German Democratic Republic: …a so-called election for a People’s Congress was held in the Soviet occupation zone in May 1949. But instead of choosing among candidates, voters were allowed only the choice of approving or rejecting—usually in less-than-secret circumstances—“unity lists” of candidates drawn from all parties, as well as representatives of mass organizations…

China: Finance: …important financial institutions include the China Construction Bank (formerly People’s Construction Bank of China), responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing capital funds for certain industrial and construction enterprises; the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which conducts ordinary commercial transactions and acts as a savings…

Indonesia: Constitutional framework: …every five years by the People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat; MPR), but in that year a new law decreed that beginning in 2004 both leaders were to be directly elected. In addition, legislation passed in 1999 limited the president to two five-year terms.

Volksraad, advisory body created by the Dutch in the East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1917 and opened in May 1918. It served as a forum for the expression of grievances but lacked the power to pursue genuine reform. The council consisted of both elected and appointed members. The elected members were

Turkmenistan: Constitutional framework: A People’s Council (Khalk Maslahaty)—made up of the president, members of the parliament, regional representatives, chairmen of the high courts, the cabinet, and other officials—had the authority to call national referenda, plan economic and social policy, and declare war. Despite having significant de jure powers, this council largely…

Joseph Wapner: The People’s Court was an almost immediate hit. Wapner was seen as both tough and fair. He required litigants to be prepared, and he did not permit interruptions. In a case in which a litigant had bought three high-end designer watches that proved to be…

Daily Worker, newspaper that, under a variety of names, has generally reflected the views of the Communist Party of the United States. The Daily Worker, its origins traceable to the 1920s, was variously the organ and the “semiofficial” voice of the party, and its readers across the middle of the

People’s Democratic Party (PDP), Nigerian political party founded in August 1998 by members of numerous groups and organizations, including the groups known as G-18 and G-34. The party, which has a broad political base, supports economic deregulation, human rights, and greater funding for health

Kyrgyzstan: Political process: …CPK transformed itself into the People’s Democratic Party during the Soviet Union’s collapse and declined in influence after Kyrgyzstan, in contested elections in 1989, had gained its first democratically elected president, Askar Akayev, a former university professor and computer scientist. Informal political groups such as Ashar (“Solidarity”) helped to open…

Afghanistan: Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933–73): …such group was the Marxist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), the major leftist organization in the country. Founded in 1965, the party soon split into two factions, known as the People’s (Khalq) and Banner (Parcham) parties. Another was a conservative religious organization known as the Islamic Society (Jamʿiyyat-e Eslāmī),…

Algeria, large, predominantly Muslim country of North Africa. From the Mediterranean coast, along which most of its people live, Algeria extends southward deep into the heart of the Sahara, a forbidding desert where Earth’s hottest surface temperatures have been recorded and which constitutes more

Yemen: Two Yemeni states: …Aden renamed the country the People’s Republic of South Yemen. Short of resources and unable to obtain any significant amounts of aid, either from the Western states or from those in the Arab world, it began to drift toward the Soviet Union, which eagerly provided economic and technical assistance in…

Russia: Government and society: In 1988 the Soviet Congress of People’s Deputies was created, and a Congress of People’s Deputies was established in each republic. For the first time, elections to these bodies presented voters with a choice of candidates, including noncommunists, though the Communist Party continued to dominate the system.

public diplomacy, any of various government-sponsored efforts aimed at communicating directly with foreign publics. Public diplomacy includes all official efforts to convince targeted sectors of foreign opinion to support or tolerate a government’-s strategic objectives. Methods include statements

Narodnaya Volya, 19th-century Russian revolutionary organization that regarded terrorist activities as the best means of forcing political reform and overthrowing the tsarist autocracy. Narodnaya Volya was organized in 1879 by members of the revolutionary Populist party, Zemlya i Volya (“Land and

Kadet, a Russian political party advocating a radical change in Russian government toward a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain’s. It was founded in October 1905 by the Union of Liberation and other liberals associated with the zemstvos, local councils that often were centres of liberal

Beijing: Health: People’s Friendship Hospital, a gift of the Soviet Union at the peak of Sino-Soviet friendship in the 1950s, is located in the Tianqiao neighbourhood in the outer city. Until 1960 the Soviet staff not only treated patients but also gave advanced training to Chinese medical…

Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an independent Eritrean nation out of the northernmost province of Ethiopia in 1993. The historical region of Eritrea had joined Ethiopia as an autonomous unit in 1952. The Eritrean

Henan: Constitutional framework: …replaced in 1980 by the People’s Government, which is the administrative arm of the People’s Congress. The People’s Congress, acting largely through its Standing Committee, is an organ of the state, and its powers include enacting legislation, implementing state policies, and approving provincial economic plans and budgets. Its members are…

Latin American art: Populist art and the Mexican mural renaissance: …the Mexican muralist renaissance, the Taller de Gráfica Popular (People’s Graphics Workshop) was founded in 1937 in Mexico City, with Leopoldo Méndez as its leading artist. The group used simple carving techniques—such as woodcuts and lithography—to create spontaneously rendered designs. The Taller provided a collective work centre and also taught…

Mongolia: Constitutional framework: …national assembly was renamed the People’s Great Khural, and its structure and activity were brought closer to those of the Supreme Soviet model in the Soviet Union.

Schutzbund: …was also descended from the People’s Guard of 1918, a Social Democratic weapon against the Communists; it considered as its main objective the protection of a social reform program hated by Austria’s conservative bourgeois parties.

adult education: Adult-education agencies and institutions: …“workers’ academies” in Finland, “people’s high schools” in Germany and Austria, “adult education centres” in Great Britain, and “people’s universities” in The Netherlands, Italy, and Switzerland. The distinguishing characteristics of these institutions are that they are independent of the general education authorities, at least

Per Albin Hansson: …realization of the folkhem (“people’s home”), the concept of the role of government that Hansson put forward at the opening of the Social Democratic congress in 1928.

Germany: Government and audience support: …the People’s Independent Theatre (Theater der Freien Volksbühne), dating from 1890 in Berlin. Going to the theatre or opera in Germany is nearly as affordable and as unremarkable as attending the cinema is elsewhere. The same is also true of concert music. Every major city has at least one…

Vietnam War: The Diem regime and the Viet Cong: …of the Viet Cong’s so-called People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF). At the base of the PLAF were village guerrilla units, made up of part-time combatants who lived at home and worked at their regular occupations during the day. Their function was to persuade or intimidate their neighbours into supporting the…

People’s Liberation Army, Unified organization of China’s land, sea, and air forces. It is one of the largest military forces in the world. The People’s Liberation Army traces its roots to the 1927 Nanchang Uprising of the communists against the Nationalists. Initially called the Red Army, it grew

Partisan: …recruits to designate themselves the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), with elite Proletarian Brigades selected for their fighting abilities, ideological commitment, and all-Yugoslav character. In November 1942 Tito demonstrated the strength of his movement by convening the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia, which eventually became a provisional government.

Namibia: The road to Namibia: …largely of units of SWAPO’s People’s Liberation Army of Namibia [PLAN] under Angolan command). By June South Africa had to negotiate a total withdrawal from Angola to avoid a military disaster, and by the end of December it had negotiated a UN-supervised transition to elections, a new constitution, and independence…

Sri Lanka: Independent Ceylon (1948–71): …discontent was mobilized by the People’s Liberation Front (Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna; JVP), a group of revolutionary youth who launched an unsuccessful armed rebellion in 1971.

Montserrat: History of Montserrat: …election of November 1978, the People’s Liberation Movement (PLM) won all seven seats to the Legislative Council. The party retained its control in 1983, but the opposition gained strength in the 1987 election. The PLM leadership favoured eventual independence after first achieving greater economic self-sufficiency. However, many merchants and other…

Maldives: Constitutional framework: The unicameral legislature, called the People’s Majlis, meets at least three times per year. Its members are elected to five-year terms from Male island and from each of the 20 atoll groups into which the country is divided for administrative purposes. The number of representatives from each administrative division is…

Anna Hazare: He established the People’s Movement Against Corruption, which found evidence that a large number of forestry officials had been bilking the state government. The government, however, proved reluctant to punish those involved. In protest, Hazare began a hunger strike that, together with other forms of activism, spurred the…

Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo: …as general secretary of the People’s Movement for Freedom and Justice (PMFJ), a group that opposed the plans of the military government in place at the time. In 1992 he joined the nascent NPP and served as a member of Parliament under the party’s banner for three terms (1996–2008). Under…

Burkina Faso: Independence of Burkina Faso: His party, the People’s Movement for Progress (Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès; MPP), won the most seats in the National Assembly but did not take an absolute majority.

Guyana: Political process: The People’s National Congress (PNC), which initially identified with the urban Afro-Guyanese populace, essentially established a one-party state under the direction of its first leader, Forbes Burnham, who served as prime minister during 1964–80 and president during 1980–85. The PNC won power in an election marked…

Eric Williams: …(1962–81), who founded (1956) the People’s National Movement (PNM) and led his country to independence.

Jamaica: Political process: …Labour Party (JLP) and the People’s National Party (PNP), and between them they have dominated legislative elections since the country’s independence, to the virtual exclusion of any third party. The adversarial nature of Jamaican politics conceals broad agreement on constitutionalism, public education, and social welfare. The PNP, founded in 1938…

Sir Albert Margai: …following year he founded the People’s National Party with Siaka Stevens. Margai was reconciled with his brother in 1960 and was made minister of finance. After Sir Milton died, Margai succeeded him as prime minister in 1964 and was knighted in 1965. His focus on a one-party state with an…

Sir Walter Besant: …became a reality when the People’s Palace was founded (1887) in Mile End Road, London, in an attempt to provide education and recreation to the slum dwellers of the area; Besant cooperated in its establishment. His book Children of Gibeon (1886) also described slum life.

National Party (NP), South African political party, founded in 1914, which ruled the country from 1948 to 1994. Its following included most of the Dutch-descended Afrikaners and many English-speaking whites. The National Party was long dedicated to policies of apartheid and white supremacy, but by

history of Europe: The lottery in Weimar: …42 seats, and the new People’s Party, with 21. On the left, the Independent Socialists had 22 seats.

Turkey: Government: …own party, which became the Republican People’s Party (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi; CHP), dominated all assemblies until 1950; in this period the assemblies included a heavy preponderance of urban professional men and of officials with a university education. With an outlook different from that of the illiterate Turkish peasants, they carried…

flag of Seychelles: …under the leadership of the Seychelles People’s United Party (SPUP). The new flag had red-over-green horizontal stripes separated by a wavy white band, which was the same as the SPUP flag except for the omission of a yellow sun in the centre.

Austria: Political process: The center-right Austrian People’s Party (Österreichische Volkspartei; ÖVP), which describes itself as a “progressive center party,” is the successor of the Christian Social Party founded in the 1890s. A Christian Democratic party, it is a member of the European Union of Christian Democrats and represents a combination…

APRA, political party founded by Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre (1924), which dominated Peruvian politics for decades. Largely synonymous with the so-called Aprista movement, it was dedicated to Latin American unity, the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises, and an end to the exploitation of

Republican Party, in the United States, one of the two major political parties, the other being the Democratic Party. During the 19th century the Republican Party stood against the extension of slavery to the country’s new territories and, ultimately, for slavery’s complete abolition. During the

Afghanistan: Mohammad Zahir Shah (1933–73): …two factions, known as the People’s (Khalq) and Banner (Parcham) parties. Another was a conservative religious organization known as the Islamic Society (Jamʿiyyat-e Eslāmī), which was founded by a number of religiously minded individuals, including members of the University of Kabul faculty of religion, in 1971. The Islamists were highly…

Sweden: Political process: …Party), the Centre Party, the Liberal Party, and the Green Party—and two socialist parties—the Swedish Social Democratic Workers’ Party (SAP; commonly called the Social Democratic Labour Party) and the Left Party (former Communist Party). The SAP is closely allied with the trade unions and was in power for a considerable…

Janata Dal (Secular), regional political party primarily in Karnataka state, southern India. It also has a presence in adjoining Kerala state and in national politics. The party, formed in 1999, had its origins in the Janata (People’s) Party, founded in 1977 as a coalition of several smaller

Janata Dal (United), regional political party in Bihar and Jharkhand states, eastern India. It also has had a presence in national politics and in the central government in New Delhi. Since 2013, the JD(U) has oscillated frequently between opposing political alliances, earning itself the reputation

Geert Wilders: …a member of the liberal People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie; VVD). The following year Wilders was elected to the parliament.

Norway: Health and welfare: A “people’s pension” was established in Norway in 1967 to ensure each citizen upon retirement a standard of living reasonably close to the level that the individual had achieved during his or her working life. The pension covers old age and cases of disability or loss…

Lok Janshakti Party (LJP), regional political party in Bihar state, eastern India. It also has had a small presence on the national political scene in New Delhi. The LJP was formed in November 2000, following a split in the Janata Dal (United), or JD(U), party. The LJP has focused mainly on

The Gambia: Independence, confederation of Senegambia, and economic troubles: Yet Jawara and the PPP easily won reelection in 1987 and 1992, although opposition parties gained some support in each election.

Cheddi Jagan: …first modern political party, the People’s Progressive Party (PPP), with himself as its leader. In elections held under the new British-granted constitution of 1953, the PPP won a majority of the seats in the House of Assembly and Jagan became the country’s prime minister. His subsequent program of radical socioeconomic…

Samuel K. Doe: …of general and established a People’s Redemption Council (PRC) composed of himself and 14 other low-ranking officers to rule the country. Doe suspended the nation’s constitution until 1984, when a new constitution was approved by referendum. In 1985 he won a presidential election that was denounced as fraudulent by some…

Friedrich Ebert: Calling itself the Council of People’s Representatives, the government derived its authority from the Workers and Soldiers Council, which claimed to speak for Germany and the German Republic but in truth had been elected rather arbitrarily by the factories and regiments of Berlin alone. Ebert was determined to…

Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev: …small secret revolutionary group, the People’s Retribution (Russian: Narodnaya Rasprava), also called the Society of the Axe, based on the principles of the Catechism and requiring its members to submit unquestioningly to the will of the leader. When I.I. Ivanov, a student member of the group, protested Nechayev’s methods, Nechayev…

Argentina: Military government, 1966–73: …by a Trotskyite group, the People’s Revolutionary Army (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo; ERP), and by Peronist groups. In 1970 one of these Peronist organizations, the Montoneros, destroyed the moderate Peronist union leadership and captured and killed former president Aramburu, who had been organizing a movement for a return to constitutional…

Grenada: Independence of Grenada: …a People’s Revolutionary Government (PRG), and named their leader, Maurice Bishop, as prime minister. The new government faced opposition from Western nations because of its socialist principles and the substantial aid it had begun receiving from Cuba, but it embarked on a program to rebuild the economy, which had…

Norodom Sihanouk: He founded the Sangkum Reastr Niyum (“People’s Socialist Community”) in January 1955, won a referendum in February approving its program, and on March 2 abdicated in favour of his father, Norodom Suramarit, becoming the new monarch’s prime minister, foreign minister, and subsequently permanent representative to the United Nations.…

Communist Party of Cuba: The Cuban Communist Party (Partido Comunista Cubano) was founded in 1925 by Moscow-trained members of the Third International (Comintern). For three decades it adhered to the Stalinist line but, nevertheless, opportunistically collaborated with the regime of Fulgencio Batista in the 1940s and early ’50s, its members…

Cuba: Justice: It is headed by the People’s Supreme Court, the magistrates and lay judges of which are elected by the National Assembly or by the Council of State. Its jurisdiction includes theft, violent crime, and offenses involving state security, the military, and the workplace (including labour practices). The provincial courts deal…