Jane Rule was an American-born Canadian novelist, essayist, and short-story writer known for her exploration of lesbian themes. Upon graduation from Mills College, Oakland, Calif., in 1952, Rule studied briefly at University College, London, and Stanford University. She taught English and biology

St. Benedict: Rule of St. Benedict: …among all the monastic and religious rules of the Middle Ages. Benedict’s advice to the abbot and to the cellarer, and his instructions on humility, silence, and obedience have become part of the spiritual treasury of the church, from which not only monastic bodies but also legislators of various institutions…

cognitive science: Approaches: …most important approaches are: (1) rule-based models based on symbol processing, (2) connectionist models based on neural networks, and (3) theoretical neuroscience, which is in part an attempt to integrate aspects of the other two approaches in a neurologically realistic account of brain activity.

cognitive science: Approaches: …most important approaches are: (1) rule-based models based on symbol processing, (2) connectionist models based on neural networks, and (3) theoretical neuroscience, which is in part an attempt to integrate aspects of the other two approaches in a neurologically realistic account of brain activity.

hand tool: Rules: The unit of linear measure in the ancient world, the cubit, was simply the length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger. Although the cubit gave an order of magnitude, it was hardly a standard, and it varied widely in different…

Dos Pilas: …king—as yet known only as Ruler 2 (reigned c. 698–725). Further work in 2001 and 2002 exposed glyphs on a stairway that have resulted in a major revision of scholarly opinion regarding the decline of Mayan civilization about ad 900. The writing gives evidence that Dos Pilas was founded about…

sacred kingship: The king as the centre of ruler cults: Although a pharaonic cult occasionally existed in Egypt, the ruler cult differs entirely from sacred kingship because the former came into being from political impulses. The ruler cult, generally developed in a country or empire with many peoples and many religions, was one…

Dos Pilas: …of the man who became Ruler I, and marks the several ceremonial events of his life. Glyphs on other portions of the Dos Pilas structure note an attack on the city by Calakmul, another centre of power, and seem to indicate family infighting that turned fatal. These discoveries have led…

mathematics: The Elements: …is the study of geometric constructions. Euclid, like geometers in the generation before him, divided mathematical propositions into two kinds: “theorems” and “problems.” A theorem makes the claim that all terms of a certain description have a specified property; a problem seeks the construction of a term that is to…

United States: The legislative branch: The Rules Committee, for example, has significant power to determine which bills will be brought to the floor of the House for consideration and whether amendments will be allowed on a bill when it is debated by the entire House.

Warren Beatty: …to the big screen with Rules Don’t Apply (2016), about the relationship between an aspiring actress and her driver, both of whom work for Howard Hughes. In addition to starring as the eccentric millionaire, Beatty also wrote and directed the romance.

procedural law: English common law: This belief led to the Rules Enabling Act of 1934, which authorized the Supreme Court of the United States to adopt (subject to congressional veto) Rules of Civil Procedure for the federal district courts, though some matters, such as subject-matter jurisdiction, remained governed by acts of Congress. There were similar…

Ethan Hawke: Rules for a Knight (2015) is an epistolary parable.

Saul Alinsky: …jail; his other books were Rules for Radicals (1971) and a biography of John L. Lewis (1949). He continued his organizing activities up to the time of his death.

René Descartes: Early life and education: …Discourse on Method (1637) and Rules for the Direction of the Mind (written by 1628 but not published until 1701), consists of four rules: (1) accept nothing as true that is not self-evident, (2) divide problems into their simplest parts, (3) solve problems by proceeding from simple to complex, and…

Faye Dunaway: …Yards (2000), the dark comedy The Rules of Attraction (2002), and the drama The Case for Christ (2017).

Bret Easton Ellis: Literary stardom: … and published his second book, The Rules of Attraction (1987). Featuring experimental narrative choices including a blank chapter and another written in French, the novel follows a group of students at a Bennington-like college. It received much less fanfare than his debut, despite earning praise from such literary lions as…

William Friedkin: Friedkin’s later films include Rules of Engagement (2000), a military thriller with a cast headlined by Samuel L. Jackson, Tommy Lee Jones, Guy Pearce, and Ben Kingsley; The Hunted (2003), an effective crime drama with Jones playing a police detective on the trail of a serial killer (Benicio Del…

rules of engagement (ROE), military directives meant to describe the circumstances under which ground, naval, and air forces will enter into and continue combat with opposing forces. Formally, rules of engagement refer to the orders issued by a competent military authority that delineate when,

Alice Hoffman: …series that included the prequels The Rules of Magic (2017) and Magic Lessons (2020) and the sequel The Book of Magic (2021).

parliamentary procedure, the generally accepted rules, precedents, and practices commonly employed in the governance of deliberative assemblies. Such rules are intended to maintain decorum, to ascertain the will of the majority, to preserve the rights of the minority, and to facilitate the orderly

rules of origin, in international trade, legal standards supporting the differential treatment of some products on the basis of their country or region of origin. Rules of origin are used to make more precise any aspect of trade law or trade policy that treats goods differently depending upon their

Émile Durkheim: Fame and the effect of the Dreyfus affair: …de la méthode sociologique (1895; The Rules of Sociological Method), brought Durkheim fame and influence. But the new science of sociology frightened timid souls and conservative philosophers, and he had to endure many attacks. In addition, the Dreyfus affair—resulting from the false charge against a Jewish officer, Alfred Dreyfus, of…

Jean Renoir: Early years: …La Règle du jeu (1939; The Rules of the Game), his masterpiece. Cut and fragmented by the distributors, this classic film was also regarded as a failure until it was shown in 1965 in its original form, which revealed its astonishing beauty.

Lee Kernaghan: …1959 (1995), Hat Town (1998), Rules of the Road (2001), Electric Rodeo (2002), The New Bush (2006), Spirit of the Anzacs (2015), and Backroad Nation (2019)—also earned numerous honours and enthusiastic praise from critics, fans, and the music industry. In 2004 Kernaghan was awarded a Medal of the Order of…

road: Legal control: …and pedestrians, known as the rules of the road; these dictate which side of the road to use, maximum speeds, right-of-way, and turning requirements. Third are those regulations that apply to limited road sections, indicating speed limits, one-way operations, and turning controls.

Finn E. Kydland: In their seminal article “Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans” (1977), the two economists demonstrated how a declared commitment to a low inflation rate by policy makers might create expectations of low inflation and unemployment rates. If this monetary policy is then changed and interest rates…

Juan Rulfo was a Mexican writer who is considered one of the finest novelists and short-story creators in 20th-century Latin America, though his production—consisting essentially of two books—was very small. Because of the themes of his fiction, he is often seen as the last of the novelists of the

Claude-Carloman de Rulhière was a French writer and historian of Russia and Poland whose histories favoured a return to Franco-Prussian friendship and alliance at the expense of Russia. The son of a nobleman and government official, Rulhière joined the military after his graduation from the college

Peter O’Toole: From Kidnapped and Lawrence of Arabia to My Favorite Year: The Ruling Class (1972), a controversial black comedy that became a cult classic, cast O’Toole as a schizophrenic English earl with a messiah complex.

Gaetano Mosca: …Parliamentary Government”) was followed by The Ruling Class (originally published in Italian, 1896). In these and other writings, but especially in The Ruling Class, he asserted—contrary to theories of majority rule—that societies are necessarily governed by minorities: by military, priestly, or hereditary oligarchies or by aristocracies of wealth or of…

diffraction grating: …extremely precise machine called a ruling engine, which uses a diamond-tipped tool to press thousands of very fine, shallow lines onto a highly polished surface. Newer techniques rule the lines photographically, using laser interferometry.

railroad: The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: …be known as the “ruling grade”—that is, the amount of locomotive power required for the transit of a line was determined by its steepest grade. Robert Stephenson had thought 1 percent was the steepest grade a locomotive could surmount. At the top of the climb over the Allegheny Front…

Gaetano Mosca: …elaborated the concept of a ruling minority (classe politica) present in all societies. His theory seemed to have its greatest influence on apologists for fascism who misunderstood his view. His work, along with that of Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels, inspired subsequent studies by political scientists of the process of…

archosaur, (subclass Archosauria), any of various reptiles, including all crocodiles and birds and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Archosaurs (“ruling reptiles”) are members of a subclass that also includes the dinosaurs, the pterosaurs (flying reptiles), and several groups of

Wu Jingzi: 1750; The Scholars).

Yap Islands: …of Gagil-Tamil, Maap, Rumung, and Yap (also called Rull, Uap, or Yapa), within a coral reef.

rum, distilled liquor made from sugarcane products, usually produced as a by-product of sugar manufacture. It includes both the light-bodied rums, typified by those of Cuba and Puerto Rico, and the heavier and fuller-flavoured rums of Jamaica. Rums originated in the West Indies and are first

Rum, bare mountainous island of the Inner Hebrides group, Highlands council area, Scot. The island measures about 8.5 by 8 miles (14 by 13 km) and contains four peaks over 2,000 feet (600 metres), the highest being Askival (2,659 feet [810 metres]). Rum was acquired in 1957 by the National

rummy, any of a family of card games whose many variants make it one of the best-known and most widely played card games. Rummy games are based on a simple mechanism and a simple object of play. The mechanism is to draw cards from a stockpile and discard unwanted cards from the hand to a wastepile,

Millburn, township (town), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., just west of Newark and lying between the Rahway and Passaic rivers. It is primarily a residential community that includes the fashionable Short Hills district on the north and west. About 1664, colonists from New York

Hunter S. Thompson: …initially rejected by publishing houses; The Rum Diary eventually saw publication in 1998 (film 2011). In 1965 Thompson infiltrated the Hells Angels motorcycle gang, an experience he recounted in Hell’s Angels (1967). The book led to writing assignments for Esquire, Harper’s, Rolling Stone, and other magazines. In addition to his

Eastern Orthodoxy: The Christian ghetto: …ghetto existence: they were the Rūm millet, or “Roman nation” conquered by Islam but enjoying a certain internal autonomy.

Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, honorary primacy of the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, churches; it is also known as the “ecumenical patriarchate,” or “Roman” patriarchate (Turkish: Rum patriarkhanesi). According to a legend of the late 4th century, the

Rum Rebellion, (January 26, 1808), in Australian history, an uprising in which Gov. William Bligh of New South Wales (1806–08), who had earlier been the victim of the famous Bounty mutiny, was deposed by local critics, most of whom had ties with the New South Wales Corps. Bligh’s stifling of the

Erzurum, city, eastern Turkey. It lies 6,400 feet (1,950 metres) above sea level in a fertile plain surrounded by high mountains. On a caravan route from Anatolia to Iran, Erzurum has been a major commercial and military centre since antiquity and is now a major rail station on the route between

Seljuq: …their Anatolian domain as the sultanate of Rūm. Though its population included Christians, Armenians, Greeks, Syrians, and Iranian Muslims, Rūm was considered to be “Turkey” by its contemporaries. Commerce, agriculture, and art thrived in the kingdom, where a tolerance of races and religions contributed to order and stability.

African dance: Rhythm: …repetitive step pattern of the Rumada dance in a circle, following the line or moving in and out of the centre. Neighbouring Chip men perform a light run, playing flutes of four different pitches that combine to form a rhythmic melody. At the end of each phrase the dancers turn…

Pramoedya Ananta Toer: …Footsteps) and Rumah kaca (1988; House of Glass), had to be published abroad. These late works comprehensively depict Javanese society under Dutch colonial rule in the early 20th century. In contrast to Pramoedya’s earlier works, they were written in a plain, fast-paced narrative style.

Michael Rumaker was an American author whose works were often semiautobiographical and featured gay protagonists. Rumaker graduated with honours from Black Mountain College in North Carolina in 1955. He then lived for more than a year in San Francisco, where he became involved in the Beat movement.

Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed to have spent his early years in Brescia, Trento, and Cremona. The masterpiece of his early career, his Madonna and Child with Saints (1513), reflects the influence of Venetian art

Romania, country of southeastern Europe. The national capital is Bucharest. Romania was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1948. The country was under communist rule from 1948 until 1989, when the regime of Romanian

Romanian language, Romance language spoken primarily in Romania and Moldova. Four principal dialects may be distinguished: Dacoromanian, the basis of the standard language, spoken in Romania and Moldova in several regional variants; Aromanian (also called Macedoromanian), spoken in scattered

Romanian literature, body of writings in the Romanian language, the development of which is paralleled by a rich folklore—lyric, epic, dramatic, and didactic—that continued into modern times. The earliest translations into Romanian were from Slavonic and consisted of interlinear verses or

Hans Carossa: Rumänisches Tagebuch (1924; A Roumanian Diary; republished in 1934 as Tagebuch im Kriege, “War Diary”) is an evaluation of Carossa’s observations as an army doctor in Romania during World War I and a probe into the deeper mysteries of life; it was the first of his books to…

Romansh language, Romance language of the Rhaetian group spoken in northern Italy and Switzerland, primarily in the Rhine Valley in the Swiss canton of Graubünden (Grisons). Since 1938 Romansh has been a “national” language of Switzerland for cantonal, though not federal, purposes; a referendum in

Kuwait: The Persian Gulf War and its aftermath: …the area of the contested Al-Rumaylah oil field and thereby giving Kuwait not only additional oil wells but also part of the Iraqi naval base of Umm Qaṣr. Kuwait accepted the UN’s border designation, but Iraq rejected it and continued to voice its claim to Kuwaiti territory.

rumba, ballroom dance of Afro-Cuban folk-dance origin that became internationally popular in the early 20th century. Best known for the dancers’ subtle side to side hip movements with the torso erect, the rumba is danced with a basic pattern of two quick side steps and a slow forward step. Three

Rumbek, town, South Sudan, about 138 miles (222 km) northwest of Bor. Located at an elevation of 1,388 feet (423 metres), it serves as an agricultural centre for the surrounding areas producing cassava (manioc), durra (sorghum), pulses, and cereals; livestock is also raised. Cottage industries

flutter and wow: …reproducing mechanism, is known as rumble and is usually the result of vibration of the drive mechanism.

Link Wray: Career: Jackie suggested the title “Rumble,” and Cadence released the song as a single in 1958. “Rumble” became an instant hit despite being temporarily banned by radio stations in New York City, Boston, and Detroit for fear that its wild sound would incite violence. The song reached number 16 on…

Francis Ford Coppola: The 1980s: However, the expressionistic black-and-white Rumble Fish, which also featured Dillon, was arguably the better film.

S.E. Hinton: …Then, This Is Now (1971), Rumble Fish (1975), Tex (1979), and Taming the Star Runner (1988). Each of those books features a cast of characters who suffer from society’s ills. Young people alienated from their families and from their peers are seen to veer onto criminal paths. The first four…

Rumble in the Jungle, heavyweight boxing match held on October 30, 1974, between then heavyweight champion George Foreman and Muhammad Ali in Kinshasa, Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo). The fight was attended by 60,000 people and watched on television by as many as one billion

rum, distilled liquor made from sugarcane products, usually produced as a by-product of sugar manufacture. It includes both the light-bodied rums, typified by those of Cuba and Puerto Rico, and the heavier and fuller-flavoured rums of Jamaica. Rums originated in the West Indies and are first

Rumelia, the former Ottoman possessions in the Balkans. The name means “land of the Romans”—i.e., Byzantines. The Turks first began to make conquests in the Balkans in the mid-14th century. The land was divided into fiefs of various size that were administered by cavalry officers; local notables

Istanbul: Constantinople of Istanbul: …narrowest point; this fortress, called Rumelihisarı, still forms one of the principal landmarks of the straits. The siege of the city began in April 1453. The Turks had not only overwhelming numerical superiority but also cannon that breached the ancient walls. The Golden Horn was protected by a chain, but…

Rumelia, the former Ottoman possessions in the Balkans. The name means “land of the Romans”—i.e., Byzantines. The Turks first began to make conquests in the Balkans in the mid-14th century. The land was divided into fiefs of various size that were administered by cavalry officers; local notables

Istanbul: Constantinople of Istanbul: …narrowest point; this fortress, called Rumelihisarı, still forms one of the principal landmarks of the straits. The siege of the city began in April 1453. The Turks had not only overwhelming numerical superiority but also cannon that breached the ancient walls. The Golden Horn was protected by a chain, but…

cow: Natural history: Inside the rumen, the largest chamber of the stomach, bacteria and other microorganisms digest tough plant fibres (cellulose). To aid in this process, cows regurgitate and re-chew food multiple times before it passes on to the rest of the digestive system via the other stomach chambers. This…

cow: Natural history: Inside the rumen, the largest chamber of the stomach, bacteria and other microorganisms digest tough plant fibres (cellulose). To aid in this process, cows regurgitate and re-chew food multiple times before it passes on to the rest of the digestive system via the other stomach chambers. This…

sorrel: Other common species are garden sorrel (R. acetosa), French sorrel (R. scutatus), and red-veined sorrel (R. sanguineus), all of which are hardy perennials distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Garden sorrel, like sheep sorrel, has become naturalized in North America.

sorrel: Sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella) is a weedy species that is native to Europe and has become widespread in North America. It is an attractive but troublesome invader that occurs in lawns and gardens as well as meadows and grassy slopes. It sprouts from spreading rootstocks…

sorrel: acetosa), French sorrel (R. scutatus), and red-veined sorrel (R. sanguineus), all of which are hardy perennials distributed throughout Europe and Asia. Garden sorrel, like sheep sorrel, has become naturalized in North America.

Kano: Camel caravans brought prosperity under Mohamman Rumfa (1463–99), the greatest of Kano’s Hausa kings, who established the Kurmi Market, built the Juma’at Mosque (restored) and a palace (now used by the Fulani emirs), and fought the first of a series of wars with Katsina (92 miles [148 km] northwest), Kano’s…

Concord, city, capital (since 1808) of New Hampshire, U.S., and seat (1823) of Merrimack county. It lies along the Merrimack River above Manchester. The site was granted by the Massachusetts Bay colony in 1725 as Penacook Plantation. Settled in 1727, the community was incorporated as Rumford in

Rumford, town, Oxford county, western Maine, U.S., in the Oxford Hills where the Ellis, Swift, and Concord rivers enter the Androscoggin River to form spectacular Pennacook Falls, 75 miles (121 km) north-northwest of Portland. The town includes the communities of Rumford, Rumford Center, and

Dame Clara Butt was an English contralto known for her concert performances of ballads and oratorios. After studying at the Royal College of Music, Butt made her debut in 1892 as Ursula in Sir Arthur Sullivan’s cantata The Golden Legend. She possessed a powerful contralto voice and a commanding

Sir Benjamin Thompson, count von Rumford was an American-born British physicist, government administrator, and a founder of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, London. His investigations of heat overturned the theory that heat is a liquid form of matter and established the beginnings of the

Rūmī was the greatest Sufi mystic and poet in the Persian language, famous for his lyrics and for his didactic epic Mas̄navī-yi Maʿnavī (“Spiritual Couplets”), which widely influenced mystical thought and literature throughout the Muslim world. After his death, his disciples were organized as the

Lucknow: The Rumi Darwaza, or Turkish Gate, was modeled (1784) on the Sublime Porte (Bab-i Hümayun) in Istanbul. The best-preserved monument is the Residency (1800), the scene of the defense by British troops during the Siege of Lucknow. A memorial commemorating the Indians who died during the uprising was erected…

Rūmī was the greatest Sufi mystic and poet in the Persian language, famous for his lyrics and for his didactic epic Mas̄navī-yi Maʿnavī (“Spiritual Couplets”), which widely influenced mystical thought and literature throughout the Muslim world. After his death, his disciples were organized as the

Nikolay Petrovich, Count Rumyantsev was a Russian statesman and diplomat who was also a bibliophile and a patron of historiography and voyages of exploration. The Rumyantsev Museum in St. Petersburg, founded to house his collection of books, rare manuscripts, and maps, became the heart of the

Pyotr Aleksandrovich Rumyantsev, Count Zadunaysky was a Russian army officer who distinguished himself in the Seven Years’ War (1756–63) against Prussia and in the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). As governor-general of Ukraine (from November 1764), he was responsible for integrating the region more

Robert Rumilly was a Canadian historian best known for his immense and incomplete study Histoire de la province de Québec, 34 vol. (1940–63; “History of the Province of Quebec”). Educated in France, he served in the French army during World War I before emigrating to Canada in 1928. He became a

bloat, disorder of ruminant animals involving distention of the rumen, the first of the four divisions of the stomach, with gas of fermentation. Bloated cattle are restless and noticeably uncomfortable and have distended left flanks. Bloat often occurs in cattle that have grazed young, lush legumes

ruminant, (suborder Ruminantia), any mammal of the suborder Ruminantia (order Artiodactyla), which includes the pronghorns, giraffes, okapis, deer, chevrotains, cattle, antelopes, sheep, and goats. Most ruminants have a four-chambered stomach and two-toed feet. The upper incisors are reduced or

ruminant, (suborder Ruminantia), any mammal of the suborder Ruminantia (order Artiodactyla), which includes the pronghorns, giraffes, okapis, deer, chevrotains, cattle, antelopes, sheep, and goats. Most ruminants have a four-chambered stomach and two-toed feet. The upper incisors are reduced or

artiodactyl: Digestive system: …in the mouth is called rumination.

Judenräte: …Łódź, under the chairmanship of Mordecai Chaim Rumkowski, authority was more centralized. Commerce, trade, and all municipal services, including the distribution of food and housing, were tightly controlled.

Römer: An English goblet called rummer (from “Römer,” not “rum”) was first made similar to the German original but in the 18th century evolved into a very different form. Usually thick and heavy, the glasses have short stems, feet that are sometimes square, and bowls with a variety of shapes.

Lumbini, grove near the southern border of modern-day Nepal where, according to Buddhist legend, Queen Maha Maya stood and gave birth to the future Buddha while holding onto a branch of a sal tree. There are two references to Lumbini as the birthplace of the Buddha in the Pali scripture, the first

rummy, any of a family of card games whose many variants make it one of the best-known and most widely played card games. Rummy games are based on a simple mechanism and a simple object of play. The mechanism is to draw cards from a stockpile and discard unwanted cards from the hand to a wastepile,

Revere, city, Suffolk county, Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along Massachusetts Bay just northeast of Boston. First known as Rumney Marsh, it was settled in 1626 and was part of Boston from 1632 until 1739, when it became part of Chelsea. During the American Revolution, the British schooner Diana,

Rumoi, city, northwestern Hokkaido, Japan. It lies at the mouth of the Rumoi River, facing the Sea of Japan. The city’s natural port was a fishing centre until the disappearance of herring along its coast after World War II, although cod and Alaska pollack continued to be caught on a small scale.

collective behavior: Rumor: Rumor abounds under certain circumstances. The U.S. psychologists Gordon W. Allport and Leo Postman offered the generalization that rumor intensity is high when both the interest in an event and its ambiguity are great. The U.S. sociologist Tamotsu Shibutani agreed, contending that…

Richard Thompson: …scored minor commercial successes with Rumor and Sigh (1991) and Mock Tudor (1999), and he toured regularly. When asked to assemble a list of the top 10 songs of the past millennium for a magazine article, Thompson took the assignment literally, collecting works that spanned from the 11th century to…

Rob Reiner: Later films: …Alex & Emma (2003), and Rumor Has It… (2005) were commercial and critical disappointments.

Mariano Rumor was a leader of Italy’s Christian Democrat Party and premier in several governments from 1968 to 1974. After graduation from the University of Padua, Rumor became a teacher. During World War II he served as an officer in the artillery, and in 1943 he joined the partisans to fight

Neil Simon: Subsequent plays included Rumors (1988); Lost in Yonkers (1991; film 1993), which won both a Pulitzer Prize and the Tony Award for best play; and The Dinner Party (2000).