RAM, computer main memory in which specific contents can be accessed (read or written) directly by the central processing unit in a very short time regardless of the sequence (and hence location) in which they were recorded. Two types of memory are possible with random-access circuits: static RAM

amorphous solid: Models of atomic scale structures: …the oxide glasses, (2) the random-coil model, applicable to the many polymer-chain organic glasses, such as polystyrene, and (3) the random close-packing model, applicable to metallic glasses, such as Au0.8Si0.2 gold-silicon. These are the names in conventional use for the models. Although each of them contains the word random, the…

signal generator: …duration at precise frequencies; and random-noise generators, which produce a wideband noise for various types of electronic, mechanical, and psychological testing.

Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher: …such bias, Fisher introduced the principle of randomization. This principle states that before an effect in an experiment can be ascribed to a given cause or treatment independently of other causes or treatments, the experiment must be repeated on a number of control units of the material and that all…

statistics: Experimental design: …the experiment is called a randomized block design. In general, blocking is used in order to enable comparisons among the treatments to be made within blocks of homogeneous experimental units.

medical cannabis: Use of medical cannabis: (In a randomized clinical trial, participants are assigned by chance to different treatment groups.)

evidence-based medicine: Best evidence: …generated by systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which minimize bias and allow for causal interpretations of new interventions. Properly designed RCTs, in which study subjects are assigned by chance to either the new intervention or the standard treatment, themselves represent the next-most-reliable level of evidence. Below RCTs are…

chaos theory: The first is that of randomness or unpredictability, as in the trajectory of a molecule in a gas or in the voting choice of a particular individual from out of a population. In conventional analyses, randomness was considered more apparent than real, arising from ignorance of the many causes at…

judo: …and stressed the practice of randori (free practice), although he also preserved the classical techniques of jujitsu (jūjutsu) in the kata (forms) of judo. By the 1960s judo associations had been established in most countries and affiliated to the International Judo Federation, which is headquartered in Budapest, Hungary.

Randstad, industrial and metropolitan conurbation occupying an area of peat and clay lowlands, west-central Netherlands. The Randstad (“Ring City,” “Rim City,” “City on the Edge”) consists of major Dutch industrial cities extending in a crescent (open to the southeast) from Utrecht in the east to

Randstad, industrial and metropolitan conurbation occupying an area of peat and clay lowlands, west-central Netherlands. The Randstad (“Ring City,” “Rim City,” “City on the Edge”) consists of major Dutch industrial cities extending in a crescent (open to the southeast) from Utrecht in the east to

Ranulf de Gernons, 4th earl of Chester was the 4th earl of Chester and a key participant in the English civil war (from 1139) between King Stephen and the Holy Roman empress Matilda (also a claimant to the throne of England). Initially taking Matilda’s part, he fought for her in the Battle of

Rudolfo Anaya: …spelling of the city’s name), Randy Lopez Goes Home (2011), and the novella The Old Man’s Love Story (2013). His series of mystery novels featuring Chicano private investigator Sonny Baca included Zia Summer (1995), Rio Grande Fall (1996), Shaman Winter (1999), and Jemez Spring (2005).

Ranelagh, former resort by the River Thames in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. Land east of the Royal Hospital, Chelsea, was bought in 1690 by Richard Jones, 3rd Viscount Ranelagh, later 1st earl of Ranelagh, who built a mansion and laid out gardens. Opened to the public in 1742, it

organosulfur compound: Reactions: Using Raney nickel (Ra-Ni; a type of active nickel), carbon-sulfur bonds in sulfides can be replaced by hydrogen—for example, RSR′ + Ra-Ni → R―H + R′―H. These reduction reactions are useful in synthesis or in determining the structure of an unknown organosulfur compound. Raney nickel desulfurization…

organosulfur compound: Reactions: Raney nickel desulfurization was a key step in first establishing the structure of penicillin. The high polarizability of sulfur stabilizes a negative charge on the carbon adjacent to divalent sulfur, as in RSCH2−(usually as α-lithium sulfides, RSCH2Li), which proves useful in organic synthesis through nucleophilic…

rugby: New Zealand: In 1902 the Ranfurly Shield was presented by Earl Ranfurly, the governor of New Zealand, to serve as a trophy for a challenge competition between provincial rugby teams. The shield remains one of the most prized trophies in New Zealand’s domestic competition. In 1903 New Zealand played a…

Taoism: Laozi and the Tao-te Ching: …sanctified as ritual “deference” (rang)—are echoed in the recommendation to “hold to the role of the female,” with an eye to the ultimate mastery that comes of passivity.

rangaku, (Japanese: “Dutch learning”), concerted effort by Japanese scholars during the late Tokugawa period (late 18th–19th century) to learn the Dutch language so as to be able to learn Western technology; the term later became synonymous with Western scientific learning in general. With the

Rangamati, town, southeastern Bangladesh. It is situated in the Chittagong Hills region near the Karnaphuli River. Rangamati is connected by road and river steamer with the city of Chittagong (30 miles [50 km] southwest). The town is a rice-milling and cotton-weaving center and an agricultural

Srirangam: …dedicated to the Hindu deity Ranganatha, is primarily Vaishnavite but is also holy to Shaivites. The temple is composed of seven rectangular enclosures, one within the other, the outermost having a perimeter more than 2 miles (3 km) in length. A remarkable feature of the temple is the Hall of…

S.R. Ranganathan was an Indian librarian and educator who was considered the father of library science in India and whose contributions had worldwide influence. Ranganathan was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College (where he took B.A. and M.A. degrees in

S.R. Ranganathan was an Indian librarian and educator who was considered the father of library science in India and whose contributions had worldwide influence. Ranganathan was educated at the Hindu High School in Shiyali, at Madras Christian College (where he took B.A. and M.A. degrees in

Rengao language, language of the North Bahnaric subbranch of Bahnaric, a branch of the Mon-Khmer family (itself a part of the Austroasiatic languages. Rengao is spoken by some 15,000 individuals in south-central

Greek literature: Old Athenian School: …sentimentality was not shared by Aléxandros Rízos Rangavís, a verbose but versatile and not inconsiderable craftsman of Katharevusa in lyric and narrative poetry, drama, and the novel. By the 1860s and ’70s, however, Athenian poetry was generally of poor quality and was dominated by a sense of despair and longing…

Barong: …in opposition to the witch, Rangda (also known as Calonarang). During a dance-drama that includes the famous kris (heirloom sword) dance, in which deeply entranced performers turn swords on themselves but emerge unharmed, Barong confronts Rangda in magical combat. Barong is brought to life by two dancers encased in an…

range, in radioactivity, the distance that a particle travels from its source through matter. The range depends upon the type of particle, its original energy of motion (kinetic energy), the medium through which it travels, and the particular way in which range is further defined. Range applies

artillery: Field artillery: …which bombarded Paris from a range of 68 miles (109 kilometres) in 1918. Like many other railway guns, the Paris Gun was moved to its firing position by rail but, once in place, was lowered to a prepared ground platform.

paleogeography: Mountain ranges: In contrast to the continents and ocean basins, which are permanent geographic features, the height and location of mountain belts constantly change. Mountain belts form either where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the margin of a continent, giving rise to a linear range…

central-place theory: …its market area until the range—i.e., the maximum distance consumers will travel to purchase goods and services—is reached.

stove, device used for heating or cooking. The first of historical record was built in 1490 in Alsace, entirely of brick and tile, including the flue. The later Scandinavian stove had a tall, hollow iron flue containing iron baffles arranged to lengthen the travel of the escaping gases in order to

chemical analysis: Evaluation of results: …measure of variability is the range, given as the difference between the largest and the smallest results. It has no statistical significance, however, for small data sets. Another statistical term, the average deviation, is calculated by adding the differences, while ignoring the sign, between each result and the average of…

rangeland, any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores. The vegetation of ranges may include tallgrass prairies, steppes (shortgrass prairies), desert shrublands, shrub woodlands, savannas, chaparrals, and

radar: Fundamentals of radar: …location of the target in range and angular direction. Range, or distance, is determined by measuring the total time it takes for the radar signal to make the round trip to the target and back (see below). The angular direction of a target is found from the direction in which…

geographic range, in ecology, the collective area in which all members of a particular species are found during their lifetime. The term geographic range has often referred to the natural extent of a species’ distribution; however, it also includes areas where a species was introduced by human

crane fly: The best-known species, the range crane fly (Tipula simplex), deposits its small black eggs in damp areas. Each egg hatches into a long slender larva, called a leatherjacket because of its tough brown skin. The larvae usually feed on decaying plant tissue; some species are carnivorous, and others damage…

range finder, any of several instruments used to measure the distance from the instrument to a selected point or object. One basic type is the optical range finder modeled after a ranging device developed by the Scottish firm of Barr and Stroud in the 1880s. The optical range finder is usually

lighthouse: Identification: …giving directional instruction is by range lights, which are two fixed lights of different elevation located about half a nautical mile apart. The navigator steers the vessel to keep the two lights aligned one above the other.

rangeland: Range management is a professional field whose aim is to ensure a sustained yield of rangeland products while protecting and improving the basic range resources of soil, water, and plant and animal life. Besides producing forage for domestic and wild animals, a range can provide…

convergence: … < 1 is called the range of convergence of the series; for values of x outside this range, the series is said to diverge.

logistics: Power versus movement: fighting power, mobility, and range of movement. Which of these attributes is stressed depends on the commander’s objectives and strategy, but all must compete for available logistic support. Three methods have been used, in combination, in providing this support for forces in the field: self-containment, local supply, and supply…

Christianity: The immortality of the soul: …sources of its energies” (The Range of Reason, 1952). But though it is possible to define the soul in such a way that it is incorruptible, indissoluble, and self-subsisting, critics have asked whether there is any good reason to think that souls as thus defined exist. If, on the…

radiation: Range: …important among them is the range straggling, which suggests that, for statistical reasons, particles in the same medium have varying path lengths between the same initial and final energies. Bohr showed that for long path lengths the range distribution is approximately Gaussian (a type of relationship between number of occurrences…

geochronology: Stages and zones: …appearances, and individual and overlapping range zones. This fine-scale refinement of a biologically defined sense of succession found wide applicability and enabled not only biochronological (or temporal) but also biofacies (spatial) understanding of the succession in question.

paleogeography: Mountain ranges: In contrast to the continents and ocean basins, which are permanent geographic features, the height and location of mountain belts constantly change. Mountain belts form either where oceanic lithosphere is subducted beneath the margin of a continent, giving rise to a linear range…

Aamir Khan: Rise to stardom: In Rangeela (1995; Bollywood Dreams) he was cast as a street-smart orphan coping with his childhood sweetheart’s sudden rise as an actress. He starred alongside actors Kajol, Juhi Chawla, and Ajay Devgn in the romantic comedy Ishq (1997; “Love”). He also appeared in a number of acclaimed dramas,…

rangeland, any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrubby vegetation which is grazed by domestic or wild herbivores. The vegetation of ranges may include tallgrass prairies, steppes (shortgrass prairies), desert shrublands, shrub woodlands, savannas, chaparrals, and

Rangeley Lakes, Chain of lakes, western Maine, U.S. It includes Rangeley, Mooselookmeguntic, Richardson, and Umbagog lakes. The lakes extend more than 50 mi (80 km) and cover an area of 80 sq mi (207 sq km), with elevations between 1,200 and 1,500 ft (365 and 460

Ranger, any of a series of nine unmanned probes launched from 1961 to 1965 by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Project Ranger represented NASA’s earliest attempt at lunar exploration. Ranger 1 and 2 (launched Aug. 23 and Nov. 18, 1961, respectively) failed to

ranger, in U.S. military usage, a soldier specially trained to act in small groups that make rapid surprise raids on enemy territory. Ranger has also been the designation for the Texas state constabulary and for national-park supervisors and forest wardens. Ranger units originated during the French

ranger: …1916 a force of national-park rangers whose functions were protection and conservation of forests and wildlife, enforcement of park regulations (for which they have police power), and assistance to visitors. Similar functions with respect to the national forests were assigned to the rangers of the Forest Service, established in…

Olin James Stephens II: …relief helmsman of the J-class Ranger, the winner of the America’s Cup in 1937.

nuclear weapon: Gun assembly, implosion, and boosting: American tests during Operation Ranger in early 1951 included implosion devices with cores containing a fraction of a critical mass—a concept originated in 1944 during the Manhattan Project. Unlike the original Fat Man design, these “fractional crit” weapons relied on compressing the fissile core to a higher density…

Rangers, Scottish professional football (soccer) club based in Glasgow. The club is the most successful team in the world in terms of domestic league championships won, with more than 50. It is known for its fierce rivalry with its Glaswegian neighbour, Celtic. The club was founded in 1872 and

Rangers, Scottish professional football (soccer) club based in Glasgow. The club is the most successful team in the world in terms of domestic league championships won, with more than 50. It is known for its fierce rivalry with its Glaswegian neighbour, Celtic. The club was founded in 1872 and

Sam Wood: Wood’s heyday: Rangers of Fortune (1940) was a minor western with Fred MacMurray, Albert Dekker, and Gilbert Roland. Kitty Foyle (1940), however, was a huge hit. The sentimental soap opera, which was based on Christopher Morley’s best seller, centres on a working-class girl (Ginger Rogers) who must

electronic organ: …early electronic organ was the Rangertone (1931), invented by Richard H. Ranger of the United States. In 1934 the Orgatron was introduced by Frederick Albert Hoschke; in this organ, tone was generated by reeds that vibrated by electrically fan-blown air, with the vibrations picked up electrostatically and amplified.

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Aesthetics: The rangga, or ceremonial poles, of eastern Arnhem Land, many of durable hardwood, bore ochre designs and long pendants of feathered twine. For mortuary rituals the Tiwi made large wooden grave posts, and shaped and decorated receptacles for bones were common in eastern Arnhem Land. Also…

reindeer, (Rangifer tarandus), species of deer (family Cervidae) found in the Arctic tundra and adjacent boreal forests of Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska, and Canada. Reindeer have been domesticated in Europe. There are two varieties, or ecotypes: tundra reindeer and forest (or woodland)

Mangaia: …a volcanic interior, rising to Rangimotia (554 feet [169 metres]), which is encircled first by a swampy region and then by coral limestone cliffs 200–300 feet (60–90 metres) high. Its inland wetlands are fed by underground streams, and the island contains a network of subterranean caves. Mangaia was inhabited by…

French Polynesia: Relief: …miles (75 square km) in Rangiroa to a few acres of land barely protruding above the surface of the sea. With only porous, coral-based soils and with no permanent streams, they have no agricultural potential aside from the ever-present coconut trees. The lagoons, however, are a source of fish, pearls,…

Wiremu Kīngi was a Māori chief whose opposition to the colonial government’s purchase of tribal lands led to the First Taranaki War (1860–61) and inspired the Māori resistance throughout the 1860s to European colonization of New Zealand’s fertile North Island. After leading his Te Atiawa tribe from

Rangitata River, river in east-central South Island, New Zealand. It is formed by the confluence of the Clyde and Havelock rivers, which rise in the Southern Alps. The river’s name is of Maori derivation and means “low sky.” The river passes through the Rangitata Gorge, in the Alpine foothills, and

Rangitikei River, river in southwestern North Island, New Zealand. Rising on the east slopes of the Kaimanawa Mountains, it flows south and southwest for 150 miles (240 km) to enter South Taranaki Bight of the Tasman Sea, 60 miles (97 km) south of Wanganui. The river—with its principal tributaries,

Nickelodeon: …more than $100 million, and Rango (2011) earned an Academy Award for best animated feature film. In addition, a Broadway musical based on SpongeBob SquarePants ran from 2017 to 2018.

Ernest B. Schoedsack: King Kong and other films of the early 1930s: …next wrote, produced, and directed Rango (1931), a mostly silent film shot in Sumatra about a pet orangutan who sacrifices himself to save a boy from a killer tiger. Schoedsack then shot footage in India for The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, which, like The Four Feathers, was to mix…

rangoli, intricate traditional floor art that women in India design at the thresholds of their homes’ front doors, in their homes for puja (worship), and, often in more-resplendent forms, for festivals. Across India the designs have different names and styles, and women employ various materials to

Assam: Cultural life: The Bohag Bihu, celebrated in the spring (usually mid-April), marks the commencement of the new year (first day of the Bohag or Baishakh month). Also known as Rongali Bihu (from the Assamese word rong, connoting merrymaking and fun), it is accompanied by much dancing and singing.…

Yangon, city, capital of independent Myanmar (Burma) from 1948 to 2006, when the government officially proclaimed the new city of Nay Pyi Taw (Naypyidaw) the capital of the country. Yangon is located in the southern part of the country on the east bank of the Yangon, or Hlaing, River (eastern mouth

Frederick Barthelme: Rangoon, a collection of his surreal short fiction, drawings, and photographs, was published in 1970. This was soon followed by his novel War & War (1971). With the short stories of Moon Deluxe (1983), written in the present tense and almost all in the first…

Myanmar: The emergence of nationalism: Also in 1920 Rangoon College was raised to the status of a full university by the University Act. However, because the accompanying changes in the school’s administration and curriculum were viewed as elitist and exclusionary of the Burmese population, its students went on strike. Younger schoolchildren followed suit,…

Yangon River, marine estuary in southern Myanmar (Burma), formed at the city of Yangon (Rangoon) by the confluence of the Pegu and Myitmaka rivers. It empties into the Gulf of Martaban of the Andaman Sea, 25 miles (40 km) southeast. Linked west to the Irrawaddy River by the Twante Canal (first dug

Myanmar: The emergence of nationalism: Also in 1920 Rangoon College was raised to the status of a full university by the University Act. However, because the accompanying changes in the school’s administration and curriculum were viewed as elitist and exclusionary of the Burmese population, its students went on strike. Younger schoolchildren followed suit,…

Sivasagar, town, eastern Assam state, northeastern India. Sivasagar lies on the Dikhu River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, about 30 miles (50 km) northeast of Jorhat. The Tai-speaking Ahom people came to the area from Yunnan province, China, in the 13th century. Sivasagar was the capital of

Rangpur, city, northwestern Bangladesh. It lies on the Ghaghat River. Rangpur is an industrial center noted for the manufacture of dhurries (cotton carpets), bidis (cigarettes), and cigars. Rangpur was constituted a municipality in 1869. It contains eight government colleges affiliated with the

lime: Types: The mandarin lime, also known as the Rangpur lime (C. ×limonia), is thought to be a lemon–mandarin orange hybrid and is commonly used to make marmalade. Finger limes (C. australasica), native to Australia, are a developing crop noted for their discrete juice vesicles, sometimes called “lime…

baked Alaska: …better supported, ascribes it to Charles Ranhofer, the head chef at Delmonico’s Restaurant in New York, who called it “Alaska, Florida” to mark the combination of cold and heat. Ranhofer retained that title in a cookbook he published in 1893, and it was only with the publication in 1896 of…

South Asian arts: Indian sculpture in the 2nd and 1st centuries bce: relief sculpture of Orissa: …later cave sculpture adorning the Rani Gumpha monastery. These, like other sculptures here, are in a poor state of preservation, but they represent the finest achievements at the site. Most remarkable is a long frieze, stretching between the arched doorways of the top story, representing a series of incidents that…

stepwell: Origins and major sites: …at India’s best-known stepwell, the Rani ki Vav (“Queen’s Stepwell”) in Patan (northern Gujarat), commissioned by Queen Udayamati about 1060 to commemorate her deceased spouse. Its enormous scale—210 feet (64 metres) long and 65 feet (20 metres) wide—probably contributed to the disastrous flooding that buried the almost-finished stepwell for nearly…

Lakshmi Bai was the rani (queen) of Jhansi and a leader of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58. Brought up in the household of the peshwa (ruler) Baji Rao II, Lakshmi Bai had an unusual upbringing for a Brahman girl. Growing up with the boys in the peshwa’s court, she was trained in martial arts and

Kamarhati: …a group of temples, called Rani Rasmani’s Nabaratna, that are dedicated to the deities Kali, Krishna, and Shiva. Formerly included in Baranagar city, Kamarhati was constituted as a separate municipality in 1899. Pop. (2001) 314,507; (2011) 330,211.

Bollywood: Women in Bollywood: …are now remembered as trailblazers; Devika Rani, for instance, was known not only for playing difficult roles, such as a backward caste woman, but also for Indian cinema’s first on-screen kiss. Sridevi is regarded as the first female superstar, matching the likes of Amitabh Bachchan in terms of star power.

Rania al-Abdullah is the queen of Jordan from 1999. As the wife of King Abdullah II of Jordan, Rania drew on her position as queen to advocate on behalf of numerous causes, including the rights of women and children. Rania, whose family was of Palestinian descent (her father was from Tulkarm, her

Ranidae, family of wide-ranging frogs of the order Anura, containing several genera and more than 600 species. Representatives occur on every continent except Antarctica. Members of this group are referred to as the true frogs. Although most are aquatic or semiaquatic, a few ranids are ground

Paschal II was the pope from 1099 to 1118. He entered a monastery as a boy and was made cardinal by Pope St. Gregory VII about 1080. He was legate to Spain under Pope Urban II, whom he was elected to succeed on Aug. 13, 1099. Although Paschal fostered the First Crusade and followed Gregory’s great

Paschal II was the pope from 1099 to 1118. He entered a monastery as a boy and was made cardinal by Pope St. Gregory VII about 1080. He was legate to Spain under Pope Urban II, whom he was elected to succeed on Aug. 13, 1099. Although Paschal fostered the First Crusade and followed Gregory’s great

Rahr Plains: The Raniganj coalfields, some of the country’s largest, and adjacent deposits of iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc are used by the major iron and steel industrial complexes near Asansol and Durgapur. Other industries produce cotton and silk textiles, jute, paper, chemicals, fertilizers, gauges, bicycles, locomotives,…

frog and toad: Annotated classification: …cm (1–10 inches); 2 subfamilies: Raninae (worldwide except for southern South America, southern and central Australia, New Zealand, and eastern Polynesia) and Petropedetinae (Africa). Family Rhacophoridae No fossil record; 8 presacral vertebrae; vertebral column procoelous with Presacral VIII biconcave; intercalary cartilages present; 2 tarsals; aquatic larvae; 10 genera, 203

H2 receptor antagonist: …which include cimetidine (Tagamet) and ranitidine (Zantac), are used for short-term treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and, in combination with antibiotics, for peptic ulcer.

Rania al-Abdullah is the queen of Jordan from 1999. As the wife of King Abdullah II of Jordan, Rania drew on her position as queen to advocate on behalf of numerous causes, including the rights of women and children. Rania, whose family was of Palestinian descent (her father was from Tulkarm, her

Rania al-Abdullah is the queen of Jordan from 1999. As the wife of King Abdullah II of Jordan, Rania drew on her position as queen to advocate on behalf of numerous causes, including the rights of women and children. Rania, whose family was of Palestinian descent (her father was from Tulkarm, her

Ranjit Singh was the founder and maharaja (1801–39) of the Sikh kingdom of the Punjab. Ranjit Singh was the first Indian in a millennium to turn the tide of invasion back into the homelands of the traditional conquerors of India, the Pashtuns (Afghans), and he thus became known as the Lion of the

Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Sahib of Nawanagar was one of the world’s greatest cricket players and, later, a ruler of his native state in India. After attending Trinity College, Cambridge (1890–93), he played for the Sussex cricket team in first-class county competition (1895–97,

organ: …of a single set, or rank, of pipes with each pipe corresponding to one key on the keyboard, or manual. Organs usually possess several sets of pipes (also known as stops, or registers), however, playable from several keyboards and a pedal board. Under their control are the various ranks of…

chess: How do you play chess?: … and eight horizontal rows called ranks. These squares alternate between two colours: one light, such as white, beige, or yellow; and the other dark, such as black or green. The board is set between the two opponents so that each player has a light-coloured square at the right-hand corner.

coal utilization: Coal rank: The formation of coal from a variety of plant materials via biochemical and geochemical processes is called coalification. The nature of the constituents in coal is related to the degree of coalification, the measurement of which is termed rank. Rank is usually assessed by…

J. Arthur Rank, Baron Rank was a British industrialist who became Great Britain’s chief distributor and one of the world’s major producers of motion pictures. The youngest son of Joseph Rank, a flour miller and Methodist philanthropist, he served (1952–69) as chairman of his family business, Ranks

J. Arthur Rank, Baron Rank was a British industrialist who became Great Britain’s chief distributor and one of the world’s major producers of motion pictures. The youngest son of Joseph Rank, a flour miller and Methodist philanthropist, he served (1952–69) as chairman of his family business, Ranks

Otto Rank was an Austrian psychologist who extended psychoanalytic theory to the study of legend, myth, art, and creativity and who suggested that the basis of anxiety neurosis is a psychological trauma occurring during the birth of the individual. Rank came from a poor family and attended trade

Leopold von Ranke was a leading German historian of the 19th century, whose scholarly method and way of teaching (he was the first to establish a historical seminar) had a great influence on Western historiography. He was ennobled (with the addition of von to his name) in 1865. Ranke was born into