Roper River, river in Northern Territory, Australia, formed by the confluence of Waterhouse River and Beswick Creek east of Mataranka and flowing east for 250 miles (400 km) to Limmen Bight on the Gulf of Carpentaria. It marks the southern limit of the rugged region known as Arnhem Land. The flow

Elmo Roper was an American pollster, the first to develop the scientific poll for political forecasting. Three times he predicted the reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1936, 1940, 1944). Roper studied at the University of Minnesota and the University of Edinburgh without receiving a

biography: Renaissance: …More’s History of Richard III, William Roper’s Mirrour of Vertue in Worldly Greatness; or, The life of Syr Thomas More, and George Cavendish’s Life of Cardinal Wolsey. The History of Richard III (written about 1513 in both an English and a Latin version) unfortunately remains unfinished; and it cannot meet…

Alfred Hauge: Ropet (1946; “The Call”) depicts the hostility of small-town pietism to art, a conflict that continued to inspire Hauge in several of his subsequent novels, all of which have small towns as their settings. Among his novels are Året har ingen vår (1948; “The Year…

João de Barros: …pedagogical, and grammatical works, including Rópica pnefma (1532; “Spiritual Merchandise”), the most important philosophical dialogue of the time in Portugal, and an elementary Portuguese primer-catechism (1539) that became the prototype of all such works.

Garth Brooks: …followed his breakthrough release with Ropin’ the Wind (1991), another genre-bending album that was equal parts honky-tonk and classic rock. It debuted at the top of the Billboard pop chart and went on to sell more than 14 million copies. Brooks turned away from the pop sound of his previous…

restless legs syndrome: …to treat this disorder is ropinirole hydrochloride (e.g., Requip™), a dopamine agonist—that is, a drug that mimics or enhances the action of dopamine, an important neurotransmitter in the brain.

Félicien Rops was a Belgian painter and graphic artist remembered primarily for his prints. Rops attended the University of Brussels. His early work on student periodicals attracted the attention of publishers, and he began to produce illustrations, contributing some of his finest lithographs to

Boris Viktorovich Savinkov was a revolutionary who violently opposed both the imperial and the Soviet regimes in Russia. He wrote several pseudonymous novels based on his career as a terrorist. Savinkov joined the Socialist-Revolutionary Party in 1903 and was a leader of its terrorist organization.

baking: Bacteria: …include Bacillus mesentericus, responsible for “ropy” bread, and the less common but more spectacular Micrococcus prodigiosus, causative agent of “bleeding bread.” Neither ropy bread nor bleeding bread is particularly toxic. Enzymes secreted by B. mesentericus change the starch inside the loaf into a gummy substance stretching into strands when a…

croquet: …some players, making the name roque. Roque courts and play differed markedly from Great Britain’s association croquet (q.v.) in having a clay surface and solid boundary walls.

Roquefort, classic blue cheese made from ewe’s milk, often considered one of the greatest cheeses of France. The designation Roquefort is protected by French law. Roquefort is one of the oldest known cheeses. It was reportedly the favourite cheese of the emperor Charlemagne, and in France it is

Anne Rice was an American author known for her novels about vampires and other supernatural creatures. Her notable books included Interview with a Vampire (1976), which launched the bestselling Vampire Chronicles series. Rice was christened Howard Allen O’Brien but hated her first name so much that

Musidora was a French silent-film actress most noted for her roles in Louis Feuillade’s crime serials Les Vampires (1915) and Judex (1916). She was also one of the first French women film directors. Her father was a composer and her mother a feminist literary critic. Musidora made her acting debut

association croquet: …if that stroke is a roquet—a move in which the ball strikes one of the other three balls—or if the ball passes through a hoop, the turn is extended. A player earns two additional strokes after a roquet: first, a croquet stroke, which is played by placing one’s ball in…

arugula, (subspecies Eruca vesicaria sativa), annual herb of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), grown for its pungent edible leaves. Native to the Mediterranean, arugula is a common salad vegetable in many parts of southern Europe and has grown in popularity around the world for its peppery, nutty

Roraima, estado (state), northern Brazil. It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, on the east by Guyana and the state of Pará, and on the south and west by the state of Amazonas. Formerly a part of Amazonas, it was created a territory by decree in 1943 and until 1962 was named Rio Branco. It

Mount Roraima, giant flat-topped mountain, or mesa, in the Pakaraima Mountains of the Guiana Highlands, at the point where the boundaries of Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana meet. About 9 miles (14 km) long and 9,094 feet (2,772 meters) high, it is the source of many rivers of Guyana, and of the

madrigal: Willaert and his pupil Cipriano de Rore (d. 1565) brought the madrigal to a new height of expression through their sensitive handling of text declamation and the introduction of word painting. Emotional words such as “joy,” “anger,” “laugh,” and “cry” were given special musical treatment but not at the…

Ericales: Roridulaceae: Roridulaceae contains a single genus, Roridula, with two species of small southern African shrubs. They have linear leaves that are covered with capitate resin-secreting hairs. The flowers are medium-sized with free sepals and petals and only five stamens that invert early in their development.…

Rurik was the semilegendary founder of the Rurik dynasty of Kievan Rus. Rurik was a Viking, or Varangian, prince. His story is told in the The Russian Primary Chronicle (compiled at the beginning of the 12th century) but is not accepted at face value by modern historians. According to the

yellow cress: Great yellow cress (R. amphibia) and creeping yellow cress (R. sylvestris) are invasive species in North America. Lakecress (R. aquatica) is a slow-growing perennial often used in aquariums.

yellow cress: The marsh cress, or bog yellow cress (R. palustris), is an annual plant that has naturalized in marshy areas throughout the world. Great yellow cress (R. amphibia) and creeping yellow cress (R. sylvestris) are invasive species in North America. Lakecress (R. aquatica) is a slow-growing perennial…

yellow cress: amphibia) and creeping yellow cress (R. sylvestris) are invasive species in North America. Lakecress (R. aquatica) is a slow-growing perennial often used in aquariums.

rorqual, (genus Balaenoptera), any of five particular species of baleen whales—specifically the blue whale, fin whale, sei whale, Bryde’s whale, and minke whale. The term is often extended to include the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangeliae), the only other member of the family Balaenopteridae,

Rorschach test, projective method of psychological testing in which a person is asked to describe what he or she sees in 10 inkblots, of which some are black or gray and others have patches of colour. The test was introduced in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. It attained peak

Rorschach test, projective method of psychological testing in which a person is asked to describe what he or she sees in 10 inkblots, of which some are black or gray and others have patches of colour. The test was introduced in 1921 by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. It attained peak

Hermann Rorschach was a Swiss psychiatrist who devised the inkblot test that bears his name and that was widely used clinically for diagnosing psychopathology. The eldest son of an art teacher, Rorschach considered becoming an artist but chose medicine instead. As a secondary school student, he was

Rörstrand faience, first faience (tin-glazed earthenware) produced in Sweden, at the Rörstrand factory established in 1725 by a Dane, Johann Wolff, near Stockholm. Cristoph Konrad Hunger, an arcanist from Meissen and Vienna, became the manager of the factory in 1729. Rörstrand faience was either

Richard Rorty was an American pragmatist philosopher and public intellectual noted for his wide-ranging critique of the modern conception of philosophy as a quasi-scientific enterprise aimed at reaching certainty and objective truth. In politics, he argued against programs of both the left and the

Richard Rorty was an American pragmatist philosopher and public intellectual noted for his wide-ranging critique of the modern conception of philosophy as a quasi-scientific enterprise aimed at reaching certainty and objective truth. In politics, he argued against programs of both the left and the

Roderic O’Connor was the king of Connaught and the last high king of Ireland; he failed to turn back the Anglo-Norman invasion that led to the conquest of Ireland by England. Roderic succeeded his father, Turloch O’Connor, as king of Connaught in 1156. Since Turloch’s title of high king was claimed

Roderic O’Connor was the king of Connaught and the last high king of Ireland; he failed to turn back the Anglo-Norman invasion that led to the conquest of Ireland by England. Roderic succeeded his father, Turloch O’Connor, as king of Connaught in 1156. Since Turloch’s title of high king was claimed

Rus, ancient people who gave their name to the lands of Russia and Belarus. Their origin and identity are much in dispute. Traditional Western scholars believe them to be Scandinavian Vikings, an offshoot of the Varangians, who moved southward from the Baltic coast and founded the first

aging: Oxidative damage theory: …particular with molecules known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). This theory was first proposed in the 1950s by American gerontologist Denham Harman and was supported in part by evidence that antioxidant proteins, which neutralize free radicals, are more abundant in aging cells, indicating a response to oxidative stress.

New Ross, port town, County Wexford, Ireland. It lies along the River Barrow, just below the latter’s junction with the Nore. In the 6th century St. Abban founded the abbey of Rossmactreoin, which gave rise to the ancient city Rossglas, or Rossponte. By 1269 the town, which stands on a steep hill

Marco Rubio: Early life, education, and Florida House of Representatives: …that time, he worked for Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, a Republican who was the first Hispanic woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. After earning a law degree in 1996, he served a term as a member of the West Miami City Commission before being elected to the Florida House of…

rose, (genus Rosa), genus of some 100 species of perennial shrubs in the rose family (Rosaceae). Roses are native primarily to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Many roses are cultivated for their beautiful flowers, which range in colour from white through various tones of yellow

Rosales: Ornamental species: …and even historical events; the cottage rose (Rosa ×alba) was adopted as a symbol by the Yorkists in the English Wars of the Roses. There are perhaps 120 species of wild roses, and over the centuries humans have deliberately selected and bred these wild roses to produce a wide variety…

rose: Major species and hybrids: The flowers of the damask rose (Rosa ×damascena) and several other species are the source of attar of roses used in perfumes. Many species, particularly the rugosa rose (R. rugosa), produce edible rose hips, which are a rich source of vitamin C and are sometimes used in preserves.

coin: Coins of the United States: The Rosa Americana pieces, struck by William Wood of Wolverhampton under royal patent dated July 12, 1722, received a disappointingly small circulation in New York and New England. Another coinage by Wood in 1722–24, intended for Ireland but rejected there because of scandalous circumstances surrounding his…

attar of roses: …from the flower petals of centifolia roses, Rosa centifolia, by means of a suitable solvent. One ounce of richly perfumed attar may be produced from about 250 pounds (113 kg) of roses. Rose water is a by-product of distillation.

St. Rose of Lima ; canonized April 12, 1671; feast day August 23, formerly August 30) was the first person born in the Western Hemisphere to be canonized by the Roman Catholic Church. She is the patron saint of Peru and all of South America as well as of embroiderers, gardeners, and florists. Born

Juana de Ibarbourou: …works gave way later, in La rosa de los vientos (1930; “Compass Rose”), to a sense of declining beauty and vitality and, finally, in Perdida (1950; “Lost”), to an expression of despair. She was deeply affected by her own illness and the deaths of her parents and husband.

sweetbrier, (Rosa eglanteria, or R. rubiginosa), small, prickly wild rose with fragrant foliage and numerous small pink flowers. Native to Europe and western Asia, it is widely naturalized in North America, where it grows along roadsides and in pastures from Nova Scotia and Ontario southwestward to

Euphrase Kezilahabi: Kezilahabi’s first novel, Rosa Mistika (1971 and 1981), which dealt with the abuse of schoolgirls by their teachers, was a popular success and, though at first banned for classroom use, was later adopted as a standard book for secondary schools in Tanzania and Kenya. His later novels included…

rose: Major species and hybrids: …of frequently blooming but fragile tea roses with vigorous hybrid perpetual roses. The hybrid perpetuals achieved great popularity until they were supplanted by the hybrid teas in the early 20th century. Polyantha roses are a class of very hardy roses that produce dense bunches of tiny blossoms. Floribunda roses are…

sweetbrier, (Rosa eglanteria, or R. rubiginosa), small, prickly wild rose with fragrant foliage and numerous small pink flowers. Native to Europe and western Asia, it is widely naturalized in North America, where it grows along roadsides and in pastures from Nova Scotia and Ontario southwestward to

rose: Major species and hybrids: …particularly the rugosa rose (R. rugosa), produce edible rose hips, which are a rich source of vitamin C and are sometimes used in preserves.

Sun: History of observation: Scheiner’s drawings in the Rosa Ursina are of almost modern quality, and there was little improvement in solar imaging until 1905. In the 1670s the British astronomer John Flamsteed and the French astronomer Gian Domenico Cassini calculated the distance to the Sun. Sir Isaac Newton set forth the role…

wind rose, map diagram that summarizes information about the wind at a particular location over a specified time period. A wind rose was also, before the use of magnetic compasses, a guide on mariners’ charts to show the directions of the eight principal winds. The modern wind rose used by

Barbara Mikulski: In 2010 Mikulski also sponsored Rosa’s Law, which mandated the replacement of the term “mental retardation” with “intellectual disability” in federal legislation. As one of the senior female senators, Mikulski served as an informal dean to incoming women, mentoring and guiding them through the byzantine procedures and politics of the…

Cape Roca, promontory in Portugal, and the westernmost point of continental Europe. It lies on the Atlantic coast of Lisboa district, about 25 miles (40 km) west-northwest of Lisbon. Known to the Romans as Promontorium Magnum, the cape is a narrow granite cliff, 472 feet (144 metres) high, forming

Guinea-Bissau: Independence of Guinea-Bissau: Soon after, Henrique Rosa, a businessman and virtual political newcomer, was sworn in as interim president. Under Rosa’s transitional government, legislative elections were held in 2004, moving Guinea-Bissau on course toward a stable, constitutional government. While forging political peace, Rosa was faced with the task of rebuilding…

João Guimarães Rosa was a novelist and short-story writer whose innovative prose style, derived from the oral tradition of the sertão (hinterland of Brazil), revitalized Brazilian fiction in the mid-20th century. His portrayal of the conflicts of the Brazilian backlanders in his native state of

Monte Rosa, rounded, snow-covered massif of the Pennine Alps lying on the frontier between Switzerland and Italy, rising southeast of Zermatt, Switz. Ten summits in this huge mountain mass are distinguished by name. Four of them (Nordend, Zumsteinspitze, Signalkuppe [Punta Gnifetti], and

magnetohydrodynamic power generator: Development of MHD power generators: In 1959 the American engineer Richard J. Rosa operated the first truly successful MHD generator, producing about 10 kilowatts of electric power. By 1963 the Avco Research Laboratory, under the direction of the American physicist Arthur R. Kantrowitz, had constructed and operated a 33-megawatt MHD generator, and for many years…

Salvator Rosa was an Italian Baroque painter and etcher of the Neapolitan school remembered for his wildly romantic or “sublime” landscapes, marine paintings, and battle pictures. He was also an accomplished poet, satirist, actor, and musician. Rosa studied painting in Naples, coming under the

Rosabeth Moss Kanter: …in the Global Economy (1995), Rosabeth Moss Kanter on the Frontiers of Management (1997), Move: Putting America’s Infrastructure Back in the Lead (2015), and Think Outside the Building: How Advanced Leaders Can Change the World One Smart Innovation at a Time (2020). She also contributed to many texts on sociology,…

Alzheimer disease: Stages of the disease: Rosacea, a chronic inflammatory condition of the skin, is also associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer disease, particularly among individuals age 60 or older.

keratitis: Rosacea keratitis is a complication of acne rosacea, a disease in which the skin of the face is affected first by pronounced flushing and later by the formation of nodules and pustules. The keratitis may cause severe pain and corneal scarring with impairment of vision.…

Rosaceae, the rose family of flowering plants (order Rosales), composed of some 2,500 species in more than 90 genera. The family is primarily found in the north temperate zone and occurs in a wide variety of habitats. A number of species are of economic importance as food crops, including apples,

Rosales, the rose order of dicotyledonous flowering plants, containing 9 families, 261 genera, and more than 7,700 species. Rosales, which is in the Rosid I group among the core eudicots, is related to other orders with members that can undergo nitrogen fixation (for example the legumes of the

W.S. Van Dyke: Powell and Loy, Eddy and MacDonald: …then returned to musicals with Rosalie (1937), a laboured production starring Eddy and Eleanor Powell, with songs by Cole Porter. Marie Antoinette (1938) was an overlong but solid biopic about the Austrian princess who became queen of France. The lavish drama was a showcase for Norma Shearer, though Robert Morley’s

Mississippi: Exploration and settlement: Fort Rosalie was renamed Fort Panmure, and the Natchez District was established as a subdivision of West Florida. Natchez flourished during the early 1770s. After the outbreak of the American Revolution (1775–83), Spain regained possession of Florida and occupied Natchez. The Peace of Paris treaties…

Rosalind, a witty and intelligent young woman, the daughter of the deposed Duke Senior, in Shakespeare’s As You Like It. One of Shakespeare’s most notable female characters, Rosalind (disguised as a young man named Ganymede) offers wise counsel to the lovesick Orlando: “Men have died from time to

Percy Bysshe Shelley: …completed a modest poem entitled Rosalind and Helen, in which he imagines his destiny in the poet-reformer “Lionel,” who—imprisoned for radical activity—dies young after his release.

Mars: Spacecraft exploration: …of the ExoMars mission, the Rosalind Franklin rover. Rosalind Franklin will arrive in the late 2020s and will carry a drill that can reach 2 meters (6 feet) underground to collect soil samples for onboard analysis.

Love’s Labour’s Lost: …attended by three ladies (Rosaline, Maria, and Katharine), arrives on a diplomatic mission from the king of France and must therefore be admitted into Navarre’s park. The gentlemen soon discover that they are irresistibly attracted to the ladies. Their attempts at concealing their infatuations from one another are quickly…

Thomas Lodge: …remembered for the prose romance Rosalynde, the source of William Shakespeare’s As You Like It.

Rosalynn Carter: In 1987 she established the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving (RCI) at Georgia Southwestern State University. In 1999 Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in the United States.

Thomas Arne: …in his first stage work, Rosamond (1733). This opera, based on Joseph Addison’s libretto of 1707, was set “after the Italian manner,” and its bravura air “Rise, Glory, Rise” was sung for the next 40 years.

Rosamond was a mistress of Henry II of England. She was the subject of many legends and stories. Rosamond is believed to have been the daughter of Walter de Clifford of the family of Fitz-Ponce. She is said to have been Henry’s mistress secretly for several years but was openly acknowledged by him

Rosamond was a mistress of Henry II of England. She was the subject of many legends and stories. Rosamond is believed to have been the daughter of Walter de Clifford of the family of Fitz-Ponce. She is said to have been Henry’s mistress secretly for several years but was openly acknowledged by him

theatre music: Incidental music for the theatre: …German playwright Helmina von Chézy’s Rosamunde (1823); Schumann’s for Lord Byron’s Manfred (1852); and Grieg’s for Henrik Ibsen’s Peer Gynt (1876).

Vasily Vasilyevich Rozanov was a Russian writer, religious thinker, and journalist, best known for the originality and individuality of his prose works. Rozanov was born into the family of a provincial official of limited means. His parents died before he turned 15. He attended secondary schools in

Olga Vladimirovna Rozanova was a Russian artist who was one of the main innovators of the Russian avant-garde. By the time of her death in 1918, she had embraced in her painting the use of pure colour, a concern that engaged American abstract artists, such as Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko, several

Rosario, river port and one of the largest cities in Argentina. It lies in southeastern Santa Fe provincia (province), on the western bank of the Paraná River, about 180 miles (290 km) northwest of Buenos Aires. In 1689 Luis Romero de Pineda, a colonial soldier, built a villa on the site of

Latin American architecture: Seventeenth- and 18th-century architecture in Ecuador, Colombia, and Cuba: The Chapel of Rosario (c. 1680–90) in Tunja (Colombia) reflects the ornamental intensity common to 17th-century Latin American architecture. As with the Chapel of Rosario (1650–90) in Puebla, begun by the priest Juan de Cuenca and completed by the priest Diego de Gorospe, all the surfaces…

Cordillera de Guaniguanico: …de los Órganos and the Sierra del Rosario, which rises 2,293 ft (699 m) at El Pan de Guajaibón. The Sierra del Rosario exhibits a multitude of knolls formed of different rock materials, whereas steep limestone cones tower in the Sierra de los Órganos. Extensive pine and oak forests cover…

Baja California: The beaches at Rosarito are popular with tourists, and Tecate has a famous brewery. Islands and coastal areas in the Gulf of California that belong to Baja California are part of a larger gulfwide UNESCO World Heritage site designated in 2005.

rosary, (from Latin rosarium, “rose garden”), religious exercise in which prayers are recited and counted on a string of beads or a knotted cord. By extension, the beads or cord may also be called a rosary. The practice is widespread, occurring in virtually every major religious tradition in the

Dominican University, private, coeducational university in the Chicago suburb River Forest, Illinois, U.S. It is affiliated with the Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters, a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. The school was initially founded in 1848 in Wisconsin as St. Clara Academy, a frontier

novena: Some Marian novenas, most notably the 54-day miraculous novena, involve the recitation of an entire rosary. In addition to novenas that culminate on specific feast days, novena prayers for the dead and novenas for specific petitions or as a form of thanksgiving are also common practices.

jequirity bean, (Abrus precatorius), plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), found in tropical regions. The plant is sometimes grown as an ornamental and is considered an invasive species in some areas outside its native range. Although highly poisonous, the hard red and black seeds are attractive and

Mystery Sonatas, group of 15 short sonatas and a passacaglia for violin and basso continuo written by Bohemian composer Heinrich Biber about 1674. Rooted in Biber’s longtime employment with the Roman Catholic Church and in the life of the Salzburg court in Austria, they are rare examples of

Our Lady of Fátima, in Roman Catholicism, the title given to the Virgin Mary in her six appearances before three peasant children near the village of Fátima, Portugal, in 1917. Since that revelation, millions of the faithful have made pilgrimages to the site where the woman, commonly called Our

Spain: Greeks: …Emporion (Ampurias) and Rhode (Rosas). There was, however, an older Archaic Greek commerce in olive oil, perfumes, fine pottery, bronze jugs, armour, and figurines carried past the Strait of Gibraltar by the Phoenicians. It developed between 800 and 550 bce, peaking sharply from 600 to 550, and was directed…

Juan Manuel de Rosas was a military and political leader of Argentina, who was governor (1835–52) of Buenos Aires with dictatorial powers. Rosas was of a wealthy family that held some of the largest cattle ranches in Argentina. He received his primary education in Buenos Aires but spent most of his

Latin American music: The 19th century: …music composer in Mexico was Juventino Rosas, an Otomí Indian and author of a set of waltzes, Sobre las olas (1891; “On the Waves”), that became famous worldwide. With Romantic pianist-composers such as Tomás León, Ernesto Elorduy, and Felipe Villanueva, the first vernacular elements appeared in Mexican music. The last…

José Mármol: In poetry such as Rosas: el 25 de mayo de 1850 (1850) Mármol also spoke out against the dictator with a forcefulness that made him the hero of liberals throughout Latin America.

ROSAT, X-ray astronomy satellite launched on June 1, 1990, as part of a cooperative program involving Germany, the United States, and the United Kingdom. ROSAT had two parallel grazing-incidence telescopes. One of them, the X-ray telescope, bore many similarities to the equipment of the earlier

Roskosmos, Russian government organization founded in 1992 that is responsible for managing the Russian space program. Its headquarters are in Moscow. The head of Roskosmos is assisted by a board, a science and engineering council, and the heads of 11 departments. Roskomos is the descendant of the

Michael Rosbash is an American geneticist known for his discoveries concerning circadian rhythm, the cyclical 24-hour period of biological activity that drives daily behavioral patterns. Rosbash worked extensively with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and he contributed to the discovery of

Roscelin was a French philosopher and theologian known as the originator of an extreme form of nominalism holding that universals are nothing more than verbal expressions. His only extant work seems to be a letter to the French philosopher Peter Abelard, who studied under him at Besançon; the

Roscelin was a French philosopher and theologian known as the originator of an extreme form of nominalism holding that universals are nothing more than verbal expressions. His only extant work seems to be a letter to the French philosopher Peter Abelard, who studied under him at Besançon; the

Roscelin was a French philosopher and theologian known as the originator of an extreme form of nominalism holding that universals are nothing more than verbal expressions. His only extant work seems to be a letter to the French philosopher Peter Abelard, who studied under him at Besançon; the

social science: Economics: Such figures as Wilhelm Roscher and Karl Knies in Germany tended to dismiss the assumptions of timelessness and universality regarding economic behaviour that were axiomatic among the German followers of Smith, and they strongly insisted upon the developmental character of capitalism, evolving in a long series of stages…

Charles Churchill: …fame independently in 1761 with The Rosciad, a satire on the London stage that named every prominent actor of the day unfavourably, except David Garrick; the brilliant and immediate success of this poem brought recognition and money to the bankrupt parson, and Churchill launched himself on the town and indulged…

Roscius was a Roman comic actor of such celebrity that his name became an honorary epithet for any particularly successful actor. Born into slavery at Solonium, Roscius gained such renown on the stage that the dictator Sulla freed him from bondage and conferred upon him the gold ring, the emblem of