Jane Russell was an American actress and singer who was known for her voluptuous figure and sexualized on-screen persona. Russell’s family moved to California when she was young. Her mother, who had been an actress, encouraged Jane to explore interests in acting and music, and she studied briefly

Francis Russell, 2nd earl of Bedford was a Protestant supporter of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Only son of the 1st earl, he took his seat in the House of Lords as Lord Russell in 1552. Russell was in sympathy with the Protestant reformers, whose opinions he shared, and was imprisoned during the

Francis Russell, 4th earl of Bedford was the 4th earl of Bedford, the only son of William, Lord Russell of Thornhaugh, who became earl of Bedford by the death of his cousin Edward, the 3rd earl, in May 1627. When the quarrel broke out between Charles I and Parliament in 1628, Bedford supported the

Francis Russell, 5th duke of Bedford was the 5th duke of Bedford, the eldest son of Francis Russell, marquess of Tavistock, the eldest son of the 4th duke; he succeeded his grandfather as duke of Bedford in 1771. Regarding Charles James Fox as his political leader, he joined the Whigs in the House

Lewis Allen: …Macardle’s novel) was enhanced by Gail Russell’s compelling performance as the haunted girl and by an evocative score that yielded the standard “Stella by Starlight.” Russell was joined by Diana Lynn and Dorothy Gish in Our Hearts Were Young and Gay (1944), a dramatization of actress and screenwriter Cornelia Otis…

AE was an Irish poet, artist, and mystic who became a leading figure in the Irish literary renaissance of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The name AE (or Æ) is the pseudonym of George William Russell, who took it from a proofreader’s query to him about his earlier pseudonym, “AEon.” Russell

Ken Russell was a British motion-picture director whose use of shock and sensationalism earned him both praise and reprehension from critics. The son of a shoe-store owner, Russell became a cadet at the Nautical College at Pangbourne and subsequently joined the British Merchant Navy. After training

Henry Norris Russell was an American astronomer—one of the most influential during the first half of the 20th century—who played a major role in the establishment of modern theoretical astrophysics by making physics the core of astrophysical practice. Bearing his name is the Hertzsprung-Russell

Jane Russell was an American actress and singer who was known for her voluptuous figure and sexualized on-screen persona. Russell’s family moved to California when she was young. Her mother, who had been an actress, encouraged Jane to explore interests in acting and music, and she studied briefly

John Russell was a pastel artist, amateur astronomer, and literary scholar, whose brilliantly coloured chalk portraits were highly appreciated in 18th-century England. His works were considered on a par with those of Sir Joshua Reynolds. An evangelical Methodist, he often voiced his religious views

John Robert Russell, 13th duke of Bedford was the elder son of the 12th duke (Hastings William Sackville Russell), succeeding to the title in 1953. Faced with paying heavy death duties on his father’s estate, including Woburn Abbey, the 13th duke developed to the full the commercial possibilities

John Russell, 1st Earl Russell was the prime minister of Great Britain (1846–52, 1865–66), an aristocratic liberal and leader of the fight for passage of the Reform Bill of 1832. Russell was the third son of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. (As the younger son of a peer, he was known for most of

John Scott Russell was a British civil engineer best known for researches in ship design. He designed the first seagoing battleship built entirely of iron. A graduate of the University of Glasgow (at age 16), Russell became professor of natural philosophy in 1832 at the University of Edinburgh,

John Russell, 1st earl of Bedford was the founder of the wealth and greatness of the house of Russell. He was a favourite of England’s Henry VIII and was created earl of Bedford during the reign of Edward VI. He was with Henry VIII at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520 and, returning to military

John Russell, 4th duke of Bedford was the leader of the “Bedford Whigs,” a major parliamentary force in the third quarter of the 18th century in England. Brother of the 3rd Duke (Wriothesley Russell), he joined the opposition to Sir Robert Walpole and in November 1744 became first lord of the

John Quincy Adams: Break with the Federalists of John Quincy Adams: …men, with Henry Clay and Jonathan Russell, began negotiations with English commissioners that resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on December 24 of that year. Adams then visited Paris, where he witnessed the return of Napoleon from Elba, and next went to London, where, with Clay and…

Nipsey Russell was an American actor and comedian known for the clever impromptu verses that he created for his television appearances. Russell was raised in Atlanta, where he began performing as a child in a singing and dancing troupe. He served in the army as a medic during World War II and later

Ken Russell was a British motion-picture director whose use of shock and sensationalism earned him both praise and reprehension from critics. The son of a shoe-store owner, Russell became a cadet at the Nautical College at Pangbourne and subsequently joined the British Merchant Navy. After training

Keri Russell is an American actress who first gained fame with the TV series Felicity (1998–2002) and who later starred in the spy thriller The Americans (2013–18) and the political drama The Diplomat (2023– ). Russell is one of three children born to Stephanie Russell (née Stephens), a homemaker,

Keri Russell is an American actress who first gained fame with the TV series Felicity (1998–2002) and who later starred in the spy thriller The Americans (2013–18) and the political drama The Diplomat (2023– ). Russell is one of three children born to Stephanie Russell (née Stephens), a homemaker,

Kurt Russell is an American actor who became a child star in the 1960s, appearing in a number of Disney films, and then transitioned to a successful career as a leading man, perhaps best known for his action dramas. When Russell was four, his family moved from Massachusetts to California. There his

Kurt Russell is an American actor who became a child star in the 1960s, appearing in a number of Disney films, and then transitioned to a successful career as a leading man, perhaps best known for his action dramas. When Russell was four, his family moved from Massachusetts to California. There his

Elton John: … (2010; a duet album with Leon Russell), and Wonderful Crazy Night (2016). He also contributed sound tracks to the animated movies The Road to El Dorado (2000) and Gnomeo & Juliet (2011). In 2018 John embarked on what he announced as his final tour, dubbed Farewell Yellow Brick Road and…

Lillian Russell was an American singer and actress in light comedies who represented the feminine ideal of her generation. She was as famous for her flamboyant personal life as for her beauty and voice. Born Helen Leonard, she attended convent and private schools in Chicago. About 1877 or 1878 she

John Russell, 1st Earl Russell was the prime minister of Great Britain (1846–52, 1865–66), an aristocratic liberal and leader of the fight for passage of the Reform Bill of 1832. Russell was the third son of John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford. (As the younger son of a peer, he was known for most of

Russell, Majors and Waddell, business partnership formed by William Hepburn Russell, Alexander Majors, and William Bradford Waddell that operated the most prominent freight, mail, and passenger transportation company in the United States in the mid-19th century and, most famously, established the

Morgan Russell was an American painter who was an early proponent of abstraction. After studying under Robert Henri in New York City, Russell moved to Paris in 1906 and lived there for 40 years. In 1913–14 he and Stanton Macdonald-Wright established Synchromism (q.v.) as an avant-garde movement,

Nipsey Russell was an American actor and comedian known for the clever impromptu verses that he created for his television appearances. Russell was raised in Atlanta, where he began performing as a child in a singing and dancing troupe. He served in the army as a medic during World War II and later

Pee Wee Russell was an American jazz clarinetist who, with his unpredictable style, was the first post-swing-era modernist on that instrument. Reluctantly trained in violin as a child, Russell also tried piano and drums before settling on the clarinet, on which he became a distinctive stylist.

Sam Nunn: Richard Russell. His most noteworthy legislative achievements include drafting the 1986 Department of Defense Reorganization Act and, with Sen. Richard Lugar, the 1991 Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program. The former resulted in the most-significant defense reorganization since the National Security Act of 1947, and the…

Richard Joel Russell was a geologist known for his studies of coastal morphology. He was a professor of geology at Texas Technological College (Lubbock) from 1926 until 1928, when he joined the faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agriculture and Mechanical College (Baton Rouge), where he

Rosalind Russell was an American actress who was best remembered for her film and stage portrayals of witty, assertive, independent women. Russell attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and made her Broadway debut in 1930 in the Theatre Guild’s Garrick Gaieties. Four years later she was

Bob Rafelson: Films of the late 1980s and beyond: It starred Theresa Russell as a female Bluebeard who slays her husbands one after the other for their money; Debra Winger played the dogged investigator who catches on to the scam but finds herself oddly attracted to her suspect. Reviews of the film were mixed: some critics…

Society of United Irishmen: …Tone, James Napper Tandy, and Thomas Russell to achieve Roman Catholic emancipation and (with Protestant cooperation) parliamentary reform. British attempts to suppress the society caused its reorganization as an underground movement dedicated to securing complete Irish independence. In April 1794 the society opened negotiations with Revolutionary France for military aid,…

William Russell, 1st duke and 5th earl of Bedford was the eldest son of the 4th earl, who fought first on the side of Parliament and then on the side of Charles I during the English Civil War. In general, he played a minor part in politics. His son Lord William Russell (1639–83) was involved in the

Bill Russell was an American basketball player who was the first outstanding defensive centre in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and one of the sport’s greatest icons. He won 11 NBA titles in the 13 seasons that he played with the Boston Celtics, and he became the first

William Hepburn Russell was an American businessman and co-proprietor of Russell, Majors and Waddell, the most prominent freight, mail, and passenger transportation company in the United States in the mid-19th century. The company founded and operated the Pony Express (1860–61). Russell’s family

history of publishing: Foundations of modern journalism: William Howard Russell, a reporter for the London Times during the Crimean War (1853–56), became famous as one of the first war correspondents, and his writings inspired Florence Nightingale to take up her mission to Crimea. More than 150 war correspondents reported on the American

William Russell, Lord Russell was an English Whig politician executed for allegedly plotting to murder King Charles II and his Roman Catholic brother James, Duke of York. Because the charges against Russell were never conclusively proved, he was lauded as a martyr by the Whigs, who claimed that he

spectroscopy: Total orbital angular momentum and total spin angular momentum: …the assignment is called the L-S coupling, or Russell-Saunders coupling (after the astronomer Henry Norris Russell and the physicist Frederick A. Saunders, both of the United States).

genomic imprinting: Imprinting and fetal development: Additionally, in Silver-Russell syndrome (or Russell-Silver syndrome), a maternal uniparental disomy (both copies of a chromosome or partial chromosome are inherited from one parent), growth restriction is present. Similar effects are found in other cases of disordered imprinting. Preeclampsia, for example, in which disordered imprinting has been…

Jehovah’s Witness, member of a Christian-based new religious movement that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah’s Witnesses are an outgrowth of the International Bible Students Association, which was founded in

Tim Russert was an American journalist who, as moderator (1991–2008) of the television program Meet the Press, was one of the most influential political commentators of his day. Russert studied political science at John Carroll University (B.A., 1972) in Ohio before earning a law degree from

Tim Russert was an American journalist who, as moderator (1991–2008) of the television program Meet the Press, was one of the most influential political commentators of his day. Russert studied political science at John Carroll University (B.A., 1972) in Ohio before earning a law degree from

common frog, (species Rana temporaria), largely terrestrial frog (family Ranidae), native to Europe, from Great Britain to central Russia. It is known in continental Europe as either grass frog or russet frog. The common frog is smooth-skinned, and adults are 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 inches) long.

Franz Klammer: …competition from defending Olympic champion Bernhard Russi of Switzerland. Skiing close to last, Klammer gave one of the most thrilling performances in the history of the Olympic Games. Partway down the run he trailed Russi by a fraction of a second, but he skied with such wild abandon over the…

Russia, country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December

Soviet Union, former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22–1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific Ocean and, in its final years, consisting of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics (S.S.R.’s): Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia (now Belarus), Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya (now

Richard Cobden: …Ireland, and America (1835) and Russia (1836)—in which he demanded a new approach to foreign policy, based not on attempts to maintain a balance of power but on the recognition of the prime necessity of promoting international economic expansion through the free movement of men and materials. He continued to…

Mily Balakirev: …ultimately became the symphonic poem Russia; he spent summer holidays in the Caucasus, gathering themes and inspiration for his brilliant piano fantasy Islamey (1869) and his symphonic poem Tamara (1867–82); he published the works of composer Mikhail Glinka and visited Prague to produce them; and for a time (1867–69) he…

Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky: …and historical philosopher, author of Rossiya i Evropa (1869; “Russia and Europe”), who was the first to propound the philosophy of history as a series of distinct civilizations. According to him, Russia and the Slavs should remain indifferent to the West and concentrate on the development of political absolutism, their…

Tomáš Masaryk: Early life: In Russia and Europe (1913) he provided a critical survey of the Russian religious, intellectual, and social crises—the contradictions and confusions of the “Byzantine” retardation of Russian society by the Orthodox church and reactionary ideas.

Nikolay Ivanovich Turgenev: In 1847 he published Russia and the Russians, regarded as one of the first comprehensive accounts of the development of Russian political thought.

Muscovy Company, body of English merchants trading with Russia. The company was formed in 1555 by the navigator and explorer Sebastian Cabot and various London merchants and was granted a monopoly of Anglo-Russian trade. It was the first English joint-stock company in which the capital remained

John le Carré: …agent; The Russia House (1989; film 1990); The Secret Pilgrim (1991); The Night Manager (1993; television miniseries 2016); and Our Game (1995), set after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

John le Carré: …story of a double agent; The Russia House (1989; film 1990); The Secret Pilgrim (1991); The Night Manager (1993; television miniseries 2016); and Our Game (1995), set after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Alex Salmond: … The Alex Salmond Show on RT (formerly Russia Today) television, the Russian-operated cable news channel that some observers in the West characterized as not only a propaganda outlet for Kremlin policy but also a tool for Russian intelligence operations. Criticism of Salmond’s presence on RT even came from SNP members,…

horizontally striped white-blue-red national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.Tsar Peter I the Great had ambitious plans to transform Russia into a modern state. Building a Russian navy was part of that program, and he visited the Netherlands to learn about the most advanced shipbuilding

Russia: Prehistory and the rise of the Rus: …is now the territory of Russia since the 2nd millennium bce, but little is known about their ethnic identity, institutions, and activities. In ancient times, Greek and Iranian settlements appeared in the southernmost portions of what is now Ukraine. Trading empires of that era seem to have known and exploited…

Russia-Ukraine War, war between Russia and Ukraine that began in February 2014 with the covert invasion of the Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea by disguised Russian troops. The conflict expanded in April 2014 when Russians and local proxy forces seized territory in Ukraine’s Donbas region;

Belarus: Ethnic groups: Russians, many of whom migrated to the Belorussian S.S.R. in the 1960s, ’70s, and ’80s, form the second largest ethnic group, accounting for roughly one-tenth of the population. Most of the remainder are Poles and Ukrainians, with much smaller numbers of Jews, Latvians, Lithuanians, and…

Wassily Kandinsky: Russian interlude: In 1921 he founded the Russian Academy of Artistic Sciences. But by then the Soviet government was veering from avant-garde art to Social Realism, and so, at the end of the year, he and his wife left Moscow for Berlin.

Russia: The 19th century: In the 1830s the Russian Academy of Arts (which had been founded in 1757) began sending Russian painters abroad for training. Among the most gifted of these were Aleksandr Ivanov and Karl Bryullov, both of whom were known for Romantic historical canvases. A truly national tradition of painting did…

Michael Ignatieff: …magazine pieces and later in The Russian Album (1987), a critically acclaimed family biography that covered five generations. Ignatieff next experimented with fiction, beginning with Aysa (1991), the story of a Russian expatriate during World War II, and Scar Tissue (1993), a semi-autobiographical tale of a man caring for his…

Cyrillic alphabet: The modern Cyrillic alphabets—Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, and Serbian—have been modified somewhat from the original, generally by the loss of some superfluous letters. Modern Russian has 32 letters (33, with inclusion of the soft sign—which is not, strictly speaking, a letter), Bulgarian 30, Serbian 30, and Ukrainian 32 (33).…

history of Central Asia: …19th-century explorers and geographers as Russian and Chinese Turkistan.

Russia: The Petrine state: …organization to a “European” professional army (as it developed in the course of the so-called military revolution of the 17th century) had been initiated during the reigns of Tsars Michael and Alexis. But it was Peter who gave it the full-fledged “modern” form it retained until the middle of the…

RAPP, association formed in the Soviet Union in 1928 out of various groups of proletarian writers who were dedicated to defining a truly proletarian literature and to eliminating writers whose works were not thoroughly imbued with Communist ideology. Under the leadership of Leopold Averbakh, RAPP

Roskosmos, Russian government organization founded in 1992 that is responsible for managing the Russian space program. Its headquarters are in Moscow. The head of Roskosmos is assisted by a board, a science and engineering council, and the heads of 11 departments. Roskomos is the descendant of the

Union of Evangelical Christian Baptists: …of Evangelical Christians and the Russian Baptist Union. The Baptists in Russia grew from religious revival movements that began in the 1860s and ’70s. In Ukraine, groups of Russians influenced by German Mennonite settlers gathered for Bible study and eventually adopted Baptist beliefs. In Georgia, German Baptists gained converts and…

St. Petersburg: The rise to splendour: Stasov, working in the Russian Baroque style, which combined clear-cut, even austere lines with richness of decoration and use of colour. To this period belong the Winter Palace, the Smolny Convent, and the Vorontsov and Stroganov palaces, among others; outside the city were built the summer palaces of Peterhof…

Russian Blue, breed of domestic cat noted for the quality of its short, plushlike coat. Characteristically a quiet and gentle cat, the Russian Blue is a solidly coloured, blue-gray cat with round, green eyes and soft, silky fur that resembles sealskin in texture. A fine-boned cat with long, slim

Russian Catholic church, an Eastern Catholic church of the Byzantine rite, in communion with Rome since the early 20th century. A small number of Orthodox Russians, influenced by Vladimir Solovyov, a philosopher and theologian, converted to Catholicism (c. 1900), retaining their rite. Just before

Russia: Finance: The Russian Central Bank (RCB), which took over the functions of the Soviet-era Gosbank, is exclusively responsible for regulating the country’s monetary system. The bank’s primary function is to protect and stabilize the ruble, which it attempts to do through its control of foreign exchange. Under…

Russian chant, monophonic, or unison, chant of the liturgy of the Russian Orthodox church. Musical manuscripts from the 11th to the 13th century suggest that, at first, chanting in Russia almost certainly followed Byzantine melodies, which were adapted to the accentual patterns of the Old Church

Dmitri Mendeleev: Activities outside the laboratory: …Russian Chemical Society (now the Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society) in 1868 and published most of his later papers in its journal. He was a prolific thinker and writer. His published works include 400 books and articles, and numerous unpublished manuscripts are kept to this day in the Dmitri Mendeleev Museum…

Eastern Orthodoxy: The Orthodox diaspora and missions: …and became known as the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR). It had no canonical relation with the official Orthodox patriarchates and churches until May 2007. That year, following reforms within both Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church in the wake of the fall of the Soviet Union, the…

Russian Civil War, (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir I. Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Russia’s disastrous performance in World War I was one of the primary causes of the

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the major political party of Russia and the Soviet Union from the Russian Revolution of October 1917 to 1991. (Read Leon Trotsky’s 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.) The Communist Party of the Soviet Union arose from the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social

crash: The coarsest type is called Russian crash. Linen is generally used for the warp yarn, while linen, jute, or a mixture of linen and jute is used for the filler. Plain weave is normally employed, but twill is sometimes used.

desman: The tail of the Russian desman (Desmana moschata) is flattened horizontally and has scent glands at its base that exude a strong musky odour that envelops the animal. The Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) of western Europe has similar scent glands. It has a cylindrical tail, flat near its tip…

Natasha Lyonne: Russian Doll: …2019 Lyonne created the show Russian Doll with actress and writer Amy Poehler and playwright Leslye Headland. Lyonne also starred in the series as Nadia Vulvokov, a hardened New Yorker who finds herself stuck in a time loop. She also directed several episodes. The show was a critical success and…

duck: Russian duck is a fine white linen canvas.

Russian Empire, historical empire founded on November 2 (October 22, Old Style), 1721, when the Russian Senate conferred the title of emperor (imperator) of all the Russias upon Peter I. The abdication of Nicholas II on March 15, 1917, marked the end of the empire and its ruling Romanov dynasty.

Roskosmos, Russian government organization founded in 1992 that is responsible for managing the Russian space program. Its headquarters are in Moscow. The head of Roskosmos is assisted by a board, a science and engineering council, and the heads of 11 departments. Roskomos is the descendant of the

Russia, country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December

figure skating: Regional and national: The Russian Figure Skating Federation is composed of more than 40 clubs, each with its own separate championships. The clubs are then split into several regions. To gain a berth at the Russian nationals, skaters must acquire a high number of competition points and finish in…

The Five, group of five Russian composers—César Cui, Aleksandr Borodin, Mily Balakirev, Modest Mussorgsky, and Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov—who in the 1860s banded together in an attempt to create a truly national school of Russian music, free of the stifling influence of Italian opera, German lieder,

Formalism, innovative 20th-century Russian school of literary criticism. It began in two groups: OPOYAZ, an acronym for Russian words meaning Society for the Study of Poetic Language, founded in 1916 at St. Petersburg (later Leningrad) and led by Viktor Shklovsky; and the Moscow Linguistic Circle,

Cubo-Futurism, Russian avant-garde art movement in the 1910s that emerged as an offshoot of European Futurism and Cubism. The term Cubo-Futurism was first used in 1913 by an art critic regarding the poetry of members of the Hylaea group (Russian Gileya), which included such writers as Velimir

Michael Frayn: …were The Tin Men (1965), The Russian Interpreter (1966), A Very Private Life (1968), The Trick of It (1989), Now You Know (1992), Headlong (1999), Spies (2002), and Skios (2012). My Father’s Fortune (2010) was a memoir.

Russian language, principal state and cultural language of Russia. Together with Ukrainian and Belarusian, the Russian language makes up the eastern branch of the Slavic family of languages. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a

Russia: Social and political institutions: …code (1016), called the “Russian Law,” was one of the “Barbarian” law codes common throughout Germanic Europe. It dealt primarily with princely law—that is, with the fines to be imposed by the prince or his representative in the case of specified offenses.

Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov: The Russian Liberation Army, which he also headed, was composed of former Russian soldiers captured by the Germans. Near the end of the war, Vlasov’s 50,000 troops were allowed by their distrustful German sponsors to go into battle against the advancing Red Army. Most of them…

Russian literature, the body of written works produced in the Russian language, beginning with the Christianization of Kievan Rus in the late 10th century. The unusual shape of Russian literary history has been the source of numerous controversies. Three major and sudden breaks divide it into four

roller coaster: Origins in Europe: …of a ride called the Russian Mountains (Les Montagnes Russes). Small wheels were added to the sleds on this ride, a key modification that later persuaded some historians to credit it as the first wheeled coaster. Little attention was given to safety measures, yet, oddly enough, the injuries that passengers…

mulberry: Major species: …white mulberry are the cold-resistant Russian mulberry (M. alba, variety tatarica), introduced into western North America for shelterbelts and local timber use, and fruitless sorts such as the ‘Stribling’ and ‘Mapleleaf’ cultivars. The weeping mulberry (M. alba ‘Pendula’) is frequently used as a lawn tree.

fascism: Russia: The Russian National Unity (Russkoe Natsionalnoe Edinstvo; RNE), a paramilitary organization founded in 1990 by Aleksandr Barkashov, claimed to have an extensive network of local branches, but its electoral support was significantly less than that of the LDPR. Barkashov, a former commando in the Russian army,…

Russian oligarchs, tycoons who reaped enormous fortunes in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. When the centrally planned economy of the then-Soviet Union crashed, a group of quick-thinking men picked up the pieces and turned them into vast private wealth. They also became politically active

oleaster, small deciduous tree of Eurasia, about 4.5 to 6 m (15 to 20 feet) high. It has smooth, dark brown branches that often bear spines and narrow, light green leaves that are silvery on the undersides from a covering of minute scales. The flowers are small, greenish, fragrant, and