Hellboy: The live-action feature film starred Ron Perlman as the title hero, and it was well received by fans and critics alike. Del Toro and Perlman returned for the sequel, Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008). Hellboy and the B.P.R.D also appeared in the animated films Hellboy: Sword of Storms (2006)…

Saul Perlmutter is an American physicist who was awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of dark energy, a repulsive force that is the dominant component (73 percent) of the universe. He shared the prize with astronomers Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess. Perlmutter graduated with a

Gestalt therapy: Frederick (“Fritz”) S. Perls, a German-born psychiatrist, founded Gestalt therapy in the 1940s with his wife, Laura. Perls was trained in traditional psychoanalysis, but his dissatisfaction with certain Freudian theories and methods led him to develop his own system of psychotherapy. He was influenced by…

Gestalt therapy: Frederick (“Fritz”) S. Perls, a German-born psychiatrist, founded Gestalt therapy in the 1940s with his wife, Laura. Perls was trained in traditional psychoanalysis, but his dissatisfaction with certain Freudian theories and methods led him to develop his own system of psychotherapy. He was influenced by…

calligraphy: Formal minuscule, 10th to 14th century: …this style became known as Perlschrift from its likeness to small, round beads strung together. A very plain, businesslike, rather staccato style was used in manuscripts with musical notation, most commonly in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Perm, city and administrative centre of Perm kray (territory), western Russia. The city stands on both banks of the Kama River below its confluence with the Chusovaya. In 1723 a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yegoshikha (founded 1568), at the junction of the Yegoshikha and Kama

Perm, kray (territory), western Russia. It occupies an area on the western flank of the central Ural Mountains, extending from the crestline in the east across the broad basin of the middle Kama River. The northwest corner of the territory is occupied by the former Komi-Permyak autonomous okrug

permaculture, worldwide holistic agricultural and land management design approach that attempts to mimic patterns found in surrounding natural ecosystems to reduce waste, prevent pollution, maximize sustainability, protect wildlife, and improve the land’s resiliency and biodiversity. In practice,

permafrost, perennially frozen ground, a naturally occurring material with a temperature colder than 0 °C (32 °F) continuously for two or more years. Such a layer of frozen ground is designated exclusively on the basis of temperature. Part or all of its moisture may be unfrozen, depending on the

permafrost: …of permafrost is called the permafrost table. In permafrost areas the surface layer of ground that freezes in the winter (seasonally frozen ground) and thaws in summer is called the active layer. The thickness of the active layer depends mainly on the moisture content, varying from less than a foot…

Permalloy, trademark of the Western Electric Company for nickel-iron alloys having much higher magnetic permeability than iron alone. It is widely used for fabricating the thin pieces that are laminated to form transformer cores. The proportion of nickel may range from 35 to 90 percent, depending

Helen Keller International (HKI), one of the oldest international nonprofit organizations working to prevent blindness and fight malnutrition. Headquarters are in New York City. In 1915 the American merchant George Kessler and his wife, Cora Parsons Kessler, organized in Paris the British, French,

Timothy Palmer: …work was the completely enclosed Permanent Bridge (c. 1806) over the Schuylkill River at Philadelphia. In use until destroyed by fire in 1875, the Permanent Bridge proved the value of, and set the style for, covered bridges in the United States.

human disease: Repair and regeneration: …when necessary, and (3) the permanent cells, incapable of multiplication in the adult—only the permanent cells are incapable of regeneration. These are the brain cells and the cells of the skeletal and heart muscles.

map: Nomenclature: …the United Kingdom by the Permanent Committee on Geographical Names; worldwide these activities are coordinated by the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names.

Poland: Social and economic changes: The newly created Permanent Council, a collegial body composed of five ministries, was the first executive organ for both the Crown and Lithuania. The council achieved progress in financial, police, and administrative fields, although it was seen as a channel for Russian influence and was attacked by the…

Organization of American States: Structure: …or between member states, the Permanent Council, composed of an ambassador from each member state, acts as the provisional organ of consultation until all the member states’ ministers of foreign affairs can assemble. At this consultation meeting of foreign ministers, collective action cannot be undertaken without the approval of two-thirds…

Hague Convention: …of International Disputes, creating the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

International Court of Justice: …was the precursor of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), which was established by the League of Nations. From 1921 to 1939 the PCIJ issued more than 30 decisions and delivered nearly as many advisory opinions, though none were related to the issues that threatened to engulf Europe in…

human digestive system: The teeth: …five deciduous teeth and eight permanent teeth in each quarter of the mouth, resulting in a total of 32 permanent teeth to succeed the 20 deciduous ones.

drought: Permanent drought characterizes the driest climates. The sparse vegetation is adapted to aridity, and agriculture is impossible without continuous irrigation.

fortification: Permanent fortifications include elaborate forts and troop shelters and are most often erected in times of peace or upon threat of war. Field fortifications, which are constructed when in contact with an enemy or when contact is imminent, consist of entrenched positions for personnel and…

baldness: …of baldness can be distinguished: permanent hair loss, arising from abnormalities in or destruction of hair follicles, and temporary hair loss, arising from transitory damage to the follicles. The first category is dominated by male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia). By age 50, some 30 to 50 of men have been…

insurance: Classes of benefits: Third is a permanent incapacity benefit, which, unless the degree is very small, in which case a lump sum is paid, takes the form of a pension. If the incapacity is total, the pension is usually equal to the temporary incapacity benefit. If the incapacity is partial, the…

consumption function: …model, known as the “permanent income hypothesis,” which abstracts from retirement saving decisions. The figure shows the consumption function that emerges from a standard version of the permanent income hypothesis (assuming uncertain future income and a standard “utility function” that specifies consumers’ attitudes toward the level and riskiness of…

Indus Waters Treaty: …over the years through the Permanent Indus Commission. In a significant challenge to the treaty, in 2017 India completed the building of the Kishanganga dam in Kashmir and continued work on the Ratle hydroelectric power station on the Chenab River despite Pakistan’s objections and amid ongoing negotiations with the World…

International Peace Bureau, international organization founded in 1891 in Bern, Switz., to create a central office through which peace activities of several countries could be coordinated. The Peace Bureau was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1910, after having been nominated during 7 of the

cobalt processing: Magnetic alloys: The best permanent magnets contain a substantial quantity of cobalt.

spectroscopy: Laser magnetic resonance and Stark spectroscopies: …overcome for molecules that possess permanent magnetic moments or electric dipole moments by using external magnetic or electric fields to bring the energy spacing between levels into coincidence with the frequency of the laser.

mandate: …was supervised by the League’s Permanent Mandates Commission, but the commission had no real way to enforce its will on any of the mandatory powers. The mandate system was replaced by the UN trusteeship system in 1946.

Russell Banks: …on the Roof (2000) and A Permanent Member of the Family (2013). Dreaming Up America (2008) is a nonfiction work scrutinizing the history of destructive and constructive policies pursued by the United States. Banks later published Voyager (2016), a collection of his travel writings.

zooplankton: Permanent plankton, or holoplankton, such as protozoa and copepods (an important food for larger animals), spend their lives as plankton. Temporary plankton, or meroplankton, such as young starfish, clams, worms, and other bottom-dwelling animals, live and feed as plankton until they leave to become adults in their proper…

Edward Snowden: …2019 Snowden released the memoir Permanent Record. On the same day, the U.S. Justice Department sued him to recover all of his earnings from the book, claiming that he had violated his nondisclosure agreements with the CIA and NSA by not submitting the work to them for a prepublication review.

human digestive system: The teeth: …five deciduous teeth and eight permanent teeth in each quarter of the mouth, resulting in a total of 32 permanent teeth to succeed the 20 deciduous ones.

cosmetic: Other cosmetics: Permanent-wave and hair-straightening preparations use a chemical, ammonium thioglycolate, to release hair from its natural set. Hair colorants use permanent or semipermanent dyes to add colour to dull or mousy-coloured hair, and hydrogen peroxide is used to bleach hair to a blond colour.

electric generator: Permanent-magnet generators: For some applications, the magnetic field of the generator may be provided by permanent magnets. The rotor structure can consist of a ring of magnetic iron with magnets mounted on its surface. A magnet material such as neodymium-boron-iron or samarium-cobalt can provide a…

electric motor: Permanent-magnet motors: The magnetic field for a synchronous machine may be provided by using permanent magnets made of neodymium-boron-iron, samarium-cobalt, or ferrite on the rotor. In some motors, these magnets are mounted with adhesive on the surface of the rotor core such that the magnetic…

artesian well: …drilled wherever a gently dipping, permeable rock layer (such as sandstone) receives water along its outcrop at a level higher than the level of the surface of the ground at the well site. At the outcrop the water moves down into the aquifer (water-bearing layer) but is prevented from leaving…

magnetic permeability, relative increase or decrease in the resultant magnetic field inside a material compared with the magnetizing field in which the given material is located; or the property of a material that is equal to the magnetic flux density B established within the material by a

permeability, capacity of a porous material for transmitting a fluid; it is expressed as the velocity with which a fluid of specified viscosity, under the influence of a given pressure, passes through a sample having a certain cross section and thickness. Permeability is largely dependent on the

nervous system: Uncharged molecules: …unit of measure called the permeability coefficient.

angiosperm: Structural basis of transport: …group of enzymelike compounds called permeases. Plasmodesmata may penetrate neighboring cell walls at areas called primary pit fields. Also, some substances pass out of cells into the apoplast and are transported by energy-requiring processes into the protoplast of another cell.

Fabianism: …of what they called “permeation,” targeted collectivist liberal politicians and radical social activists.

Constant Permeke was a painter and sculptor, who was significant in the development of Expressionism in Belgium. Permeke studied at art academies in Belgium at Brugge (1903–06) and Ghent (1906–08). He met fellow Belgian artists Frits van den Berghe and Gustave and Léon de Smet, and from 1909 to

typhus: Epidemic typhus: …by other chemicals such as permethrin and carbaryl. Insecticide is applied directly to the clothing of persons at risk and kills the lice as they hatch on the person’s body.

Finno-Ugric religion: The Finno-Ugric peoples: The Permian branch of the Finno-Ugric populations living in central Russia split from the other groups between 2500 and 2000 bce. The linguistic differentiation is not very great between the present-day Permians, who are divided into Udmurts (living between the Kama and Vyatka rivers) and Komi…

Permian Basin, large sedimentary basin in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, U.S., noted for its rich petroleum, natural gas, and potassium deposits. Owing to its economic importance, it is one of the most well-studied geologic regions of the world. Deposits of the Permian Basin are

Permian extinction, a series of extinction pulses that contributed to the greatest mass extinction in Earth’s history. Many geologists and paleontologists contend that the Permian extinction occurred over the course of 15 million years during the latter part of the Permian Period (299 million to

Permic languages, division of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family, consisting of the Udmurt (Votyak), Komi (Zyryan), and Permyak (Komi-Permyak) languages. The Permic languages are spoken along the northern and western reaches of the Ural Mountains in Russia in and around Udmurtia

Permian Period, in geologic time, the last period of the Paleozoic Era. The Permian Period began 298.9 million years ago and ended 252.2 million years ago, extending from the close of the Carboniferous Period to the outset of the Triassic Period. At the beginning of the period, glaciation was

Permian extinction, a series of extinction pulses that contributed to the greatest mass extinction in Earth’s history. Many geologists and paleontologists contend that the Permian extinction occurred over the course of 15 million years during the latter part of the Permian Period (299 million to

Permic languages, division of the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family, consisting of the Udmurt (Votyak), Komi (Zyryan), and Permyak (Komi-Permyak) languages. The Permic languages are spoken along the northern and western reaches of the Ural Mountains in Russia in and around Udmurtia

applied logic: Deontic logic and the logic of agency: …the notions of obligation (“ought”), permission (“may”), and prohibition (“must not”), and related concepts. The contemporary study of deontic logic was founded in 1951 by G.H. von Wright after the failure of an earlier attempt by Ernst Mally.

applied logic: Deontic logic and the logic of agency: …the notions of obligation (“ought”), permission (“may”), and prohibition (“must not”), and related concepts. The contemporary study of deontic logic was founded in 1951 by G.H. von Wright after the failure of an earlier attempt by Ernst Mally.

congé d’élire, formal message conveying the English sovereign’s permission for the dean and chapter of the cathedral of a vacant bishopric to proceed in regular chapter to a new election. Before the Norman Conquest (1066) it was the king’s prerogative to appoint bishops to vacant sees. This came to

permit, marine fish, a species of pompano

environmental economics: Permit markets: The concept of using a permit market to control pollution levels was first developed by Canadian economist John Dales and American economist Thomas Crocker in the 1960s. Through this method, pollution permits are issued to firms in an industry where a reduction in…

permittivity, constant of proportionality that relates the electric field in a material to the electric displacement in that material. It characterizes the tendency of the atomic charge in an insulating material to distort in the presence of an electric field. The larger the tendency for charge

Laure Junot, duchess d’Abrantès was a French author of a volume of famous memoirs. After her father died in 1795, Laure lived with her mother, Madame Permon, who established a distinguished Parisian salon that was frequented by Napoleon Bonaparte. It was Napoleon who arranged the marriage in 1800

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …tradition before the arrival of Balthasar Permoser, represented by the heavy figures of Georg Heermann and Konrad Max Süssner, both of whom had been active in Prague in the 1680s. Permoser was trained in Florence under Foggini, whence he was summoned to Dresden in 1689. His painterly conception of sculpture,…

Komsomolsk-na-Amure: …of the small village of Permskoye, the town was built by members of the Komsomol (Young Communist League), from which it derives its name. It rapidly developed into a major industrial centre, dominated by a large steelworks. With it are associated heavy engineering, machine building, and tinplate making; shipbuilding and…

Saint Stephen of Perm ; feast day April 26) was one of the most successful and dynamic missionaries of the Russian Orthodox Church. During the 13th and 14th centuries, the Russian Orthodox Church expanded northward and eastward and succeeded in establishing monasteries at Sarai and at Lake Ladoga

mathematics: The theory of equations: …(as he called it) of permutations of the roots of an equation. This move took him away from the equations themselves and turned him instead toward the markedly more tractable study of permutations. To any given equation there corresponds a definite group, with a definite collection of subgroups. To explain…

permutations and combinations, the various ways in which objects from a set may be selected, generally without replacement, to form subsets. This selection of subsets is called a permutation when the order of selection is a factor, a combination when order is not a factor. By considering the ratio

Komi: …Komi-Zyryan of Komi republic; the Komi-Permyaks (or Permyaks) of Komi-Permyak autonomous okrug (district) to the south; and the Komi-Yazua to the east of the okrug and south of Komi republic. The economic activities of the Komi vary from reindeer herding, hunting, fishing, and lumbering in the north (with a mining…

Permic languages: Udmurt (Votyak), Komi (Zyryan), and Permyak (Komi-Permyak) languages. The Permic languages are spoken along the northern and western reaches of the Ural Mountains in Russia in and around Udmurtia and Komi. Udmurt has little dialectal variation, but Komi has many distinctive dialects divided into two major groups: Northern (Zyryan) Komi…

Pernambuco, estado (state) of northeastern Brazil, situated near the eastern tip of the South American coastline’s bulge into the Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic, on the south by the states of Alagoas and Bahia, on the west by Piauí, and on the north by Ceará and Paraíba.

pernicious anemia, disease in which the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is impaired as a result of the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12, which is obtained in the diet and is necessary for red blood cells to mature properly in the bone marrow. Pernicious anemia is one of many

Pernik, town, west-central Bulgaria. The town is located on the banks of the Struma River, 19 miles (31 km) southwest of Sofia. Originally a Bulgarian fortress well-known for repelling the assaults of the Byzantine armies during the early 11th century, Pernik was for five centuries (1396–1878)

chilblain, an inflammatory swelling of the skin of the hands or feet, resulting from exposure to cold. The condition is believed to result from cold hypersensitivity of small vessels of the skin. Tissue damage is less severe with chilblains than with frostbite, where the skin is actually frozen.

absinthe: …produced commercially in 1797 by Henry-Louis Pernod, who used a recipe purchased by his father-in-law, Major Dubied.

Pärnu, city, Estonia, at the mouth of the Pärnu River on Pärnu Bay of the Gulf of Riga. First mentioned in 1251 as a member of the Hanseatic League, Pärnu was successively controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Poles, the Swedes, and the Russians. It is now significant as an Estonian port, holiday

Probolinggo, city, central East Java (Jawa Timur) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Java, Indonesia. It is located on the southern side of Madura Strait, about 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Surabaya. There is a good harbour for small ships, and the fishing industry is important. Cottage industries

primate: Classification: Subfamily Perodicticinae (pottos and angwantibos) 2 or more genera, 3 or more species from Africa. Family Galagidae (bush babies, or galagos) 4 genera of about 20 African species. 3 fossil genera. Miocene to Holocene.

potto, (Perodicticus potto), slow-moving tropical African primate. The potto is a nocturnal tree dweller found in rainforests from Sierra Leone eastward to Uganda. It has a strong grip and clings tightly to branches, but when necessary it can also move quickly through the branches with a smooth

pocket mouse: Natural history: The nine species of silky pocket mice (genus Perognathus) are very small, weighing from 5 to 30 grams (0.2 to 1.1 ounces) and having a body length of 6 to 9 cm (2.4 to 3.5 inches) and hairy tails 5 to 10 cm long. Silky pocket mice have soft…

pocket mouse, any of 36 species of American rodents having fur-lined external cheek pouches that open alongside the mouth. The pouches are used for storing food, particularly seeds, as the animal forages. Like “true” mice and rats (family Muridae), pocket mice travel on all four limbs along the

peromelia, congenital absence or malformation of the extremities, of rare occurrence until the thalidomide tragedy in the early 1960s. Peromelia is caused by errors in the formation and development of the limb bud from about the fourth to the eighth week of intrauterine life. In amelia, one of the

deer mouse, (genus Peromyscus), any of 53 species of small rodents found in a variety of habitats from Alaska and northern Canada southward to western Panama. They have bulging eyes and large ears, weigh from 15 to 110 grams (0.5 to 3.9 ounces), and are 8 to 17 cm (3.1 to 6.7 inches) long. The tail

deer mouse: …white in some populations of cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) in the southeastern United States, but it can range from gray through bright buff, brown, reddish brown, and to blackish in P. melanurus, which inhabits the mountain forests of southern Mexico. Species living in dark and wet forests tend to have…

hantavirus: Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: …by the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus).

deer mouse: …brown, and to blackish in P. melanurus, which inhabits the mountain forests of southern Mexico. Species living in dark and wet forests tend to have dark coats, whereas those adapted to deserts and prairies are generally pale; nearly all have white feet.

Eva Perón was the second wife of Argentine Pres. Juan Perón, who, during her husband’s first term as president (1946–52), became a powerful though unofficial political leader, revered by the lower economic classes. Duarte was born in the small town of Los Toldos on the Argentine Pampas. Her

Eva Perón was the second wife of Argentine Pres. Juan Perón, who, during her husband’s first term as president (1946–52), became a powerful though unofficial political leader, revered by the lower economic classes. Duarte was born in the small town of Los Toldos on the Argentine Pampas. Her

Isabel Perón is an Argentine politician who served as president of Argentina in 1974–76, the world’s first woman president. She was the third wife of President Juan Perón and served as vice president (1973–74) in his administration. She was born to a lower-middle-class family, acquired the name

Juan Perón was an army colonel who became president of Argentina (1946–52, 1952–55, 1973–74) and was the founder and leader of the Peronist movement. Perón in his career was in many ways typical of the upwardly mobile, lower-middle-class youth of Argentina. He entered military school at 16 and made

Juan Perón was an army colonel who became president of Argentina (1946–52, 1952–55, 1973–74) and was the founder and leader of the Peronist movement. Perón in his career was in many ways typical of the upwardly mobile, lower-middle-class youth of Argentina. He entered military school at 16 and made

human cardiovascular system: The aorta and its principal branches: …below the knee is the peroneal artery; this gives off branches that nourish the lower leg muscles and the fibula (the smaller of the two bones in the lower leg) and terminate in the foot. The anterior tibial artery passes down the lower leg to the ankle, where it becomes…

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, a group of inherited nerve diseases characterized by slowly progressive weakness and wasting of the muscles of the lower parts of the extremities. In Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), the myelin sheath that surrounds motor and sensory nerves gradually deteriorates, blocking

sciatic nerve: …into the tibial and the common peroneal nerve, both of which serve the lower leg and foot.

Peronist, in Argentine politics, a supporter of Juan Perón, a member of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista; PJ), or an adherent of the populist and nationalistic policies that Perón espoused. Peronism has played an important part in Argentina’s history since the mid-1940s. The Peronist

Peronist: …Justicialist Nationalist Movement (later the Justicialist Party), the Peronists swept back into power in 1973 when the military permitted the first general elections in 10 years. Perón returned from exile and became president. However, deep dissension between right-wing and left-wing Peronists erupted into terrorism and violence after Perón’s death in…

Peronist, in Argentine politics, a supporter of Juan Perón, a member of the Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista; PJ), or an adherent of the populist and nationalistic policies that Perón espoused. Peronism has played an important part in Argentina’s history since the mid-1940s. The Peronist

Louis XI: King of France.: …with Charles the Bold at Péronne (October 1468). During the negotiations Charles learned of an insurrection in Liège, fomented by the French king’s agents. Furious, he put Louis under house arrest, forced him to make far-reaching concessions, and finally took him to Liège to witness the suppression of the revolt.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Peronosporales Aquatic or terrestrial; parasitic on algae or vascular plants, the latter mostly obligate parasites causing downy mildews; in advanced species, zoosporangia borne on well-differentiated sporangiophores, deciduous and behaving as conidia (asexually produced spores); example genera include Albugo, Peronospora, Bremia, and Plasmopara.

protozoan: Annotated classification: Peronosporomycetes Absorptive heterotrophs. Develop coenocytic (multinucleate) hyphae. Diploid life cycle. Zoospores biflagellate and heterokont (with the anteriorly directed flagellum shorter), rarely uniflagellate. Kinetid base structure has 6 parts, including 4 roots. Reproduction is oogamous; thallus is mainly aseptate. Cell wall composed of glucan-cellulose and may…

marsupial: Classification: Family Peroryctidae (rainforest bandicoots)12 species in 4 primitive genera restricted to New Guinea and adjacent islands. Weight up to 7 kg (15 pounds).Order Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles)Family Notoryctidae

perosis, a disorder of chicks, turkey poults, and young swans, characterized by enlargement of the hock, twisted metatarsi, and slipped tendons; it can be largely eliminated by adding manganese and choline to the

spectroscopy: Interference: …French physicists, Charles Fabry and Alfred Pérot (1896), specifically for high-resolution spectroscopy.

Ross Perot was an American businessman and philanthropist who ran as an independent candidate for U.S. president in 1992 and 1996. He was the son of a cotton broker. Perot attended Texarkana Junior College for two years before entering the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in