otter shrew: …dwarf species (genus Micropotamogale), the Ruwenzori otter shrew (M. ruwenzorii) and the Nimba otter shrew (M. lamottei), which weigh 60 to 150 grams and have a body 12 to 20 cm long and a shorter tail. The water-repellent fur of all three is soft and dense. The feet are webbed…

Ruwenzori Range, mountain range bordering Uganda and Congo (Kinshasa); the range is thought to be the “Mountains of the Moon” described by the 2nd-century-ce geographer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The mountains were long thought to be the source of the Nile. Lying slightly north of the Equator,

French literature: Hugo: Ruy Blas (1838; Eng. trans. Ruy Blas), in a similar vein, mixes poetry, comedy, and tragedy with strong antithetical effects to provide the mingling of dramatic genres that the preface to Cromwell had declared the essence of Romantic drama. The failure of Hugo’s Les Burgraves…

Ruy López de Segura: …(though not inventor) of the Ruy López opening, which is still one of the most popular in Chess. It begins with these moves: (1) P-K4, P-K4; (2) Nt-KB3, Nt-QB3; (3) B-N5. López came from Zafra in Estremadura and became a favourite of King Philip II, who presented him with a…

biblical literature: Non-European versions: A pioneer was Albert Cornelius Ruyl, who is credited with having translated Matthew into High Malay in 1629, Mark following later. Jan van Hasel translated the two other Gospels in 1646 and added Psalms and Acts in 1652. Other traders began translations into Minnan, a form of Southern…

Jan van Ruysbroeck was a Flemish mystic whose writings influenced Johann Tauler, Gerhard Groote, and other mystics. After holding the chaplaincy of Sainte Gudule, Brussels, from 1317 to 1343, Ruysbroeck founded the Augustinian abbey at Groenendaal, where he wrote all but the first of his works, Van

Jan van Ruysbroeck was a Flemish mystic whose writings influenced Johann Tauler, Gerhard Groote, and other mystics. After holding the chaplaincy of Sainte Gudule, Brussels, from 1317 to 1343, Ruysbroeck founded the Augustinian abbey at Groenendaal, where he wrote all but the first of his works, Van

Willem Van Ruysbroeck was a French Franciscan friar whose eyewitness account of the Mongol realm is generally acknowledged to be the best written by any medieval Christian traveller. A contemporary of the English scientist and philosopher Roger Bacon, he was cited frequently in the geographical

embalming: Development of modern embalming: …the Dutch and German scientists Frederik Ruysch and Gabriel Clauderus are believed to have used similar arterial-injection techniques to prevent cadavers from decomposing. The Scottish anatomist William Hunter (1718–83), however, is credited with being the first to report fully on arterial and cavity embalming as a way to preserve bodies…

Rachel Ruysch was a Dutch painter who specialized in richly detailed still-life paintings that commanded high prices. Ruysch’s maternal grandfather was the architect Pieter Post. Her father, a professor of anatomy and botany and an amateur painter, probably introduced her to the study of exotic

Jacob van Ruisdael was a Baroque artist often regarded as one of the greatest Dutch landscape painters. His subjects and style varied throughout his career, leading to a dynamic oeuvre that comprises around 700 paintings, 100 drawings, and several etchings. Ruisdael was probably the pupil of his

Salomon van Ruysdael was a Dutch landscape painter in the Baroque style, and the uncle of the landscape artist Jacob van Ruisdael. Originally named de Goyer, as was his brother Isaak (also a painter and the father of Jacob van Ruisdael), Salomon entered the Haarlem Guild of St. Luke in 1628. His

Arabic literature: The concept of adab: …who adopted the Arabic name Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ. He translated from the Persian a collection of animal fables about kingship, the Panchatantra (a work of Indian origin), which he titled in Arabic Kalīlah wa Dimnah (“Kalīlah and Dimnah”); its narrative method and its particular style were among its contributions to the…

Huizong: …formed an alliance with the Juchen (Chinese: Nüzhen, or Ruzhen) tribes of Manchuria (now the Northeast region of China). The resulting victory over the Liao was wholly illusory, since it was the Juchen who turned out to be the real menace. In mounting crisis, Huizong abdicated in 1125/26 in favour…

Jin dynasty, (1115–1234), dynasty that ruled an empire formed by the Tungus Juchen (or Jurchen) tribes of Manchuria. The empire covered much of Inner Asia and all of present-day North China. Originally subjects of the Liao, an Inner Asian dynasty created in the 10th century by the Khitan tribes,

Leopold Ružička was a Swiss chemist and joint recipient, with Adolf Butenandt of Germany, of the 1939 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on ringed molecules, terpenes (a class of hydrocarbons found in the essential oils of many plants), and sex hormones. While working as an assistant to the

Leopold Ružička was a Swiss chemist and joint recipient, with Adolf Butenandt of Germany, of the 1939 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on ringed molecules, terpenes (a class of hydrocarbons found in the essential oils of many plants), and sex hormones. While working as an assistant to the

Ruzizi River, river, southern outflow of Lake Kivu in east-central Africa along the Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda–Burundi border. It emerges from the lake just east of Bukavu, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, and flows about 100 miles (160 km) generally south to Lake Tanganyika. There are gorges

Italian literature: Drama: …the mid-20th century the actor Angelo Beolco (“Il Ruzzante”) has become generally recognized as one of the most powerful dramatists of the 16th century. His works, often monologues written in a rural Paduan dialect, treat the problems of the oppressed peasant with realism and profound seriousness. Another dialect playwright of…

Ruʾūs al-Jibāl, region of Oman, on the Musandam Peninsula south of the Strait of Hormuz, between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. It is separated from the rest of Oman by the United Arab Emirates. Al-Khaṣab, with date groves and fisheries, is the chief

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …(now referred to as the reentry vehicles, or RVs) back into the atmosphere and down to the target area.

Cheryl Hines: Career: … in the road comedy film RV in 2006 and played a supporting role in the comedy-drama Waitress in 2007. Hines made her feature-film directorial debut with the dark comedy Serious Moonlight in 2009, and she also directed the “Artificial Fruit” episode from the 10th season of Curb Your Enthusiasm in…

camping: Modern camping: …the proliferation of campsites for recreational vehicles (RVs). In particular, many public and commercial campsites cater to RVs by setting aside paved parking regions in picturesque locations. Camping on public land is especially popular in the United States and Canada, where federal and regional government agencies strive to meet the…

AIDS: Condoms, vaccines, gels, and other prevention methods: …a clinical trial known as RV 144, which involved more than 16,000 volunteers in Thailand, suggested that the vaccination strategy reduced the risk of HIV infection by 31.2 percent in healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 30. The findings of the study, however, were controversial, because…

star: Pulsating stars: …semiregular variables such as the RV Tauri stars show complex light and spectral changes. They do not repeat themselves from one cycle to the next; their behaviour suggests a simultaneous operation of two or more modes of oscillation. Betelgeuse is an example of an irregular red variable. In these stars…

rabies: …embryo cell culture (PCEC), and rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA). With older vaccines, at least 16 injections were required, whereas with HDCV, PCEC, or RVA, 5 are usually sufficient. Persons at risk of rabies by virtue of occupation (e.g., veterinarians) or travel to endemic areas should receive rabies vaccine as a…

Suriname: Suriname since independence: The Front included the Revolutionary People’s Party (Revolutionaire Volkspartij; RVP), the PNR, and some of the trade and farm workers’ unions. By the following year, however, as military leaders showed few signs of willingness to surrender control, trade unions, business associations, and professional groups began to proclaim their discontent.…

Burundi: Burundi under colonial rule: The party leader was Prince Rwagasore, a Tutsi and the eldest son of Mwami Mwambutsa. Rwagasore represented populist aspirations and was the strongest supporter of the monarchy. He became prime minister and formed a new government. His assassination on October 13, 1961, ushered in a crisis from which the country…

Rwanda, the peoples of the Republic of Rwanda who speak an Interlacustrine Bantu language known as Rwanda (also known as Kinyarwanda). The Rwanda are divided into two main groups: the Hutu, traditionally farmers; and the Tutsi, traditionally cattle-owning pastoralists. A small third group, the

Rwanda, landlocked country lying south of the Equator in east-central Africa. Known for its breathtaking scenery, Rwanda is often referred to as le pays des mille collines (French: “land of a thousand hills”). The capital is Kigali, located in the center of the country on the Ruganwa River. Like

Rwanda genocide of 1994, planned campaign of mass murder in Rwanda that occurred over the course of some 100 days in April–July 1994. The genocide was conceived by extremist elements of Rwanda’s majority Hutu population who planned to kill the minority Tutsi population and anyone who opposed those

Rwanda language, a Bantu language spoken by some 12 million people primarily in Rwanda and to a lesser extent in Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Tanzania. The Bantu languages form a subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Rwanda is closely

horizontally striped blue-yellow-green national flag. In its upper fly corner is a yellow sun with 24 rays. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is approximately 1 to 2.Under the Belgian colonial regime, the elite Tutsi minority ruled the social, political, and economic life of Rwanda. The majority

history of Rwanda, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Rwanda. The landlocked country lies south of the Equator in east-central Africa. Known for its breathtaking scenery, Rwanda is often referred to as le pays des mille collines (French: “land of a thousand hills”).

Kingdom of Rwanda, traditional East African state, now the Republic of Rwanda. The area is believed to have been settled by the Hutu sometime between the 5th and the 11th century and then by the Tutsi beginning in the 14th century. The Tutsi, a pastoral people, established dominance over the Hutu,

Rwanda, landlocked country lying south of the Equator in east-central Africa. Known for its breathtaking scenery, Rwanda is often referred to as le pays des mille collines (French: “land of a thousand hills”). The capital is Kigali, located in the center of the country on the Ruganwa River. Like

Rwanda, landlocked country lying south of the Equator in east-central Africa. Known for its breathtaking scenery, Rwanda is often referred to as le pays des mille collines (French: “land of a thousand hills”). The capital is Kigali, located in the center of the country on the Ruganwa River. Like

Rwanda, landlocked country lying south of the Equator in east-central Africa. Known for its breathtaking scenery, Rwanda is often referred to as le pays des mille collines (French: “land of a thousand hills”). The capital is Kigali, located in the center of the country on the Ruganwa River. Like

Roméo Dallaire: …the peace agreement ending a civil war. The death of the Rwandan president, however, whose plane was shot down over Kigali airport in April 1994, triggered events that quickly became a gambit by extremist Hutu to exterminate the Tutsi population. During the bloody chaos Dallaire ordered 10 Belgian soldiers under…

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), political party in Rwanda rooted in a movement led by exiled Rwandans that launched the country’s civil war in 1990 and ended the Rwanda genocide of 1994. The party has dominated Rwandan politics since then. It has been led by Paul Kagame since 1998. Rwanda’s

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), political party in Rwanda rooted in a movement led by exiled Rwandans that launched the country’s civil war in 1990 and ended the Rwanda genocide of 1994. The party has dominated Rwandan politics since then. It has been led by Paul Kagame since 1998. Rwanda’s

Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), political party in Rwanda rooted in a movement led by exiled Rwandans that launched the country’s civil war in 1990 and ended the Rwanda genocide of 1994. The party has dominated Rwandan politics since then. It has been led by Paul Kagame since 1998. Rwanda’s

Burundi: The 2020 elections: …in the presidential race, including Agathon Rwasa of the National Congress for Liberty (Congrès National pour la Liberté, CNL), the leading opposition candidate. Ndayishimiye was announced the winner, taking 68.72 percent of the vote; Rwasa, his nearest challenger, received 24.19 percent. In the parliamentary elections, the CNDD–FDD won about 68…

Ruwenzori Range, mountain range bordering Uganda and Congo (Kinshasa); the range is thought to be the “Mountains of the Moon” described by the 2nd-century-ce geographer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus). The mountains were long thought to be the source of the Nile. Lying slightly north of the Equator,

Aachen: …numerous educational institutions, including the Rhenish-Westphalian Technical University, founded in 1870, the earliest in Prussia. The nearby hot springs are much frequented; Schwertbad-Quelle, in the suburb of Burtscheid, is the warmest spring in Germany, with an average high water temperature of 169 °F (76 °C).

rya rug, floor covering handmade in Sweden and Finland using techniques resembling those employed in Oriental carpets but having extremely long, recumbent pile and great flexibility. In one Swedish type the nap is produced by symmetrical knots that include a third warp, the fabric having been made

Ryabushinsky Family, family of wealthy Russian industrialists. Descended from peasants, they successfully invested in textiles, land, and banking in the 19th and early 20th centuries. They were prominent in liberal politics prior to the Russian Revolution in 1917. Mikhayl Y. Ryabushinsky purchased

Ryabushinsky Family: Mikhayl Y. Ryabushinsky purchased a fabric store in Moscow in 1844 and two years later opened a cloth factory. His sons, Pavel and Vasily Mikhaylovich Ryabushinsky, expanded the business, eventually consolidating their manufacturing facilities at a large complex near Vyshny-Volochek in 1869. In 1900 seven…

Ryabushinsky Family: Pavel Pavlovich Ryabushinsky (1871–1924), the oldest brother and, from 1894, head of the family’s business concerns, opened the first Russian automotive factory in Moscow in 1916. A staunch supporter of the Russian war effort in World War I, he opposed the Bolsheviks, and Soviet historians…

Ryabushinsky Family: His sons, Pavel and Vasily Mikhaylovich Ryabushinsky, expanded the business, eventually consolidating their manufacturing facilities at a large complex near Vyshny-Volochek in 1869. In 1900 seven of Pavel’s sons took control of the Kharkov Land Bank and, in 1902, opened their own banking house, extending branches throughout northern and…

Red Army: …was subsequently called simply a ryadovoy (“ranker”). Discipline in the Soviet forces was always strict and punishments severe; during World War II, penal battalions were given suicidal tasks. In 1960, however, new regulations were introduced making discipline, and certainly punishments, less severe. Officers were to use more persuasion and were…

coin: Gold coinage: …the ship (rose noble, or ryal) and raised its value to 10 shillings, while a new gold coin, the angel, was introduced to replace the old value of the noble; the penny was reduced to 12 grains. The angel is so called from its type of St. Michael and Lucifer.…

Ryan White: …the same year, the federal Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency (CARE) Act was adopted to provide funding for medical care and support services for individuals and families living with HIV/AIDS.

Ryan White: …the same year, the federal Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resource Emergency (CARE) Act was adopted to provide funding for medical care and support services for individuals and families living with HIV/AIDS.

helicopter: Fixed jet: An early example, the Ryan X-13 Vertijet, was launched from a trailer bed that was erected vertically prior to takeoff. The aircraft flew successfully in vertical and horizontal modes, including takeoff and “tail-sitter” landings, but the operational limitations in terms of speed, range, and payload were too great for further…

helicopter: Fixed jet: The Ryan XV-5A Vertifan used a jet engine to drive horizontally mounted fans in the nose and wing; it was nominally successful. Another type of fixed jet used separate batteries of jet engines, some dedicated to vertical flight and some to horizontal flight, but this expensive technology…

David Lean: …Russian Revolution, and the romantic Ryan’s Daughter (1970) followed, both exhibiting the grand scale, lush cinematography, and breathtaking landscapes that had become the hallmark of Lean’s work. Doctor Zhivago received mixed reviews but was a popular success. Ryan’s Daughter was financially successful, but critics panned it. Lean was humiliated by…

Patrick Fitzgerald: …among them former Illinois governor George Ryan and associates of Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley. He again drew on the finer points of law, using mail fraud charges to bring indictments against Ryan.

The Beverly Hillbillies: …the show featured Granny (Irene Ryan), a matriarch with uncommon folk wisdom and uncanny natural abilities (such as telling the exact time from the position of the Sun); Elly May (Donna Douglas), Jed’s pretty yet naive daughter, who is courted by various potential beaux from Hollywood; and Jethro Bodine…

Kay Ryan is an American poet laureate (2008–10) who wrote punchy, wry verses about commonplace things with consummate craft, humour, and intelligence. Ryan grew up in a succession of small towns in California’s Central Valley, where her father worked at a variety of jobs (including oil well

Jim Jones: Leo Ryan of California arrived in Guyana with a group of reporters and relatives of cultists to conduct an unofficial investigation of alleged abuses. Four days later, as Ryan’s party and 14 defectors from the cult prepared to leave from an airstrip near Jonestown, Jones…

Lucy Lawless is a New Zealand-born actress who became famous for her portrayal of the title character in the popular television show Xena: Warrior Princess (1995–2001). As a youth, Lawless performed in school productions, and in college she studied opera singing. However, she later dropped her

Nolan Ryan is an American professional right-handed baseball pitcher who in 1983 became the first pitcher to surpass Walter Johnson’s record of 3,508 career strikeouts, set in 1927. Ryan retired in 1993 at age 46 with a record 5,714 strikeouts. Ryan was taught to play baseball by an elder brother

Atlanta Falcons: …coach Mike Smith, rookie quarterback Matt Ryan, and newly acquired running back Michael Turner, the Falcons qualified for the playoffs by adding seven wins to the previous year’s total to compile an 11–5 record.

Meg Ryan is an American actress known especially for her roles as the plucky leading lady in such romantic comedies as When Harry Met Sally… (1989), Sleepless in Seattle (1993), and You’ve Got Mail (1998). She later pursued roles behind the camera as well, directing the films Ithaca (2015) and What

Nolan Ryan is an American professional right-handed baseball pitcher who in 1983 became the first pitcher to surpass Walter Johnson’s record of 3,508 career strikeouts, set in 1927. Ryan retired in 1993 at age 46 with a record 5,714 strikeouts. Ryan was taught to play baseball by an elder brother

Paul Ryan is an American Republican politician who served as a congressman from Wisconsin in the U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2019), where he was speaker from 2015 to 2019. He was selected by Mitt Romney to be his vice presidential running mate in the 2012 presidential election. While

Paul Ryan is an American Republican politician who served as a congressman from Wisconsin in the U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2019), where he was speaker from 2015 to 2019. He was selected by Mitt Romney to be his vice presidential running mate in the 2012 presidential election. While

New York Jets: …2009, under new head coach Rex Ryan, the Jets repeated their 9–7 record from the previous season but this time advanced to the playoffs, where they won two road contests before ultimately falling to the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC championship game. The following season, the Jets again posted upset…

Robert Ryan was a U.S. film actor. He trained for the stage at Max Reinhardt’s workshop in Hollywood, and after World War II he became a successful character actor. Often playing tough guys and bullies, he earned acclaim for his roles in The Woman on the Beach (1947), Crossfire (1947), The Set-Up

T. Claude Ryan was an American airline entrepreneur and aircraft manufacturer who designed the plane from which Charles Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis was built. Ryan learned to fly in 1917, trained with the U.S. Army Air Corps in 1919 at Marsh Field, California, and served with the U.S. Aerial

Pat Nixon was an American first lady (1969–74), the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th president of the United States, who espoused the cause of volunteerism during her husband’s term. Nicknamed “Pat” because of her birth on the eve of St. Patrick’s Day, Thelma Catherine Ryan was the daughter of William

Thomas Fortune Ryan was an American financier who played a key role in numerous mergers and business reorganizations that took place about the turn of the 20th century, including those resulting in the creation of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company and the American Tobacco Company. Born in

Nancy Pelosi: Speaker of the House and minority leader: … was elected president in 2016, Tim Ryan from Ohio challenged Pelosi for minority leader. Pelosi ultimately prevailed.

Kid McCoy: …sparring partner of welterweight champion Tommy Ryan, McCoy pleaded with Ryan for a title match as a benefit for himself, asserting that he was in ill health and needed money. Ryan, deceived, did not train seriously for the fight. McCoy, who was in excellent condition, knocked the champion out in…

T. Claude Ryan was an American airline entrepreneur and aircraft manufacturer who designed the plane from which Charles Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis was built. Ryan learned to fly in 1917, trained with the U.S. Army Air Corps in 1919 at Marsh Field, California, and served with the U.S. Aerial

Ireland: Air facilities: …travel, most notably that of Ryanair, which began operation in 1985 and has served as a model for lower-fare European air travel.

Malpighiales: Salicaceae: Ryania angustifolia, of the Neotropics, is noted for having an extremely toxic and violent gastric poison in all parts of the plant, a poison that is used to kill alligators. The poisonous agent, ryanodine, is also an effective insecticide.

Ryazan, city and administrative centre of Ryazan oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Oka River on the site of the ancient town of Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, about 120 miles (193 km) southeast of Moscow. The original Ryazan, first recorded in 1095, lay downstream at the Pronya confluence.

Ryazan, medieval Russian principality from the 12th to the early 16th century. Ryazan became an independent princedom early in the 12th century under Yaroslav, the son of the grand prince Svyatoslav of Kiev. Its capital city was Old Ryazan on the Oka River, about 150 miles (240 km) southeast of

Ryazan, oblast (region), western Russia. It occupies the middle Oka River basin and extends southward across the northern end of the Central Russian Upland and Oka-Don Plain to the upper Don River basin. North of the Oka is the Meshchera Lowland, with extensive swamps of reed and grass marsh and

color wheel: …it is also called the RYB color model, after the first letter of each primary color). The colors are called primary because they cannot be created by combining other hues. Any two of the three primary colors can be mixed to produce the secondary colors: green (made by combining yellow…

Rybachy Peninsula, peninsula in the northwestern part of the Murmansk oblast (province), northwestern Russia, jutting into the Barents Sea. Its most northerly point is Cape Nemetsky. Geologically, the peninsula is strikingly different from the rest of the Kola Peninsula, from which it is separated

Balykchy, town, capital of Ysyk-Köl oblasty (province), northeastern Kyrgyzstan. It is a port located on the western shore of Lake Ysyk (Issyk-Kul) and is linked to Frunze, about 87 miles (140 km) north-northwest. Balykchy’s economy centres on a food industry, including meat-packing and cereal

Rybachy Peninsula, peninsula in the northwestern part of the Murmansk oblast (province), northwestern Russia, jutting into the Barents Sea. Its most northerly point is Cape Nemetsky. Geologically, the peninsula is strikingly different from the rest of the Kola Peninsula, from which it is separated

Anatoly Rybakov was a Russian author whose novels of life in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin’s dictatorship were published—and became popular—after the institution of glasnost in the late 1980s. In 1933 Rybakov completed his studies in transport engineering and soon after was arrested for

Anatoly Rybakov was a Russian author whose novels of life in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin’s dictatorship were published—and became popular—after the institution of glasnost in the late 1980s. In 1933 Rybakov completed his studies in transport engineering and soon after was arrested for

Anatoly Rybakov was a Russian author whose novels of life in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin’s dictatorship were published—and became popular—after the institution of glasnost in the late 1980s. In 1933 Rybakov completed his studies in transport engineering and soon after was arrested for

Rybinsk, city, Yaroslavl oblast (region), northwestern Russia, on the Volga River. The 12th-century village of Rybnaya sloboda became the town of Rybinsk in 1777. Its river port flourished after the opening (1810) of the Mariinsk Waterway, linking the Volga to the Baltic Sea, and again with the

Rybinsk Reservoir, large artificial body of water on the upper Volga River, northwestern Russia, formed by two dams on the Volga and its tributary, the Sheksna. The project began in 1935, the artificial lake began to form in 1941, and, when the project was completed in 1947, a lake of 1,768 square

Rybinsk Reservoir, large artificial body of water on the upper Volga River, northwestern Russia, formed by two dams on the Volga and its tributary, the Sheksna. The project began in 1935, the artificial lake began to form in 1941, and, when the project was completed in 1947, a lake of 1,768 square

Rybinsk, city, Yaroslavl oblast (region), northwestern Russia, on the Volga River. The 12th-century village of Rybnaya sloboda became the town of Rybinsk in 1777. Its river port flourished after the opening (1810) of the Mariinsk Waterway, linking the Volga to the Baltic Sea, and again with the

Rybnik, city, southwestern Śląskie województwo (province), southern Poland, on the Nacyna River. Situated in a sub-Carpathian valley in a forested area of the Upper Silesian coalfields, Rybnik has coal mining, metalworks, and several vocational schools. Beginning as a fishing village in the 10th

Dionysius the Carthusian was a theologian and mystic, one of the important contributors to, and propagators of, the influential school of Rhenish spirituality originating in the 14th century. Educated at the University of Cologne, Dionysius entered the Carthusian order at the charterhouse of

spectroscopy: RIS schemes: …and exists in a so-called Rydberg state. In such a state the electron has been promoted to an orbit that is so far from the nucleus that it is scarcely bound. Even an electric field of moderate strength can be pulsed to remove the electron and complete the resonance-ionization process.…

Rydberg constant, (symbol R∞ or RΗ ), fundamental constant of atomic physics that appears in the formulas developed (1890) by the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg, describing the wavelengths or frequencies of light in various series of related spectral lines, most notably those emitted by

spectroscopy: RIS schemes: …and exists in a so-called Rydberg state. In such a state the electron has been promoted to an orbit that is so far from the nucleus that it is scarcely bound. Even an electric field of moderate strength can be pulsed to remove the electron and complete the resonance-ionization process.…

Viktor Rydberg was an author of the Romantic school who, with his broad range of achievements, greatly influenced Swedish cultural life. Rydberg grew up among strangers, with no home of his own; his mother had died in a cholera epidemic, and his father became an alcoholic. He had to break off his

Johannes Rydberg was a Swedish physicist for whom the Rydberg constant in spectroscopy is named. Educated at the University of Lund, Rydberg received his bachelor’s degree in 1875 and his doctorate in mathematics in 1879. He became lecturer in physics there in 1882 and assistant at the Physics

Viktor Rydberg was an author of the Romantic school who, with his broad range of achievements, greatly influenced Swedish cultural life. Rydberg grew up among strangers, with no home of his own; his mother had died in a cholera epidemic, and his father became an alcoholic. He had to break off his