Ross Perot was an American businessman and philanthropist who ran as an independent candidate for U.S. president in 1992 and 1996. He was the son of a cotton broker. Perot attended Texarkana Junior College for two years before entering the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, in

Pérotin was a French composer of sacred polyphonic music, who is believed to have introduced the composition of polyphony in four parts into Western music. Nothing is known of Pérotin’s life, and his identity is not clearly established. He worked probably at the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris,

Pérotin was a French composer of sacred polyphonic music, who is believed to have introduced the composition of polyphony in four parts into Western music. Nothing is known of Pérotin’s life, and his identity is not clearly established. He worked probably at the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris,

Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse was a French naval officer and navigator who is known for the wide-ranging explorations in the Pacific Ocean that he conducted in the second half of the 1780s. La Perouse Strait, in the northwestern Pacific, is named for him. La Pérouse joined the French

Russia: The 19th century: …genre paintings of Vladimir Makovsky, Vasily Perov, and Repin arguably deserve an international reputation.

Qyzylorda, city, south-central Kazakhstan, on the Syr Darya (ancient Jaxartes River). Originally founded in the early 19th century as the Kokand fort of Ak-Mechet, it was renamed Perovsk after its capture by the Russians in 1853. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the name of Ak-Mechet was

perovskite, calcium titanate mineral (CaTiO3) found as brilliant black cubes in many mafic igneous rocks, in their associated pegmatites, and in metamorphic contact zones. It also occurs in chlorite or talc schists. For detailed physical properties, see oxide mineral

A.J. Raffles: In 1932 Barry Perowne began a new series of Raffles stories that were published in various mystery magazines and were later collected in several volumes, including Raffles in Pursuit (1934), Raffles vs. Sexton Blake (1937), and Raffles Revisited (1974).

food preservation: Blanching: …activity of an enzyme called peroxidase.

peroxide, any of a class of chemical compounds in which two oxygen atoms are linked together by a single covalent bond. Several organic and inorganic peroxides are useful as bleaching agents, as initiators of polymerization reactions, and in the preparation of hydrogen peroxide (q.v.) and other

oxide: Peroxides: The peroxide ion, O22−, has a single oxygen-oxygen covalent bond and an oxidation state of −1 on the oxygen atoms. The peroxide ion is a powerful hydrogen ion acceptor, making the peroxides of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals strong bases. Solutions of these peroxides…

metabolic disease: Peroxisomal disorders: Peroxisomes are cytoplasmic organelles that play a central role in the catabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids and other compounds through the process of beta-oxidation. They also are critical in the biosynthesis of important cellular membrane

peroxisome, membrane-bound organelle occurring in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes play a key role in the oxidation of specific biomolecules. They also contribute to the biosynthesis of membrane lipids known as plasmalogens. In plant cells, peroxisomes carry out additional functions,

antidiabetic drug: Oral antidiabetic drugs: …their effects by activating so-called PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma) receptors, which are found primarily in adipose tissue; when activated, PPARγ prompts the transcription (synthesis of RNA from DNA) of genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism. Because hepatotoxicity is a major

peroxy acid, any of a class of chemical compounds in which the atomic group ―O―O―H replaces the ―O―H group of an oxy acid (a compound in which a hydrogen atom is attached to an oxygen atom by a covalent bond that is easily broken, producing an anion and a hydrogen ion). Examples of peroxy acids are

food preservation: Autoxidation: …oxygen (O2) to form a peroxy radical (LOO · ). The peroxy radical removes a hydrogen atom from another lipid molecule and the reaction starts over again (propagation). During the propagation steps, hydroperoxide molecules (LOOH) are formed that may break down into alkoxy (LO · ) and peroxy radicals plus…

germfree life: Methodology.: Germicidal vapour sterilization (2% peracetic acid) is used for plastic isolators, which cannot endure the heat of steam sterilization. Air for the isolated organism is sterilized by mechanical filtration. Eggs are surface-treated with mercuric chloride, and seeds with peracetic acid or formalin. Food and water are sterilized by steam,…

agricultural technology: Products of combustion: Ethylene, ozone, and peroxyacetyl nitrate are produced as reaction products in the air and are clearly implicated in plant injury. In addition, certain bisulfites and nitrogen dioxide are under suspicion; there are probably others. Ozone is a major air pollutant affecting agriculture. Damage has been identified in a…

plant disease: Toxic chemicals: Ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate injury (also called oxidant injury) are more prevalent in and near cities with heavy traffic problems. Exhaust gases from internal combustion engines contain large amounts of hydrocarbons (substances that principally contain carbon and hydrogen molecules—gasoline, for example). Smaller amounts of unconsumed hydrocarbons are…

peroxide: …of phenol and acetone, and peroxysulfuric acid, an inorganic compound used as an oxidizing agent. The other category includes di-tert-butyl peroxide and ammonium peroxydisulfate, both used as initiators.

history of Mesopotamia: The Sasanian period: …battle near Resaina, but at Anbār, renamed Pērōz-Shāpūr (“Victorious Is Shāpūr”), the Sasanians inflicted a defeat on the Romans, who lost their emperor. His successor, Philip the Arabian, made peace, giving up Roman conquests in northern Mesopotamia. Osroene, however, which had been returned to the local ruling family of Abgar…

bond: A bond course of headers (units laid with their ends toward the face of the wall) can be used to bond exterior masonry to backing masonry. Headers used in this manner may also be called throughstones, or perpends. Units laid with their lengths parallel to the face of a…

Perpendicular style, Phase of late Gothic architecture in England roughly parallel in time to the French Flamboyant style. The style, concerned with creating rich visual effects through decoration, was characterized by a predominance of vertical lines in stone window tracery, enlargement of windows

Perpendicular style, Phase of late Gothic architecture in England roughly parallel in time to the French Flamboyant style. The style, concerned with creating rich visual effects through decoration, was characterized by a predominance of vertical lines in stone window tracery, enlargement of windows

valve: On gasoline engines, poppet valves are used to control the admission and rejection of the intake and exhaust gases to the cylinders. In the Figure (right centre), the valve, which consists of a disk with a tapered edge attached to a shank, is held against the tapered seat…

Perpetua was a Christian martyr who wrote The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity, a journal recounting her trial and imprisonment that was continued by a contemporary who described Perpetua’s death in the arena. Both her martyrdom and its account have been highly revered by ancient and modern

Eric Gill: Typefaces he designed included Perpetua (1925), Gill Sans Serif (1927), Joanna (1930), and Bunyan, designed in 1934 but recut for machine use and renamed Pilgrim in 1953.

Mongo Beti: …et l’habitude du malheur (1974; Perpetua and the Habit of Unhappiness) and Remember Ruben (1974). Perpetua is a mystery story of the murder of a promising young woman by the combined forces of backward traditions and neocolonial evils. Remember Ruben and its sequel, La Ruine presque cocasse d’un polichinelle (1979;…

chess: Object of the game: …the enemy king endlessly (perpetual check), (4) when a player who is not in check has no legal move (stalemate), (5) when an identical position occurs three times with the same player having the right to move, and (6) when no piece has been captured and no pawn has…

William I: The prince’s triumph: Because of the Perpetual Edict of 1577, the treaty the States General concluded with the new governor-general, Don John of Austria, specified that the Roman Catholic religion was to be maintained all over the country, and because of the absence of provisions for the maintenance of the Pacification,…

William III: Early life: …him all advancement, but the Perpetual Edict (1667) decreed that the offices of stadholder and captain general, formerly held simultaneously by the princes of Orange, should never again be held by the same person.

carnation: The perpetual flowering carnation, perhaps derived from crosses between the border carnations and cottage pink (D. plumarius), is taller, up to 1 metre (3 feet) in height, is stouter, and produces larger flowers; it blooms almost continuously in the greenhouse. Miniature (baby) and spray varieties of…

Doha: …by the terms of the Perpetual Maritime Truce of 1853, and maritime warring was greatly reduced. In the late 19th century the Ottoman Empire, as suzerain of much of the Arabian Peninsula, sporadically maintained a garrison at Doha. After Qatar became a British protected state in 1916, a British political…

perpetual motion, the action of a device that, once set in motion, would continue in motion forever, with no additional energy required to maintain it. Such devices are impossible on grounds stated by the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Perpetual motion, although impossible to produce, has

rose: Major species and hybrids: …fragile tea roses with vigorous hybrid perpetual roses. The hybrid perpetuals achieved great popularity until they were supplanted by the hybrid teas in the early 20th century. Polyantha roses are a class of very hardy roses that produce dense bunches of tiny blossoms. Floribunda roses are hardy hybrids that resulted…

Mariology: …tradition that she remained a virgin though she gave birth to Jesus was generally accepted in the early church. A further appreciation of her holiness led to the doctrine that she was so favored by God’s grace that she could not have sinned and, in the view of some theologians,…

Abraham Lincoln: Reputation and character of Abraham Lincoln: …Lyceum of Springfield on “The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions,” he recalled the devotion of his Revolutionary forefathers to the cause and went on to say:

Mongo Beti: …et l’habitude du malheur (1974; Perpetua and the Habit of Unhappiness) and Remember Ruben (1974). Perpetua is a mystery story of the murder of a promising young woman by the combined forces of backward traditions and neocolonial evils. Remember Ruben and its sequel, La Ruine presque cocasse d’un polichinelle (1979;…

perpetuity: …alterations were made by the Perpetuities and Accumulations Act 1964. This provided, among other things, that a disposition made after the act that would otherwise be void under the common-law rule would nevertheless be valid if in fact it vested during a statutory “perpetuity period” defined in the act. It…

perpetuity: The Perpetuities and Accumulations Act 2009 extended the prescribed perpetuity period to 125 years. Since the whole rule rests on social policy, exceptions to it based on social policies recognized as superior have gained acceptance, as in perpetual trusts for burial lots, trusts for pension plans,…

perpetuity, literally, an unlimited duration. In law, it refers to a provision that is in breach of the rule against perpetuities. For centuries, Anglo-American law has assumed that social interest requires freedom in the alienation of property. (Alienation is, in law, the transferring of property

annuity: …the annuity certain is the perpetuity, which is an annuity that continues forever. Perhaps the best-known example of a perpetuity is the interest payment on the British government bonds called consols. Because these obligations have no maturity date, it is intended that the interest payments will continue indefinitely.

Advent: Bishop Perpetuus of Tours (461–490) established a fast before Christmas that began on November 11 (St. Martin’s Day), and the Council of Tours (567) mentioned an Advent season.

Perpignan, city, capital of Pyrénées-Orientales département, Occitanie région, southern France. It is situated on the Têt River, 8 miles (13 km) west of the Mediterranean Sea and 19 miles (31 km) north of the Spanish frontier. Formerly a stronghold town, and once the capital of the old province of

Perplexity AI is a conversational search engine that uses large language models (LLMs) to provide direct answers to search queries, complete with source citations. Its development company, Perplexity AI, Inc., was founded in August 2022 and is headquartered in San Francisco, California. Through its

fringe benefit, any nonwage payment or benefit (e.g., pension plans, profit-sharing programs, vacation pay, and company-paid life, health, and unemployment insurance programs) granted to employees by employers. It may be required by law, granted unilaterally by employers, or obtained through

Charles Perrault was a French poet, prose writer, and storyteller, a leading member of the Académie Française, who played a prominent part in a literary controversy known as the quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns. He is best remembered for his collection of fairy stories for children, Contes de ma

Claude Perrault was a French physician and amateur architect who, together with Louis Le Vau, Charles Le Brun, and François d’Orbay, designed the eastern facade of the Louvre. Perrault’s training was in mathematics and medicine, and he was a practicing physician. He was elected a member of the

Dominique Perrault is a French architect and designer known for his striking Modernist designs and inventive repurposing of existing or historic buildings. He gained international acclaim for his design of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Perrault earned a bachelor’s degree in architecture

Pierre Perrault was a French hydrologist whose investigation of the origin of springs was instrumental in establishing the science of hydrology on a quantitative basis. He showed conclusively that precipitation was more than adequate to sustain the flow of rivers; thus he refuted theories traceable

Jean Perréal was a painter, architect, and sculptor, and the most important portrait painter in France at the beginning of the 16th century. Perréal was a court painter to the Bourbons and later worked for Charles VIII, Louis XII, and Francis I of France. He traveled to Italy several times between

Buffalo Sabres: …featuring three Quebec-born stars: centre Gilbert Perreault, left wing Rick Martin, and right wing René Robert. The French Connection led Buffalo to a division championship in 1974–75, and the team advanced to the Stanley Cup finals in just its fifth season of existence, where it lost to the defending-champion Philadelphia…

Alice Perrers was the mistress of King Edward III of England. She exercised great influence at the aging monarch’s court from about 1369 until 1376. She belonged probably to the Hertfordshire family of Perrers, although it is also stated that she was of more humble birth. Before 1366 she had

Auguste Perret was a French architect notable for his pioneering contributions to the vocabulary of reinforced-concrete construction. He was the son of Claude-Marie Perret, a stonemason who, after 1881, had a flourishing business as a building contractor in Paris. Auguste studied architecture at

calligraphy: Writing manuals and copybooks (16th to 18th century): …“Alphabet Practice”) by the 17-year-old Clément Perret. Perret’s book contains examples in many different hands chosen to match the language of the text. The beautifully ornate writing in Exercitatio is somewhat overshadowed by the finely drawn cartouches that surround the examples, and it seems clear that this was a book…

Charlotte Perriand was a French designer known for iconic 20th-century furniture, such as the LC “Fauteuil Grand Confort” set of Modernist living-room furniture that includes a chair, two sizes of sofas, and an ottoman, one of many collaborations with Le Corbusier and his cousin, Pierre Jeanneret.

technetium: …(1937) by the Italian mineralogist Carlo Perrier and the Italian-born American physicist Emilio Segrè in a sample of molybdenum that had been bombarded by deuterons in the Berkeley (California) cyclotron. This isotope is the longest-lived member of a set from technetium-85 to technetium-114 that has since been produced. The most…

Ami Perrin was a Swiss opponent of the religious Reformer John Calvin at Geneva and leader of the anti-Calvinist Libertines. A member of a prominent Genevese family, Perrin was associated with the city’s anti-Savoyard party (Eidguenots) and commanded a company outfitted against the Duke of Savoy in

Claude Victor-Perrin, duke de Bellune was a leading French general of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, who was created marshal of France in 1807. In 1781 he entered the army as a private soldier and, after 10 years’ service, received his discharge and settled at Valence. Soon afterward

Jean Perrin was a French physicist who, in his studies of the Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert Einstein’s explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic nature of matter. For this achievement he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics

Jean Perrin was a French physicist who, in his studies of the Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert Einstein’s explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic nature of matter. For this achievement he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics

Jean Perrin was a French physicist who, in his studies of the Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert Einstein’s explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic nature of matter. For this achievement he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics

Robert Cambert: …he collaborated with the poet Pierre Perrin in his first stage work, the Pastorale d’Issy. In 1669 Louis XIV granted Cambert and Perrin the exclusive right to produce operatic performances in France. They founded the first Royal Academy of Music and opened it in 1671 with their masterpiece, the five-act…

Charles Dillon Perrine was a U.S. astronomer who discovered the sixth and seventh moons of Jupiter in 1904 and 1905, respectively. In 1904, he published a calculation of the solar parallax (a measure of the Earth–Sun distance) based on observations of the minor planet Eros during one of its close

Edgar du Perron was a writer and critic, cofounder with Menno ter Braak of the influential Dutch literary journal Forum (1932–35), which aimed to replace superficial elegance of literary style with greater sincerity of literary content. The Forum writers resisted National Socialism and the German

Edgar du Perron was a writer and critic, cofounder with Menno ter Braak of the influential Dutch literary journal Forum (1932–35), which aimed to replace superficial elegance of literary style with greater sincerity of literary content. The Forum writers resisted National Socialism and the German

Jean Perronet was a French civil engineer renowned for his stone arch bridges, especially the Pont de la Concorde, Paris. The son of an army officer, Perronet entered the newly formed Corps des Ponts et Chaussées (Bridges and Highways Corps) and so distinguished himself that on the founding, in

Jean Perronet was a French civil engineer renowned for his stone arch bridges, especially the Pont de la Concorde, Paris. The son of an army officer, Perronet entered the newly formed Corps des Ponts et Chaussées (Bridges and Highways Corps) and so distinguished himself that on the founding, in

Ciro Alegría: Los perros hambrientos (1938; “The Hungry Dogs”) describes the difficulties faced by the sheepherding Indians of the Peruvian highlands. The novel that is generally considered Alegría’s masterpiece is El mundo es ancho y ajeno (1941; Broad and Alien Is the World ). It depicts in…

Jules Perrot was a French virtuoso dancer and master choreographer who was celebrated internationally for creating some of the most enduring ballets of the Romantic period. Jules Perrot first drew attention to his talent in his native Lyon by imitating the antics of the comic dancer Charles

Jules Perrot was a French virtuoso dancer and master choreographer who was celebrated internationally for creating some of the most enduring ballets of the Romantic period. Jules Perrot first drew attention to his talent in his native Lyon by imitating the antics of the comic dancer Charles

Nicolas Perrot was a French fur trader, North American colonial official, and explorer. Perrot immigrated to New France (Canada) as a youth, and his services there under the Jesuits and Sulpicians enabled him to learn Indian languages and native cultures. He entered the fur trade about 1663,

Sir John Perrot was the lord deputy of Ireland from 1584 to 1588, who established an English colony in Munster in southwestern Ireland. Perrot was long reputed to be the illegitimate son of King Henry VIII of England, but that claim has been strongly challenged in contemporary scholarship. His

pear: …is also used to produce perry, an alcoholic beverage. Several species, such as the Callery pear (P. calleryana), are grown as ornamentals.

Perry, city, seat (1893) of Noble county, north-central Oklahoma, U.S. Named for J.A. Perry, a member of the Cherokee Strip Commission, the town was founded in 1893 when the area was opened to white settlement. Located 60 miles (97 km) north of Oklahoma City, Perry is a shipping centre for

Perry, county, south-central Pennsylvania, U.S., bounded to the northwest by Tuscarora Mountain, to the east by the Susquehanna River, and to the south by Blue Mountain. The mountainous ridge-and-valley terrain is drained by the Juniata River and Sherman, Buffalo, and Fishing creeks. Some

Treaty of Kanagawa, (March 31, 1854), Japan’s first treaty with a Western nation. Concluded by representatives of the United States and Japan at Kanagawa (now part of Yokohama), it marked the end of Japan’s period of seclusion (1639–1854). The treaty was signed as a result of pressure from U.S.

John Lithgow: Other credits, including The Crown: …appeared in the TV series Perry Mason (2020– ) and The Old Man (2022– ).

Lewis Allen: …include such classic shows as Perry Mason, The Rifleman, The Big Valley, The Fugitive, Mission Impossible, and Bonanza; for the latter he helmed 42 episodes. Allen retired from directing in the mid-1970s.

Bridgeport: …of war memorials and the Perry Memorial Arch (1918); designed by architect Henry Bacon, it serves as the entrance to the city’s Seaside Park, which covers more than 300 acres (120 hectares) on the shore of Long Island Sound. The arch is dedicated to William H. Perry, a prominent citizen…

Agua Fria National Monument: …archaeologists refer to as the Perry Mesa Tradition. Some of the stone pueblos balanced on steep canyon edges contain 100 or more rooms. It is thought that the people began to abandon the site in about 1500. Later, Yavapai and Hopi peoples resided there and were encountered by early Spanish…

Put-in-Bay: This monument (Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial, completed 1915) is just outside the village, near the Canadian line, and also commemorates the international peace between Canada and the United States and their common unguarded boundary. The village is a resort noted for fishing and boating. South…

African Americans and Horse Racing: …Kentucky Derby in 1877, and Alex Perry trained Joe Cotton, who won in 1885. In addition, African Americans remained involved in the sport as exercise riders, groomers, stable hands, and clockers.

Antoinette Perry was an American actress and director in whose honour the American theatre’s Tony Awards are named. Perry frequently traveled in the summer with an aunt and uncle who were touring actors. She made her theatrical debut in Mrs. Temple’s Telegram in Chicago in June 1905; later that

Faith Hill is an American country music singer known for her commercial success on both the country and pop music charts. Hill grew up in Star, Mississippi, where she began singing at an early age. Her first public performance was at a 4-H luncheon at age 7. Influenced by Elvis Presley, Reba

Bliss Perry was an American scholar and editor, especially noted for his work in American literature. Perry was educated at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and at the universities of Berlin and Strassburg (then in Germany). He taught at Williams (1886–93), Princeton University

African Americans: Political progress: Also in 1987, Carrie Saxon Perry of Hartford, Connecticut, became the first Black woman to be elected mayor of a large city. An African American became mayor of the largest city in the United States in 1989 when David Dinkins won the general election after a stunning primary…

Anaheim Ducks: …Selanne and featuring budding stars Corey Perry and Ryan Getzlaf. In the following postseason the Ducks lost just five total games and defeated the Ottawa Senators to capture the Stanley Cup championship. Anaheim posted winning records in the four seasons after capturing that title but failed to advance further than…

Edgar Allan Poe was an American short-story writer, poet, critic, and editor who is famous for his cultivation of mystery and the macabre. His tale “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” (1841) initiated the modern detective story, and the atmosphere in his tales of horror is unrivaled in American

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Ellyse Perry: Ellyse Perry is one of the greatest all-rounders in the history of cricket based on sheer numbers: a Test batting average of over 60, a Test bowling average below 22, and women’s ODI batting and bowling averages of 50 and 25, respectively. In…

28 Notable Women Cricketers: Ellyse Perry: Ellyse Perry is one of the greatest all-rounders in the history of cricket based on sheer numbers: a Test batting average of over 60, a Test bowling average below 22, and women’s ODI batting and bowling averages of 50 and 25, respectively. In…

Tyler Perry is an American playwright, actor, screenwriter, producer, and director whose works—in which he often portrayed the character Mabel (“Madea”) Simmons, an outspoken grandmother—combined humour, religious wisdom, and personal triumph. Perry had a difficult childhood. He grew up with a

Frank Perry was an American director of wide-ranging films who was best known for David and Lisa (1962), Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970), and Mommie Dearest (1981). Perry worked as a stage manager and producer before moving into television and film. He studied directing under Lee Strasberg and

Walter Johnson: …Nolan Ryan, Steve Carlton, and Gaylord Perry. Johnson’s record for shutout victories (110) still stands. His record for games won (417) is second only to that held by Cy Young.

Grayson Perry is a British potter who embedded in his work images of violence and other disturbing social issues. Perry was born into a working-class family, and his interest in ceramics was kindled during childhood. By age 13 he had confided his transvestism to his diary. He studied at the

pen: …years later the English inventor James Perry sought to produce more-flexible steel points by cutting a centre hole at the top of a central slit and then making additional slits on either side.

Rick Perry is an American politician who was the longest-serving governor of Texas (2000–15) and who later was secretary of energy (2017–19) in the administration of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. Perry sought the Republican nomination for president in 2012 and 2016. Perry was the second of two children

Aerosmith: ), lead guitarist Joe Perry (b. September 10, 1950, Boston, Massachusetts), guitarist Brad Whitford (b. February 23, 1952, Winchester, Massachusetts), bassist Tom Hamilton (b. December 31, 1951, Colorado Springs, Colorado), and drummer Joey Kramer (b. June 21, 1950, New York City).

Katy Perry is an American pop singer who gained fame for a string of anthemic and often sexually suggestive hit songs, as well as for a playfully cartoonish sense of style. Her popular singles included “I Kissed a Girl,” “Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.),” “Roar,” and “Rise.” Katy Hudson was raised in

Lee “Scratch” Perry was a Jamaican producer, songwriter, singer, and disc jockey who helped reshape reggae music. He was among the first Jamaican producer-musicians to use the studio as an instrument, and he pioneered the reggae instrumental form known as dub, in which sections of a rhythm track