Olympic Games: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., 1996: The perpetrator, American Eric Rudolph, also later bombed a gay night club in 1997 and an abortion clinic in 1998. He was sentenced to multiple terms of life imprisonment in 2005.

Lucretia Garfield was an American first lady (March 4–September 19, 1881), the wife of James A. Garfield, 20th president of the United States. Although first lady for only a few months, some of her early achievements and choices presage those of her 20th-century successors. The daughter of Zebulon

Maya Rudolph is an award-winning American comedian and actress known for her scene-stealing characters and impressions as a cast member on Saturday Night Live (SNL) from 2000 to 2007 and later as a guest host and actor on the show. Other roles include the bride-to-be in the comedy Bridesmaids

Paul Rudolph was one of the most prominent Modernist architects in the United States after World War II. His buildings are notable for creative and unpredictable designs that appeal strongly to the senses. Rudolph received a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Alabama Polytechnic Institute in

Paul Rudolph was one of the most prominent Modernist architects in the United States after World War II. His buildings are notable for creative and unpredictable designs that appeal strongly to the senses. Rudolph received a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Alabama Polytechnic Institute in

biblical literature: Jeremiah: One 20th-century German biblical scholar, Wilhelm Rudolph, has attempted to arrange the chapters of the book according to certain chronological details. He has divided the work into five sections: (1) prophecies against Judah and Jerusalem, chapters 1–25, during the reigns of kings Josiah (640–609) and Jehoiachim (609–598), and the period…

Wilma Rudolph was an American sprinter, the first American woman to win three track-and-field gold medals in a single Olympics. Rudolph was sickly as a child and could not walk without an orthopedic shoe until she was 11 years old. Her determination to compete, however, made her a star basketball

Wilma Rudolph was an American sprinter, the first American woman to win three track-and-field gold medals in a single Olympics. Rudolph was sickly as a child and could not walk without an orthopedic shoe until she was 11 years old. Her determination to compete, however, made her a star basketball

sei whale, (Balaenoptera borealis), species of baleen whale capable of short bursts of speed that make it the swiftest of the rorquals. Usually attaining a length of about 13–15 metres (43–49 feet), this cetacean is bluish gray or blackish above with paler underparts and a relatively large

Johannes Müller: …of the sober, precise anatomist Karl Rudolphi and thereby freed himself from naturalistic speculation.

Rudolphine Tables, planetary tables and star catalog published in 1627 by Johannes Kepler, based principally on the observations of Tycho Brahe. The best of the pretelescopic catalogs, it is accurate to a few minutes of arc and contains positions for 1,005 stars (increased by Kepler from Tycho’s

Rudra, (Sanskrit: “Howler”), relatively minor Vedic god and one of the names of Śiva, a major god of later Hinduism. Śiva is considered to have evolved from Rudra, and the two share a fierce, unpredictable, destructive nature. In the Vedas, Rudra is known as the divine archer, who shoots arrows of

Assam: Prehistory to c. 1950: …during the rule of King Rudra Singh (reigned 1696–1714), before the kingdom was occupied by warriors from Myanmar in the late 18th century.

Vallabhacharya, school of Hinduism prominent among the merchant class of northern and western India. Its members are worshippers of Krishna and followers of the Pushtimarg (“Way of Flourishing”) group, founded by the 16th-century teacher Vallabha and his son Vitthala (also known as Gosainji). The

Shaka satrap: …first great Shaka ruler was Rudradaman I, Chastana’s grandson, who reigned after 130 ce. The direct line of Chastana became extinct in 304–305 ce with the death of Vishvasena, son of Bhartridaman. It is doubtful that the dynasty was important in the 4th century, although one of its members—probably Rudrasimha…

South Asian arts: Medieval temple architecture: North Indian style of Gujarāt: The Rudramāla at Siddhapur, the most magnificent temple of the 12th century, is now in a much ruined condition, with only the toraṇa (gateway) and some subsidiary structures remaining. Successively damaged and rebuilt, the Somanātha at Prabhāsa Patan was the most famous temple of Gujarāt, its…

Rudra: …of the storm gods, the Rudras, sometimes called Maruts.

road: The Roman roads: …inches in size, (2) the rudus, a 9-inch-thick layer of concrete made from stones under 2 inches in size, (3) the nucleus layer, about 12 inches thick, using concrete made from small gravel and coarse sand, and, for very important roads, (4) the summum dorsum, a wearing surface of large…

Jon Favreau: The Swingers breakthrough: …a role in the movie Rudy (1993), on the set of which he met fellow actor Vince Vaughn. That marked the beginning of a friendship that led to their collaboration on a number of projects. In addition, Favreau played small roles in popular sitcoms, such as Seinfeld and Friends.

lighthouse: The beginning of the modern era: …second wooden tower, constructed by John Rudyerd, which was destroyed by fire in 1755. Rudyerd’s lighthouse was followed by John Smeaton’s famous masonry tower in 1759. Smeaton, a professional engineer, embodied an important new principle in its construction whereby masonry blocks were dovetailed together in an interlocking pattern. Despite the…

rue, (Ruta graveolens), small perennial shrub in the family Rutaceae used as a culinary and medicinal herb. Native to the Balkan Peninsula, rue is cultivated for its strongly aromatic leaves, which can be used fresh or dry in small amounts. Rue is an evergreen plant with gland-studded foliage. The

Patrick Modiano: …Rue des boutiques obscures (1978; Missing Person)—a thriller in which a man searches for his own identity—won the Prix Goncourt.

Marguerite Taos Amrouche: A second novel, Rue des tambourins (1960; “Street of the Tabors”), describes a sense of marginality and owes a great deal to its author’s recollections of her childhood in Tunis.

Rutaceae, the rue family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), composed of 160 genera and about 2,070 species. Rutaceae includes woody shrubs and trees (and a few herbaceous perennials) and is distributed throughout the world, especially in warm temperate and tropical regions. The largest numbers

Pierre de La Rue was a composer in the Flemish, or Netherlandish, style that dominated Renaissance music, known for his religious music. Little is known of La Rue’s early life. He may have worked first as a part-time singer in Brussels (1469), then perhaps in Ghent (1471–72) and Nieuwpoort

Warren De la Rue was an English pioneer in astronomical photography, the method by which nearly all modern astronomical observations are made. De La Rue was educated at the Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris and entered his father’s printing business. In 1851, working with inventor Edwin Hill, he

shape-note singing: History: Southern firms such as Ruebush-Kieffer and A.J. Showalter began to publish small collections of music every year or two. These upright songbooks gradually began to supplant the large oblong tunebooks and their fixed repertoire. After 1900, mass-market publishers such as James D. Vaughan, V.O. Stamps, and J.R. (“Pap”) Baxter…

Lope de Rueda was an outstanding figure of the early Spanish theatre who did much to popularize it and prepared the way for Lope de Vega. A gold-beater by trade, Rueda was probably attracted to the stage by touring Italian actors; he organized a traveling theatre company and as its autor, or

the Fronde: …war, the government negotiated the Peace of Rueil (ratified April 1, 1649), which granted amnesty to the rebels and confirmed the concessions to Parlement.

Rueil-Malmaison, town, western residential and industrial suburb of Paris, Hauts-de-Seine département, Île-de-France région, north-central France. Originally called Rotoialum or Roialum, it was a resort of the Merovingian kings, a Frankish dynasty (6th–8th century). In 1346 Rueil was burned by the

Latin American art: Modernismo (1890–1920): …the beginning of the century, Julio Ruelas, a Mexican graphic artist, created etched images depicting his own tormented-looking face. He incorporated black, twisted lines and swirling patterns similar to those used by his more abstract Norwegian contemporary Edvard Munch.

communication: The American psychiatrist and scholar Jurgen Ruesch identified 40 varieties of disciplinary approaches to the subject, including architectural, anthropological, psychological, political, and many other interpretations of the apparently simple interaction described by Richards. In total, if such informal communications as sexual attraction and play behaviour are included, there exist at…

ecofeminism: Origins of ecofeminism: One founder of ecofeminism, theologian Rosemary Ruether, insisted that all women must acknowledge and work to end the domination of nature if they were to work toward their own liberation. She urged women and environmentalists to work together to end patriarchal systems that privilege hierarchies, control, and unequal socioeconomic relations.…

Revolutionary United Front (RUF), guerrilla unit formed in 1991 in Sierra Leone whose actions created instability in the country that led to the overthrow of the government and a long civil war. The group later financed itself through control of the country’s diamond resources and for 11 years

Armenian alphabet: …and by a Greek called Rufanos. Isaac founded a school of translators and had the Bible translated into Armenian in the new script. The oldest surviving documents in Armenian date from the 9th to 10th century ad.

ruff, (Philomachus pugnax), in zoology, Old World bird of the sandpiper subfamily Calidritinae (family Scolopacidae, order Charadriiformes) remarkable for its unusual courtship plumage and behaviour. The name ruff applies to the species or may be applied to the male only. In spring the 30-cm

ruff, in dresswear, crimped or pleated collar or frill, usually wide and full, worn in Europe, especially from the mid-16th century into the 17th century, by both men and women. The beginnings of the ruff can be seen in the early years of the 16th century, when men allowed the top of the shirt to

Buffalo Sabres: Buffalo hired former Sabres player Lindy Ruff to serve as head coach in 1997, and he guided the team to a conference finals berth in his first season at the helm. In 1998–99 the seventh-seeded (out of eight Eastern Conference teams) Sabres reached the second Stanley Cup finals in franchise…

Mark Ruffalo is an American actor who was a compelling performer in critically acclaimed movies and plays, though he is perhaps more widely known for portraying Bruce Banner/the Hulk in a series of superhero movies. Ruffalo spent his early childhood in Kenosha, Wisconsin, where his father had a

ruffed grouse, North American game bird sometimes called a partridge. See

pheasant: …West are two species of ruffed pheasants: Lady Amherst’s (Chrysolophus amherstiae) and the golden pheasant (C. pictus).

Honoré-Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau: Troubled youth: …was the marquise de Monnier, Marie-Thérèse-Richard de Ruffey, the young wife of a very old man. He eventually escaped to Switzerland, where Sophie joined him; the couple then made their way to Holland, where Mirabeau was arrested in 1777.

Edmund Ruffin was known as the father of soil chemistry in the United States, who showed how to restore fertility to depleted Southeast plantations. He was also a leading secessionist for decades prior to the U.S. Civil War. Born into Virginia’s planter class, Ruffin was largely educated at home.

Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin was an American community leader who was active in the women’s rights movement and particularly in organizing African American women around issues of civic and cultural development. Josephine St. Pierre was of mixed racial ancestry and acquired a limited education from

senses: Mechanical senses: …next two, Merkel endings and Ruffini endings, to touch pressure; and the last one, Pacinian corpuscles, to vibration. Pacinian corpuscles are built in a way that gives them a fast response and quick recovery. They contain a central nerve fibre surrounded by onionlike layers of connective tissue that behave like…

Don Pasquale: … (Italian libretto by Donizetti and Giovanni Ruffini) that premiered at the Théâtre Italien in Paris on January 3, 1843. As a masterpiece of comic opera, Don Pasquale remains a staple of the world’s opera houses.

Paolo Ruffini was an Italian mathematician and physician who made studies of equations that anticipated the algebraic theory of groups. He is regarded as the first to make a significant attempt to show that there is no algebraic solution to the general quintic equation (an equation whose

fanfare: …fanfare commonly known as “Ruffles and Flourishes” is generally sounded before the march Hail to the Chief to announce the arrival of the president of the United States.

Rembrandt: Domestic turmoil: …several paintings to the nobleman Don Antonio Ruffo, from Messina in Sicily. It is clear from the correspondence concerning these commissions that Rembrandt’s art, especially his etching work, was highly esteemed in Italy. Since Ruffo must have bought the first of these paintings, the famous Aristotle with a Bust of…

Fabrizio Ruffo was a Roman Catholic cardinal and politician who was royal vicar of the Neapolitan kingdom (1799) and led a royalist-popular counterrevolution against the French under Napoleon. The son of Litterio Ruffo, duke of Baranello, Ruffo was placed by Pope Pius VI among the chierici di

Rufiji River, river, the largest in Tanzania, East Africa, draining most of the southern part of the country and navigable for about 60 mi (100 km). Formed by the confluence of the Kilombero and the Luwegu rivers, it flows for about 175 mi northeast and east to enter the Indian Ocean, opposite

Rufinus was a minister of the Eastern Roman emperor Arcadius (ruled 383–408) and rival of Stilicho, the general who was the effective ruler of the Western Empire. The conflict between Rufinus and Stilicho was one of the factors leading to the official partition of the empire into Eastern and

Tyrannius Rufinus was a Roman priest, writer, theologian, and translator of Greek theological works into Latin at a time when knowledge of Greek was declining in the West. After study at Rome, where he met Jerome (later a saint and one of the doctors of the Western Church), Rufinus entered a

Rufisque, town and minor port, east of Dakar at the southeastern end of the Cape Verde Peninsula, Senegal. Its proximity to Dakar, Senegal’s capital, has spurred the development of some light industry, including textile, oil, lime, and cement works. There are natural gas deposits nearby. Rufisque

fantail: …of gray, black, brown, or rufous, often accented with areas of white, especially on the belly, eyebrows, and tail. They are named from their habit of constantly wagging and spreading their long, rounded tails. They build small cup nests, which are so finely bound in cobweb that they seem shellacked.

hummingbird: …hummingbird is the rufous (Selasphorus rufus), which breeds from southeastern Alaska to northern California. The broad-tailed hummingbird (S. platycercus) breeds in the western United States and Central America and the Allen’s hummingbird breeds in the coastal regions of California.

rat kangaroo: The rufous rat kangaroo (Aepyprymnus rufescens) is the largest of the rat kangaroos. Its fur is red-tinged with a faint whitish hip stripe. It attains a length of up to 90 cm (36 inches) and may weigh 3.5 kg (7.7 pounds). It lives in tussock grass…

scrub-bird: The 18-centimetre (7-inch) rufous scrub-bird (A. rufescens), discovered in the 1860s in wet forests of New South Wales, 2,500 miles (4,000 km) away from the other species, is now known to range to Queensland, where it is protected in Lamington National Park.

songlark: The rufous songlark (C. mathewsi), 20 cm (8 inches) long, lives in open forests and has a lively song; the 30-cm (12-inch) brown, or black-breasted, songlark (C. cruralis) lives in open country, utters creaky chuckling notes, and has a flight song, as larks do.

sparrow: The rufous-collared sparrow (Z. capensis) has an exceptionally wide breeding distribution: from Mexico and Caribbean islands to Tierra del Fuego. A great many emberizid sparrows are native to Central and South America. See also accentor.

sandpiper: …Old World species is the rufous-necked sandpiper (C. ruficollis), which breeds in Siberia and winters as far south as New Zealand and Tasmania. The white-rumped sandpiper (C. fuscicollis), which breeds in Arctic North America and winters in southern South America, is rust-coloured in breeding season but gray otherwise. The upland…

chewink, bird species also known as the rufous-sided towhee. See

jacamar: The commonest species is the rufous-tailed jacamar (Galbula ruficauda), 25 cm (10 inches) long, found from southern Mexico to Argentina.

dipper: leucocephalus) and the rufous-throated dipper (C. schulzii) are found in mountainous areas of South America. There is also an Asiatic species, the brown dipper (C. pallasii), found from the Himalayas to China, Korea, and Japan.

Johann Rudolf Wyss: He wrote “Rufst du, mein Vaterland” (1811), the Swiss national anthem until the second half of the 20th century.

Chaka Khan: Singing career: Rufus: …members of the funk band Rufus asked her to replace departing singer Paulette McWilliams. Khan’s powerful voice and captivating performances brought more attention to Rufus, and in 1973 the group signed with ABC Records. Later that year the band released its self-titled debut album, but the recording did not perform…

Lucius Verginius Rufus was a Roman provincial governor and distinguished official, known for his repeated refusal of the imperial throne. Verginius was the son of an undistinguished Roman eques (knight). Nevertheless, he enjoyed a successful career under the emperors Claudius and Nero and became

Marcus Caelius Rufus was a Roman politician and close friend of Cicero. He is possibly also the Rufus whom the poet Catullus accused of stealing his mistress Clodia. At her instigation Caelius, who had deserted her, was prosecuted for vis (“violent acts”) in 56, but Cicero and Marcus Licinius

Publius Sulpicius Rufus was a Roman orator and politician whose attempts, as tribune of the plebs, to enact reforms against the wishes of the Senate led to his downfall and the restriction of the powers of the tribunes. In order to qualify for the tribunate, Sulpicius had to renounce his patrician

Gaius Marius: Election to the consulship: …used fresh troops raised by Rutilius Rufus, consul in 105, and excellently trained in commando tactics by gladiatorial instructors. With them, Marius defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae (modern Aix-en-Provence, Fr.) in 102 and in 101 came to the support of the consul of 102, Quintus Lutatius Catulus, who had…

Servius Sulpicius Rufus was a Roman jurist who wrote nearly 180 treatises on law. While none of them are extant, many are referred to in the works of other authors that are excerpted in the Digest of Justinian I. After studying rhetoric with Cicero and deciding that he could not become an

William II was the son of William I the Conqueror and king of England from 1087 to 1100; he was also de facto duke of Normandy (as William III) from 1096 to 1100. He prevented the dissolution of political ties between England and Normandy, but his strong-armed rule earned him a reputation as a

rug and carpet, any decorative textile normally made of a thick material and now usually intended as a floor covering. Until the 19th century the word carpet was used for any cover, such as a table cover or wall hanging; since the introduction of machine-made products, however, it has been used

rug and carpet, any decorative textile normally made of a thick material and now usually intended as a floor covering. Until the 19th century the word carpet was used for any cover, such as a table cover or wall hanging; since the introduction of machine-made products, however, it has been used

Kingdom of Rwanda: According to tradition, Ruganzu I Bwimba, a Tutsi leader, founded a kingdom in the Bwanacambwe region near Kigali in the 15th or 16th century. What is now central Rwanda was absorbed in the 16th century, and outlying Hutu communities were subdued by the mwami (“king”) Ruganzu II Ndori…

Rugby: (district), administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England.

Rugby, city, seat (1889) of Pierce county, north-central North Dakota, U.S. It lies about 140 miles (225 km) northwest of Grand Forks. Rugby, founded in 1885 as a Great Northern Railway junction and named for the English town (see Rugby, England), was settled by Scandinavian and German immigrants.

rugby, football game played with an oval ball by two teams of 15 players (in rugby union play) or 13 players (in rugby league play). Both rugby union and rugby league have their origins in the style of football played at Rugby School in England. According to the sport’s lore, in 1823 William Webb

Rugby, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Warwickshire, central England. The town of Rugby was not of great importance until the coming of the railways in the 19th century. It then became a railway junction and attracted a wide range of industry, including especially

fives: Rugby fives: …ways to outwit an opponent The Rugby fives court has four plain composition walls and a hard composition floor. The front wall has a board running across its lower portion. The sidewalls decrease in height from the front wall, sloping down from 15 feet (about 4.8 m) to…

Rugby Football League, governing body of rugby league football (professional rugby) in England, founded in 1895. Originally called the Northern Rugby Football Union (popularly Northern Union), it was formed when 22 clubs from Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire left the Rugby Football Union over

Rugby Football Union, governing body of rugby union football (amateur rugby) in England, formed in 1871 to draw up rules for the game first played at Rugby School in 1823. Similar unions were organized during the next few years in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, France, Canada,

Rugby Football League, governing body of rugby league football (professional rugby) in England, founded in 1895. Originally called the Northern Rugby Football Union (popularly Northern Union), it was formed when 22 clubs from Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire left the Rugby Football Union over

Rugby League World Cup, international rugby event that is considered to be the foremost competition in the “league” variant of the sport. The Rugby League World Cup began in 1954 in France and has been held at irregular intervals since then. Australia won six consecutive World Cups between 1975 and

Rugby: Rugby School, a famous public (i.e., fee-paying) school, was founded for boys in 1567 by Laurence Sheriff, a local resident, and was endowed with sundry estates, including Sheriff’s own house. The school flourished under the headship of Thomas Arnold between 1828 and 1842 and became,…

rugby: Rugby sevens: Another popular form of rugby, a variation of rugby union, is rugby sevens. It is played on a standard-sized rugby union field but with only seven players on each side. At 15 minutes, the length of a rugby sevens match is also much…

Rugby Football Union, governing body of rugby union football (amateur rugby) in England, formed in 1871 to draw up rules for the game first played at Rugby School in 1823. Similar unions were organized during the next few years in Ireland, Wales, Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, France, Canada,

Rugby Union World Cup, quadrennial union-rules rugby competition that is the sport’s premier international contest. The first Rugby World Cup competition organized by the International Rugby Board (IRB) was held in 1987 in New Zealand and Australia and was a popular and financial success. It was

Rugby Union World Cup, quadrennial union-rules rugby competition that is the sport’s premier international contest. The first Rugby World Cup competition organized by the International Rugby Board (IRB) was held in 1987 in New Zealand and Australia and was a popular and financial success. It was

Karl Marx: Early years: …coedit with the liberal Hegelian Arnold Ruge a new review, the Deutsch-französische Jahrbücher (“German-French Yearbooks”), which was to be published in Paris.

Rügen, largest island of Germany, in the Baltic Sea opposite Stralsund and separated from the German mainland by the Strelasund (Strela Sound) and the Bodden Strait. It is administered as part of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania Land (state). Its length from north to south is 32 miles (51 km), its

Rügen: …road and rail embankment, the Rügendamm (opened 1936).

Latin American art: Foreign travelers: Bavarian artist Johann Moritz Rugendas began his South American journey in Brazil (1821–23). From 1831 to 1834 he lived in Mexico, and he then settled in Chile from 1834 to 1845, when he also painted in Argentina and Peru. Rugendas was unique in moving from one country…

Harold Rugg was an American educator who created an influential social studies textbook series, Man and His Changing Society, in the 1920s and whose wide-ranging writings addressed measurement and statistics in education and teacher training, among other topics. Rugg earned a bachelor’s degree in

Harold Rugg was an American educator who created an influential social studies textbook series, Man and His Changing Society, in the 1920s and whose wide-ranging writings addressed measurement and statistics in education and teacher training, among other topics. Rugg earned a bachelor’s degree in

rugby, football game played with an oval ball by two teams of 15 players (in rugby union play) or 13 players (in rugby league play). Both rugby union and rugby league have their origins in the style of football played at Rugby School in England. According to the sport’s lore, in 1823 William Webb

epistemic community: …community was first introduced by John Ruggie and then refined by Peter M. Haas. These scholars focused on the role played by networks of actors and the consensus they hold about causes and effects on state policy and interstate cooperation.

epistemic community: …community was first introduced by John Ruggie and then refined by Peter M. Haas. These scholars focused on the role played by networks of actors and the consensus they hold about causes and effects on state policy and interstate cooperation.

epistemic community: …community was first introduced by John Ruggie and then refined by Peter M. Haas. These scholars focused on the role played by networks of actors and the consensus they hold about causes and effects on state policy and interstate cooperation.