Of all the numeral systems of the world, that of the ancient Romans has lived on after a fashion despite having been supplanted by Arabic numerals. From clockface markings to Super Bowl names, Roman numerals still have their uses. The interactive tool below will convert Arabic numbers to Roman

Horace: Influences, personality, and impact of Horace: …had already written the magnificent Roman Odes, numbers one to six of Book III—a great tribute to Augustus’ principate, perhaps the greatest political poetry that has ever been written. But these Odes are by no means wholly political, for much other material, including abundant Greek and Roman mythology, is woven…

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, honorary primacy of the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches; it is also known as the “ecumenical patriarchate,” or “Roman” patriarchate (Turkish: Rum patriarkhanesi). According to a legend of the late 4th century, the

pizza: Roman pizza often omits tomatoes (an early 16th-century import) and uses onions and olives. The Ligurian pizza resembles the pissaladière of Provence in France, adding anchovies to olives and onions. Pizza has also spread from Italy throughout much of the rest of the

Nikkatsu Motion Picture Company: …resources to the production of roman poruno (romance pornography)—low-budget adult films that featured mainstream actors and actresses in stories that maintained the antiestablishment streak of the studio’s heyday. Nikkatsu later expanded into television broadcasting, and in 2005 it became a subsidiary of the Japanese entertainment and communications conglomerate Index Holdings.…

biblical literature: The Vulgate: …and is known as the Roman Psalter because it was incorporated into the liturgy at Rome. The second, produced in Palestine from the Hexaplaric Septuagint, tended to bring the Latin closer to the Hebrew. Its popularity in Gaul was such that it came to be known as the Gallican Psalter.…

Roman question, Dispute between church and state in Italy. With the completed unification of Italy in 1870, the papacy objected to the Italian seizure of Rome and the Papal States. The conflict was ended in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, which created Vatican City and resolved the

Roman religion, beliefs and practices of the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula from ancient times until the ascendancy of Christianity in the 4th century ce, during a period known as Classical antiquity. The Romans, according to the orator and politician Cicero, excelled all other peoples in the

Roman Republic, republic established in February 1798 by French troops occupying Rome and its environs. The pope was forced into exile, and the new republic was set up under an executive of seven consuls. In November 1798 Ferdinand IV of Naples sent an army that recaptured Rome, but the French

Roman Republic, (509–27 bce), the ancient state centred on the city of Rome that began in 509 bce, when the Romans replaced their monarchy with elected magistrates, and lasted until 27 bce, when the Roman Empire was established. A brief treatment of the Roman Republic follows. For full treatment,

Italy: The Revolutions of 1848: …universal male suffrage proclaimed the Roman Republic on February 5, 1849.

Roman republican calendar, dating system that evolved in Rome prior to the Christian era. According to legend, Romulus, the founder of Rome, instituted the calendar in about 738 bc. This dating system, however, was probably a product of evolution from the Greek lunar calendar, which in turn was

Roman road system, outstanding transportation network of the ancient Mediterranean world, extending from Britain to the Tigris-Euphrates river system and from the Danube River to Spain and northern Africa. In all, the Romans built 50,000 miles (80,000 km) of hard-surfaced highway, primarily for

roman script, in calligraphy, script based upon the clear, orderly Carolingian writing that Italian humanists mistook for the ancient Roman script used at the time of Cicero (1st century bc). They used the term roman to distinguish this supposedly classical style from black-letter and national

Alain Robbe-Grillet: …La Reprise (2001; Repetition) and Un Roman sentimental (2007; “A Sentimental Novel”), the latter of which concerns incest and pedophilia. His autobiography, Le Miroir qui revient (Ghosts in the Mirror), was published in 1984.

escargot: Helix pomatia, called the Roman or Burgundy snail (escargot de Bourgnone), is the most prized of the escargot species. H. lucorum, the Turkish snail (escargot du turc), and Cornu aspersum, the common garden snail (escargot petit gris), are also eaten. All three species, as well…

Omaha: 1935 Triple Crown: …homestretch, as a challenge by Roman Soldier materialized. It was short-lived, for, despite the heavy footing, Omaha closed fast in the last half-mile to beat out Roman Soldier by a length and a half.

Tennessee Williams: Williams also wrote two novels, The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1950) and Moise and the World of Reason (1975), essays, poetry, film scripts, short stories, and an autobiography, Memoirs (1975). His works won four Drama Critics’ awards and were widely translated and performed around the world.

Vivien Leigh: …deliver excellent screen performances in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) and Ship of Fools (1965), and to star in a 1963 Broadway musical adaptation of Tovarich, a disastrous production for which Leigh nonetheless won a Tony Award. She ended her career on a note of triumph in the…

Jakob Steiner: …to one point on the Steiner surface (also known as the Roman surface). Steiner never published these and other findings concerning the surface. A colleague, Karl Weierstrass, first published a paper on the surface and Steiner’s results in 1863, the year of Steiner’s death. Steiner’s other work was primarily on…

Italy: The Investiture Controversy: At the Roman synod of 1075, Gregory signaled his determination to bring an end to the practice of lay investiture. There could be no doubt that this policy would have its most drastic impact on Germany and northern Italy, where the remains of the Ottonian system constituted…

Évora: …the inn is the small Roman Temple of Diana (a name for which no valid authority exists), which dates from the 1st–3rd century ce. After 1640 the city became a centre for music study and performance in connection with the cathedral and university. The Museum of Évora includes archaeological and…

majuscule: …forerunners was a script called uncial—a rounder, more open majuscule form influenced by cursive. Uncial was the most common script used to write books from the 4th to the 8th century ad. Half uncial script was developed during the same period and eventually evolved into an almost entirely minuscule alphabet.…

ragweed: Major species: The common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), also called Roman wormwood, hogweed, hogbrake, and bitterweed, is found across the North American continent. It typically grows about 1 metre (3.5 feet) high and has thin, alternate or opposite, much-divided leaves. The great, or giant, ragweed (A. trifida), also called…

corydalis: Major species: …American species include pale or pink corydalis, or Roman wormwood (C. sempervirens), a 60-cm- (24-inch-) tall annual with pink yellow-tipped flowers; and golden corydalis (C. aurea), a 15-cm (6-inch) annual. Southern corydalis (C. micranthra) is found throughout the southern United States and has small yellow flowers.

Román y Reyes, Víctor Manuel was the president of Nicaragua (1947–1950) under the aegis of the Somoza regime. An uncle of General Anastasio Somoza, Román y Reyes graduated from Hahnemann Medical College (Philadelphia) in 1896 and practiced medicine in the United States for several years before

Sweden: The arts: Roman, an 18th-century composer, has been called the father of Swedish music, but the Romantic composer Franz Berwald received wider acclaim for his 19th-century symphonies and other works. Notable 20th-century composers include the “Monday group,” who were inspired by the anti-romantic Hilding Rosenberg in the…

Nancy Grace Roman was an American astronomer who was instrumental in the planning and development of the Hubble Space Telescope. For her work she was dubbed the “Mother of Hubble.” When Roman was young, her mother used to take her outside at night so she could learn about the constellations, and

Sydney Thompson Dobell: The long dramatic poem The Roman (1850), which Dobell published under the name Sydney Yendys, celebrated the cause of Italian liberation. Another long poem, Balder (1853), is concerned with the inner life of a poet who kills his wife after she has gone mad. It was devastatingly burlesqued in…

Roman-Dutch law, the system of law produced by the fusion of early modern Dutch law, chiefly of Germanic origin, and Roman, or civil, law. It existed in the Netherlands province of Holland from the 15th to the early 19th century and was carried by Dutch colonists to the Cape of Good Hope, where it

roman-fleuve, series of novels, each one complete in itself, that deals with one central character, an era of national life, or successive generations of a family. Inspired by successful 19th-century cycles such as Honoré de Balzac’s Comédie humaine and Émile Zola’s Rougon-Macquart, the

Mount Roman-Kosh, the highest mountain on the Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine, reaching a height of 5,069 feet (1,545 metres). It is situated on the most southerly coastal ridge of the three ranges that form the Crimean Mountains. It consists mainly of limestones. The lower slopes are forested, but the

Jordanes: …extant work is the chronicle De summa temporum vel origine actibusque gentis Romanorum (“The High Point of Time, or the Origin and Deeds of the Roman People”), also completed in 551 and called the Romana. The Getica is by far the more valuable work, because it is the major contemporary…

Romanian language, Romance language spoken primarily in Romania and Moldova. Four principal dialects may be distinguished: Dacoromanian, the basis of the standard language, spoken in Romania and Moldova in several regional variants; Aromanian (also called Macedoromanian), spoken in scattered

Germanic law: The Lex Burgundiorum and the Lex Romana Burgundiorum of the same period had similar functions, while the Edictum Rothari (643) applied to Lombards only.

France: Germans and Gallo-Romans: …population (Papian Code of Gundobad; Breviary of Alaric). By the 9th century this principle of legal personality, under which each person was judged according to the law applying to his status group, was replaced by a territorially based legal system. Multiple contacts in daily life produced an original civilization composed…

Romania: Cultural institutions: The Romanian Academy (founded in 1866 as the Romanian Literary Society) is renowned for preserving the Romanian language and culture and is responsible for coordinating the work of research institutes. The Academy’s seat is in Bucharest, but it also has branches in Iași, Cluj, and Timișoara.

Julius Pomponius Laetus: …in a semisecret society, the Academia Romana. The members, who changed their Christian names to pagan ones, met not only to discuss their antiquarian and archaeological interests but to celebrate, under the direction of Laetus as pontifex maximus, rites and mysteries of pagan Rome, such as the birth of Romulus…

La Romana, city and port, southeastern Dominican Republic, on the Caribbean Sea opposite Catalina Island. Founded near the end of the 19th century, La Romana grew rapidly after the establishment of a large sugar mill there in 1911. In addition to sugarcane, the surrounding region produces coffee,

Pax Romana, a state of comparative tranquillity throughout Classical antiquity and the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 bce–14 ce) to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161 –180 ce). Augustus laid the foundation for this period of concord, which also extended to North Africa and

David Mamet: …the German Faust legend, and Romance (produced 2005) comically skewers the prejudices of a Jewish man and his Protestant lawyer.

Clarence Brown: The 1930s: …talks!” The actress returned for Romance (1930), in which she portrayed an Italian opera star. Brown received Academy Award nominations for his work on both films. After directing Garbo in Inspiration (1931), Brown made the drama A Free Soul (1931), which starred Lionel Barrymore as an alcoholic attorney who gets…

romance, literary form, usually characterized by its treatment of chivalry, that came into being in France in the mid-12th century. It had antecedents in many prose works from classical antiquity (the so-called Greek romances), but as a distinctive genre it was developed in the context of the

Ariano Suassuna: …tenets of the Movimento Armorial, Romance d’a Pedra do reino e o príncipe do sangue do vai-e-volta (1971; “Romance of the Stone of the Kingdom and the Prince of Coming-and-Going Blood”), which incorporates elements of Portuguese traditions, still extant in northeastern Brazil, surrounding the belief that King Sebastian of Portugal…

Camilo Castelo Branco: …popular serials, others, such as O romance d’um homem rico (1861; “The Love Story of a Rich Man”) and O retrato de Ricardina (1868; “Portrait of Ricardina”), have a tragic quality and are narrated with conciseness and vigour.

Helmut Käutner: …film of this period was Romanze in Moll (1943; Romance in a Minor Key), an adaptation of Guy du Maupassant’s short story “Les Bijoux.” A somewhat traditional love-triangle story, the film was praised for its compositional perfection and technical virtuosity. Käutner’s last film of this period was the well-regarded Unter…

Romance languages, group of related languages all derived from Vulgar Latin within historical times and forming a subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. The major languages of the family include French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, all national languages.

vampire: History: …novels to be categorized as romance rather than science fiction, fantasy, or horror. Buffy the Vampire Slayer, a television show in which the title character has a star-crossed romance with a vampire, aired from 1997 to 2003. Vampire romances also appeared in the steamy HBO television series True Blood, based

Roman de la rose, one of the most popular French poems of the later Middle Ages. Modeled on Ovid’s Ars amatoria (c. 1 bc; Art of Love), the poem is composed of more than 21,000 lines of octosyllabic couplets and survives in more than 300 manuscripts. Little is known of the author of the first 4,058

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, statistics-based strategy game series created in 1985 by Japanese electronic game developer Koei Co., Ltd. Romance features turn-based play, along with many unique features that set it apart from other war and conquest games. With releases across virtually every

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, novel traditionally attributed to the 14th-century Chinese writer Luo Guanzhong. Spanning more than a century of Chinese history that includes the era of the Three Kingdoms, this epic saga of the last days of the Han dynasty is a compilation of history and legend

Joshua Bell: …written for him—and his album Romance of the Violin won Billboard’s 2004 Classical Album of the Year.

Chinese literature: Drama: …Guan’s contemporary, wrote Xixiangji (Romance of the Western Chamber), based on a popular Tang prose romance about the amorous exploits of the poet Yuan Zhen, renamed Zheng Sheng in the play. Besides its literary merits and its influence on later drama, it is notable for its length, two or…

Marie Corelli: Her first book, A Romance of Two Worlds (1886), deals with psychic experience—a theme in many of her later novels. Her first major success was Barabbas: A Dream of the World’s Tragedy (1893), in which her treatment of the Crucifixion was designed to appeal to popular taste. The…

Doris Day: …major film role was in Romance on the High Seas (1948). From there she made a long series of musicals, including Calamity Jane (1953), Young at Heart (1954), Love Me or Leave Me (1955), and The Pajama Game (1957). Her screen persona, that of an intelligent, wholesome woman of unfailing…

romance stanza, a six-line verse stanza common in metrical romances in which the first, second, fourth, and fifth lines have four accents each and the third and sixth lines have three accents each and in which the rhyme scheme is aabaab. It is a type of tail

Portuguese literature: Poetry: …ballads known collectively as the romanceiro mixed those themes with adventure, war, and chivalry. Few of these ballads can be dated earlier than the 15th century; they belong to a tradition of anonymous poetry kept alive by oral transmission, by which they were spread across Europe and North Africa after…

romancero, collective body of Spanish folk ballads (romances), which constitute a unique tradition of European balladry. They resemble epic poetry in their heroic, aristocratic tone, their themes of battle and honour, and their pretense to historicity; but they are, nevertheless, ballads,

The Gypsy Ballads, verse collection by Federico García Lorca, written between 1924 and 1927 and first published in Spanish in 1928 as Romancero gitano. The collection comprises 18 lyrical poems, 15 of which combine startlingly modern poetic imagery with traditional literary forms; the three

Francisco Rodrigues Lobo: His first book of poems, Romances (1596), written in the Baroque manner of the Spanish poet Luis de Góngora y Argote, reveals a refined sensibility and skill in describing the moods of nature. Most of the 61 poems are in Spanish, a second language for Portuguese writers until the end…

Ángel de Saavedra, duke de Rivas: …was to triumph in his Romances históricos (1841; “Historical Romances”), both significant examples of his Romantic poetry.

Paul Verlaine: Life.: …sketches for his next collection, Romances sans paroles (“Songs Without Words”). The pair reached London in September and found, besides exiled Communard friends, plenty of interest and amusement and also inspiration: Verlaine completed the Romances, whose opening pages, especially, attain a pure musicality rarely surpassed in French literature and embody…

Romanche Gap, narrow submarine depression lying near the Equator in the mid-Atlantic Ocean and trending east-west between the shoulders of South America and Africa. Reaching a maximum depth of 25,453 feet (7,758 m), it represents one of the ocean’s deepest soundings. The trench is 186 miles (300

Romanche Gap, narrow submarine depression lying near the Equator in the mid-Atlantic Ocean and trending east-west between the shoulders of South America and Africa. Reaching a maximum depth of 25,453 feet (7,758 m), it represents one of the ocean’s deepest soundings. The trench is 186 miles (300

Romanche Gap, narrow submarine depression lying near the Equator in the mid-Atlantic Ocean and trending east-west between the shoulders of South America and Africa. Reaching a maximum depth of 25,453 feet (7,758 m), it represents one of the ocean’s deepest soundings. The trench is 186 miles (300

Robert Zemeckis: …success was the action-adventure comedy Romancing the Stone (1984), starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner. With his time-traveling teen comedy Back to the Future (1985) and its sequels, Zemeckis began earning a reputation for visual innovation, which he cemented with Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), a feature film that combined…

romanechite, barium and manganese oxide [(Ba, H2O)2(Mn4+, Mn3+)5O10], an important ore mineral of manganese. A secondary mineral formed under surface conditions, it is often a dark gray to black alteration product of manganous carbonate or silicate minerals. It may form large residual deposits and

Hebrew literature: Beginnings of the Haskala movement: …language, and another, an Italian, Samuel Aaron Romanelli, wrote and translated plays. Out of these contacts grew Haskala (“Enlightenment”), a tendency toward westernization that venerated Hebrew and medieval western Jewish literature. Among German Jews, then already in rapid process of Germanization, this Hebrew movement had no place. The Enlightenment was…

Eyvind Johnson: …drudgery and its effects, and Romanen om Olof, 4 vol. (1934–37), which tells of his experiences as a logger in the sub-Arctic, he begins to seek out the causes for that frustration. During World War II and immediately preceding it, Johnson’s novels took the form of intense protest against totalitarian…

Romany languages, group of 60 or more highly divergent dialects that are genetically related to the Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages. The Romany languages are spoken by more than three million individuals worldwide, and the more remotely related Domari group of dialects (whose speakers seem to have

animal learning: Complex problem solving: Darwin’s young colleague, George Romanes, compiled a systematic collection of stories and anecdotes about the behaviour of animals, upon which he built an elaborate theory of the evolution of intelligence. It was largely in reaction to this anecdotal tradition, with its uncritical acceptance of tales of astounding feats…

Romanesque architecture, architectural style current in Europe from about the mid-11th century to the advent of Gothic architecture. A fusion of Roman, Carolingian and Ottonian, Byzantine, and local Germanic traditions, it was a product of the great expansion of monasticism in the 10th–11th

Romanesque art, architecture, sculpture, and painting characteristic of the first of two great international artistic eras that flourished in Europe during the Middle Ages. Romanesque architecture emerged about 1000 and lasted until about 1150, by which time it had evolved into Gothic. The

Harvey Ellis: …his published renderings of Richardsonian Romanesque and Chateauesque architectural designs were imitated by numerous other American architects and renderers. In later years some of their work was misidentified as that of Ellis.

Romany languages, group of 60 or more highly divergent dialects that are genetically related to the Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages. The Romany languages are spoken by more than three million individuals worldwide, and the more remotely related Domari group of dialects (whose speakers seem to have

Romany languages, group of 60 or more highly divergent dialects that are genetically related to the Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages. The Romany languages are spoken by more than three million individuals worldwide, and the more remotely related Domari group of dialects (whose speakers seem to have

Vincenzo Bellini: …theatre poet of the day, Felice Romani, with whom he collaborated in his next six operas. The most important of these were I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830), based on Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet; La sonnambula (1831; The Sleepwalker); and Norma (1831). La sonnambula, an opera semiseria (serious but with…

Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed to have spent his early years in Brescia, Trento, and Cremona. The masterpiece of his early career, his Madonna and Child with Saints (1513), reflects the influence of Venetian art

Romania, country of southeastern Europe. The national capital is Bucharest. Romania was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1948. The country was under communist rule from 1948 until 1989, when the regime of Romanian

Romania, country of southeastern Europe. The national capital is Bucharest. Romania was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1948. The country was under communist rule from 1948 until 1989, when the regime of Romanian

vertically striped blue-yellow-red national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is approximately 2 to 3.In 1834 the Ottoman government recognized local flags for use in Moldavia and Walachia, two principalities that later joined to form Romania. Their local flags were based on ancient heraldic

Romania: History: The Carpathian-Danube region in which the Romanian ethnic community evolved was settled about 2000 bce by migratory Indo-Europeans who intermingled with native Neolithic (New Stone Age) peoples to form the Thracians.

Romanian Orthodox Church, the largest autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox church in the Balkans today. It is the church to which the majority of Romanians belong, and in the late 20th century it had a membership of more than 16 million. Christianity first reached Dacia

Romania: Romanians and Hungarians: The ethnogenesis of the Romanian people was probably completed by the 10th century. The first stage, the Romanization of the Geto-Dacians, had now been followed by the second, the assimilation of the Slavs by the Daco-Romans.

Romania: Cultural institutions: The Romanian Academy (founded in 1866 as the Romanian Literary Society) is renowned for preserving the Romanian language and culture and is responsible for coordinating the work of research institutes. The Academy’s seat is in Bucharest, but it also has branches in Iași, Cluj, and Timișoara.

Austria: Foreign policy, 1878–1908: The Triple Alliance and the Romanian Alliance not only strengthened the international status quo but also gave security to the internal order of the Habsburg monarchy by weakening the irredentist movements in Transylvania and the Italian parts of Austria-Hungary. (See also Irredentist.)

Roman Catholic Church of Romania, an Eastern Catholic church of the Byzantine rite, in communion with Rome. The Byzantine rite Catholic Church originated after the Turks ceded Transylvania to the Catholic Habsburgs (1699); at that time a large group of Orthodox Romanians, pressed by the imperial

golden hamster: …Syria to northwestern Iran; the Romanian hamster (M. newtoni) is exclusive to eastern Romania and Bulgaria; the Ciscaucasian hamster (M. raddei) inhabits the steppes along the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains.

Romanian language, Romance language spoken primarily in Romania and Moldova. Four principal dialects may be distinguished: Dacoromanian, the basis of the standard language, spoken in Romania and Moldova in several regional variants; Aromanian (also called Macedoromanian), spoken in scattered

Romanian literature, body of writings in the Romanian language, the development of which is paralleled by a rich folklore—lyric, epic, dramatic, and didactic—that continued into modern times. The earliest translations into Romanian were from Slavonic and consisted of interlinear verses or

Romanian National Party, political organization formed in Transylvania in 1881, dedicated to obtaining autonomy for Transylvania within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, autonomy for Romanian churches, and the use of the Romanian language for administrative purposes. After circulating their demands in a

Romanian Orthodox Church, the largest autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, Eastern Orthodox church in the Balkans today. It is the church to which the majority of Romanians belong, and in the late 20th century it had a membership of more than 16 million. Christianity first reached Dacia

Danube River: Physiography: …the left lies the low Romanian Plain, which is separated from the main stream by a strip of lakes and swamps. The tributaries in this section are comparatively small and account for only a modest increase in the total runoff. They include the Olt, the Siret, and the Prut. The…

Romance languages, group of related languages all derived from Vulgar Latin within historical times and forming a subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family. The major languages of the family include French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian, all national languages.

Pietro Metastasio: …taken by the prima donna Marianna Benti-Bulgarelli, called La Romanina, who became enamoured of the poet. In her salon Metastasio formed his lifelong friendship with the castrato male soprano Carlo Farinelli and came to know such composers as Nicola Porpora (from whom he took music lessons), Domenico Sarro, and Leonardo…

Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed to have spent his early years in Brescia, Trento, and Cremona. The masterpiece of his early career, his Madonna and Child with Saints (1513), reflects the influence of Venetian art

Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed to have spent his early years in Brescia, Trento, and Cremona. The masterpiece of his early career, his Madonna and Child with Saints (1513), reflects the influence of Venetian art

John XIX was the pope from 1024 to 1032. A member of the Tusculani family that followed the powerful Crescentii as rulers of Rome, he was a layman when he succeeded his brother Pope Benedict VIII in April/May 1024; he was accused of obtaining the office through bribery. On Easter 1027 he crowned as

Luís Romano was a Cape Verdean poet, novelist, and folklorist who wrote in both Portuguese and Cape Verdean Creole. Romano lived in both Senegal and Morocco before settling, in 1962, in Brazil. Though a trained mechanical and electrical engineer, he worked as a coal miner, public functionary,

Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed to have spent his early years in Brescia, Trento, and Cremona. The masterpiece of his early career, his Madonna and Child with Saints (1513), reflects the influence of Venetian art