Barney Ross was an American professional boxer, world lightweight (135 pounds), junior welterweight (140 pounds), and welterweight (147 pounds) champion during the 1930s. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Two years after Ross was born, his family moved to Chicago’s Maxwell

Barney Ross was an American professional boxer, world lightweight (135 pounds), junior welterweight (140 pounds), and welterweight (147 pounds) champion during the 1930s. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Two years after Ross was born, his family moved to Chicago’s Maxwell

Barney Ross was an American professional boxer, world lightweight (135 pounds), junior welterweight (140 pounds), and welterweight (147 pounds) champion during the 1930s. (Read Gene Tunney’s 1929 Britannica essay on boxing.) Two years after Ross was born, his family moved to Chicago’s Maxwell

kernite, borate mineral, hydrated sodium borate (Na2B4O7·4H2O), that was formerly the chief source of borax (q.v.). It forms very large crystals, often 60 to 90 centimetres (2 to 3 feet) thick; the largest observed measured 240 by 90 cm. The crystals are colourless and transparent but are usually

file: Rasp teeth are disconnected and round on top; they are formed by raising small pieces of material from the surface of the file with a punch. Rasp files, or rasps, are usually very coarse and are used primarily on wood and soft materials.

Australia: The economy: …proved richest, and in 1883 Charles Rasp, a German migrant, first glimpsed the varied riches of Broken Hill. The silver, lead, and zinc ores found there were to make that city almost fabulous and to prompt the establishment of Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd.—in time, Australia’s largest private enterprise. Also…

file: Rasp teeth are disconnected and round on top; they are formed by raising small pieces of material from the surface of the file with a punch. Rasp files, or rasps, are usually very coarse and are used primarily on wood and soft materials.

the Hollies: …of them American, such as the Raspberries and the Rubinoos. Unlike most groups of their vintage, the Hollies had their greatest successes in the 1970s, with “Long Cool Woman (in a Black Dress)” (1972) and “The Air That I Breathe” (1974). The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll…

raspberry, bramble fruit of the genus Rubus (family Rosaceae). Raspberries are an economically significant crop throughout much of northern Europe, as well as in the United States and Canada, and are thought to have evolved in eastern Asia. Raspberry fruits contain iron, vitamin C, and antioxidants

clearwing moth: The raspberry crown borer (Pennisetia) bores into the roots and canes of raspberry and blackberry plants. The larvae hibernate beneath the plant bark near ground level and tunnel upward in spring. The plant wilts, breaks, and dies, leaving a stump in which the borers pupate. The…

fruitworm beetle: …hairy, oval beetles is the raspberry fruitworm (Byturus rubi). The small, pale larva, which is covered with short fine hairs, attacks the raspberry fruit. The adult, which ranges in colour from reddish yellow to black, is about 4 mm (0.16 inch) long. It feeds on the flowers and leaves of…

Henry Raspe was the landgrave of Thuringia (1227–47) and German anti-king (1246–47) who was used by Pope Innocent IV in an attempt to oust the Hohenstaufen dynasty from Germany. On the death of his elder brother Landgrave Louis IV, in 1227, Henry seized power (thus excluding his nephew Hermann II

Rudolf Erich Raspe was a German scholar and adventurer best remembered as the author of the popular tall tales The Adventures of Baron Munchausen. After having studied natural sciences and philology at Göttingen and Leipzig, Raspe worked in several university libraries before being appointed

Gérard Depardieu: about Alexandre Dumas père, and Rasputin (2011). Other movies included Mammuth (2010), Valley of Love (2015), Un Beau Soleil intérieur (2017; Let the Sunshine In), and Mon cochon et moi (2018; Saving My Pig). From 2016 to 2018 Depardieu appeared in the Netflix TV series Marseille, a

Gérard Depardieu: about Alexandre Dumas père, and Rasputin (2011). Other movies included Mammuth (2010), Valley of Love (2015), Un Beau Soleil intérieur (2017; Let the Sunshine In), and Mon cochon et moi (2018; Saving My Pig). From 2016 to 2018 Depardieu appeared in the Netflix TV series Marseille, a

Richard Boleslavsky: …Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) specifically to direct Rasputin and the Empress (1932), which depicts the intrigue at the court of the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II. John Barrymore was Prince Chegodieff (a renamed Prince Feliks Yusupov, whose wife, Princess Irina, later successfully sued MGM for libel over the film’s depiction of her…

Grigori Rasputin was a Siberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favorite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. Although he attended school, Grigori Rasputin

Grigori Rasputin was a Siberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favorite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. Although he attended school, Grigori Rasputin

Grigori Rasputin was a Siberian peasant and mystic whose ability to improve the condition of Aleksey Nikolayevich, the hemophiliac heir to the Russian throne, made him an influential favorite at the court of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra. Although he attended school, Grigori Rasputin

Russia: The 20th century: …this group were the novelist Valentin Rasputin and the short-story writer Vasily Shukshin. The morally complex fiction of Yury Trifonov, staged in an urban setting (e.g., The House on the Embankment [1976]), stands somewhat apart from the works of Rasputin and Shukshin that praise Russian rural simplicity. Nevertheless, as in…

raspy cricket, any of a group of insects in the subfamily Gryllacridinae (order Orthoptera) that possess features similar to both crickets and katydids but are distinguished by the “raspy” noise that they produce as a defense response. Raspy crickets, along with the leaf-rolling grasshoppers (or

Hormuzd Rassam was an Assyriologist who excavated some of the finest Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities that are now in the possession of the British Museum and found vast numbers of cuneiform tablets at Nineveh (Nīnawā, Iraq) and Sippar (Abū Ḥabbah, Iraq), including the earliest known record of

rasse, small Asiatic mammal, a species of civet

Rasselas, philosophical romance by Samuel Johnson published in 1759 as The Prince of Abissinia. Supposedly written in the space of a week, with the impending expenses of Johnson’s mother’s funeral in mind, Rasselas explores and exposes the vanity of the human search for happiness. The work is

Democratic Constitutional Rally (RCD), Tunisian political party that led the movement for independence from France (1956) and ruled Tunisia until 2011. The Neo-Destour was formed in 1934 by discontented young members of the more conservative Destour. After a bitter struggle with the parent

flag of Benin: …had been used by the African Democratic Rally—i.e., the legislators in the French National Assembly who represented French West Africa following World War II. The colours were also associated with Ethiopia, the oldest independent African state, and with the flags of contemporaneously independent Ghana (1957 flag design), Cameroon (1957), and…

Rally for the Republic: …when de Gaulle organized the Rally of the French People (Rassemblement du Peuple Français; RPF), originally conceived as a means by which de Gaulle might regain office without having to participate in party politics. It was thus at first organized as an extraparliamentary body in the hope that it might…

Guinea: Conté’s death, 2008 military coup, and 2010 elections: …leader Alpha Condé of the Rally of the Guinean People (Rassemblement du Peuple Guinéen; RPG), who received 18 percent—progressed to a runoff election. After some delay, the second round of voting was finally held on November 7, 2010. Provisional results, which were announced more than a week later, indicated that…

Togo: Togo under Étienne Gnassingbé Eyadéma: …by President Eyadéma and the Rally of the Togolese People (Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais; RPT). Legislative elections were held again in 1985.

National Rally, far right French political party founded in 1972 by François Duprat and François Brigneau. It is most commonly associated with Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was its leader from 1972 to 2011, and his daughter Marine Le Pen, who succeeded her father in 2011 and led the party until 2022.

Algeria: Constitutional referendum and the election of Abdelaziz Bouteflika: …a new government party, the National Democratic Rally (Rassemblement National et Démocratique; RND), was formed. Benefiting from unlimited government support, including the use of official buildings and funds, the RND quickly gained power. In the June elections for the National People’s Assembly, the RND won 156 out of 380 seats,…

Rally for the Republic, former French political party formed by Jacques Chirac in 1976 that presumed to be heir to the traditions of Charles de Gaulle. It was the direct successor to the Gaullist coalitions, operating under various names over the years, that had dominated the political life of the

Mikhail Mikhaylovich Zoshchenko: …famous were the stories in Rasskazy Nazara Ilicha, gospodina Sinebryukhova (1922; “The Tales of Nazar Ilyich, Mr. Bluebelly”). Zoshchenko used skaz, a first-person narrative form, in these tales, which depict Russia during the Russian Civil War (1918–20) from the point of view and in the language of a semiliterate soldier…

triolet: Frederich Rassmann made collections in 1815 and 1817 in which he distinguished three species of triolet: the legitimate form; the loose triolet, which only approximately abides by the rules as to number of rhymes and lines; and the single-strophe poem, which more or less accidentally…

Rastafari, religious and political movement, begun in Jamaica in the 1930s and adopted by many groups around the globe, that combines Protestant Christianity, mysticism, and a pan-African political consciousness. Rastas, as members of the movement are called, see their past, present, and future in

Rastafari, religious and political movement, begun in Jamaica in the 1930s and adopted by many groups around the globe, that combines Protestant Christianity, mysticism, and a pan-African political consciousness. Rastas, as members of the movement are called, see their past, present, and future in

Bob Marley: Formation of the Wailers, role of Rastafari, and international fame: >Rastaman Vibration (1976), Exodus (1977), Kaya (1978), Uprising (1980), and the posthumous Confrontation (1983). Exploding in Marley’s reedy tenor, his songs were public expressions of personal truths—eloquent in their uncommon mesh of rhythm and blues, rock, and venturesome reggae forms and electrifying in their

treaties of Rastatt and Baden, (March 6 and Sept. 7, 1714), peace treaties between the Holy Roman emperor Charles VI and France that ended the emperor’s attempt to continue the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–14) after the other states had made peace in the Treaties of Utrecht (beginning in

Klemens von Metternich: Early life: …at the end of the Congress of Rastatt (1797–99), which ratified compensation for the German princes ousted by the French from their possessions on the left bank of the Rhine, he was in 1801 appointed Austrian minister to the Saxon court at Dresden, and there he formed his friendship with…

dictionary: Specialized dictionaries: …terms published in 1527 by John Rastell. His purpose, he said, was “to expound certain obscure and dark terms concerning the laws of this realm.” The dictionaries of technical terms in many fields often have the purpose of standardizing the terminology; this normative aim is especially important in newly developing…

William Rastell was an English printer, lawyer, and man of letters. He edited and published the works of his uncle, Thomas More. He also printed the only surviving plays of John Heywood, who married Rastell’s sister, Eliza. The son of John Rastell, a playwright and, like him, a lawyer and printer,

raster graphics, a type of digital image that uses tiny rectangular pixels, or picture elements, arranged in a grid formation to represent an image. Because the format can support a wide range of colors and depict subtle graduated tones, it is well suited for displaying continuous-tone images such

television: The scanning pattern: The geometry of the standard scanning pattern as displayed on a standard television screen is shown in the figure. It consists of two sets of lines. One set is scanned first, and the lines are so laid down that an equal…

percussion instrument: Idiophones: The South Asian rastrarang can be played either with small sticks by percussion or by rubbing wetted fingers along the rims—the cups do not contain water. But the jaltarang, also South Asian, makes use of water for fine tuning and for the playing of gamakas (ornaments) by carefully…

Valentin Katayev: Katayev’s novella Rastratchiki (1926; The Embezzlers) is a picaresque tale of two adventurers in the tradition of Gogol. His comic play Kvadratura kruga (1928; Squaring the Circle) portrays the effect of the housing shortage on two married couples who share a room. Beleyet parus odinoky (1936; Lonely White Sail,…

Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli was a French-born inventor of an opulent Russian Baroque architecture that combined elements of Rococo with traditional elements of Russian architecture, producing multicoloured and decorative ornamentation on all facades. Of Italian descent, Rastrelli moved to St.

Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli was a French-born inventor of an opulent Russian Baroque architecture that combined elements of Rococo with traditional elements of Russian architecture, producing multicoloured and decorative ornamentation on all facades. Of Italian descent, Rastrelli moved to St.

mackerel: …the family Scombridae include the Indian mackerels (Rastrelliger), which are rather stout, commercially valuable Indo-Australian fishes up to 38 cm long, and the frigate mackerels (Auxis), which are small, elongated fishes found worldwide and distinguished by a corselet of enlarged scales around the shoulder region that extend along the lateral…

Dzerzhinsk, city, Nizhegorod oblast (province), western Russia. Dzerzhinsk lies along the Oka River upstream from its confluence with the Volga River at Nizhny Novgorod. Part of the Nizhny Novgorod metropolitan area, Dzerzhinsk and its satellite towns stretch for 15 miles (24 km) along the Oka. The

prophecy: The centrality of prophecy in Islam: …himself as the messenger (rasūl) of Allah, the final messenger in a long chain that had begun with Noah and run through Jesus. As Allah’s rasūl, Muhammad saw his first mission to be that of warning the Arab peoples of the impending doomsday. No doubt Muhammad was influenced by…

Rasul v. Bush, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 28, 2004, that U.S. courts have jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus petitions filed on behalf of foreign nationals imprisoned at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp on the U.S. naval base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, because the base, which

Rasulid dynasty, Muslim dynasty that ruled Yemen and Ḥaḍramawt (1229–1454) after the Ayyubids of Egypt abandoned the southern provinces of the Arabian Peninsula. The family took its name from Muḥammad ibn Hārūn, who, as a messenger (Arabic rasūl) for an Abbasid caliph, was known by the epithet

Italian literature: Women writers: …estasi (1985; “The First Ecstasy”) Elisabetta Rasy, moving on from criticism to fiction, endeavoured to re-create the mystic and ascetic consciousness of St. Thérèse of Lisieux. The spirit of Edgar Allan Poe lives on in the precisely related but arcane and enigmatic tales of La grande Eulalia (1988; “The Great…

rat, (genus Rattus), the term generally and indiscriminately applied to numerous members of several rodent families having bodies longer than about 12 cm, or 5 inches. (Smaller thin-tailed rodents are just as often indiscriminately referred to as mice.) In scientific usage, rat applies to any of 56

rat: ) In scientific usage, rat applies to any of 56 thin-tailed, medium-sized rodent species in the genus Rattus native to continental Asia and the adjacent islands of Southeast Asia eastward to the Australia-New Guinea region. A few species have spread far beyond their native range in close association with…

Ratchaburi, town, western Thailand, west of Bangkok. Prehistoric relics, cave drawings, and old Buddhist temples indicate that the site of Ratchaburi town, on the Mae Klong River, has been inhabited from early times. The town is now a river port, a station of the Bangkok-Singapore railway, and a

flea: General features: …distributed with some—such as the rat flea and the mouse flea—having been carried all over the world by humans. Native species of fleas are found in polar, temperate, and tropical regions.

Rat Islands, uninhabited group of the Aleutian Islands, southwestern Alaska, U.S. They extend about 110 miles (175 km) southeast of the Near Islands and west of the Andreanof Islands. The largest of the islands are Amchitka, Kiska, and Semisopochnoi. Separated from the Andreanof Islands by Amchitka

rat kangaroo, any of the 11 living species of Australian and Tasmanian marsupials constituting the families Potoroidae and Hypsiprymnodontidae, related to the kangaroo family, Macropodidae. Other potoroids are known only as fossils; the Potoroidae were already separated from the Macropodidae by the

escargot: …by a parasite called the rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis), which causes eosinophilic meningitis. Snails can carry other parasites as well. Escargots, therefore, should not be eaten raw.

lungworm: …but in humans it causes rat lungworm disease, which is characterized by eosinophilic meningitis, an elevation of the white blood cells known as eosinophils in the central nervous system.

mite: …northern fowl mite, and the rat mite, all of which attack humans. In addition, there are nasal mites of dogs and birds, lung mites of monkeys, and predatory mites, which are sometimes of benefit in controlling plant-feeding mites.

rat opossum, (family Caenolestidae), any of six species of South American marsupials in the order Paucituberculata. Rat opossums include the common shrew opossums (genus Caenolestes) with four species, the Incan caenolestid (Lestoros inca), and the Chilean shrew opossum (Rhyncholestes raphanurus).

Rat Pack, a group of close-knit Las Vegas entertainers who frequently performed together onstage and in films in the 1960s. The core members of the Rat Pack were Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Sammy Davis, Jr.. The Rat Pack became notorious for their wild carousing and acquired a legendary status

Robert Mulligan: …to the big screen with The Rat Race, a romantic comedy starring Tony Curtis and Debbie Reynolds; it was based on a play by Garson Kanin, who also wrote the screenplay. Mulligan reteamed with Curtis on The Great Impostor (1961), a biopic about impersonator Ferdinand Waldo Demara, Jr. Next was…

Garson Kanin: Screenplays, theatrical work, and novels: …Happen to You (1954) and The Rat Race (1960; based on his play and novel of the same name). He also penned several scripts for the small screen, including Hardhat and Legs (1980), a TV movie that was his final collaboration with Gordon, who died in 1985.

rat snake, any of between 40 and 55 species of the genus Elaphe, of the family Colubridae and similar forms. They occur in North America, Europe, and Asia east to the Philippines. Most are found in woodlands and around farm buildings. They hunt rats and mice and kill them by constriction. They also

Günter Grass: Other novels and fictional works: …nuclear war; Die Rättin (1986; The Rat), a vision of the end of the human race that expresses Grass’s fear of nuclear holocaust and environmental disaster; and Unkenrufe (1992; The Call of the Toad), which concerns the uneasy relationship between Poland and Germany.

rat-bite fever, relapsing type of infection in which the causative bacteria are transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat. The disease occurs primarily in Asia and is caused by the bacterium Spirillum minus. Symptoms of spirillary rat-bite fever include infection at the site of

grenadier, any of about 300 species of abundant deep-sea fishes of the family Macrouridae found along the ocean bottom in warm and temperate regions. The typical grenadier is a large-headed fish with a tapered body ending in a long, ratlike tail bordered above and below by the anal and second

hover fly: The rat-tailed maggots (larvae) of the drone fly (Eristalis tenax), which live in drains and polluted waters, have a telescopic breathing tube at the rear that gives them their common name.

brown four-eyed opossum, (Metachirus nudicaudatus), the only large American marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) that lacks a pouch. It gets its name from its brownish to yellowish fur colour and the creamy white spot above each eye. This opossum inhabits lowland tropical forests

brown four-eyed opossum, (Metachirus nudicaudatus), the only large American marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) that lacks a pouch. It gets its name from its brownish to yellowish fur colour and the creamy white spot above each eye. This opossum inhabits lowland tropical forests

Adoor Gopalakrishnan: Rat-Trap examines the end of feudalism in Kerala through one family’s fall from power. The Walls is set in a British colonial prison in the 1940s and is about a political activist who falls in love with an unseen woman in a neighbouring prison after…

Garcinia: Rata, or yellow mangosteen (G. tinctorea), produces a peach-sized yellow fruit with a pointed end and acid-flavoured buttery yellow flesh. Bacupari (G. gardneriana) is native to South America and produces an edible aril. Garlic fruit, or bitter garcinia (G. spicata), is planted as an ornamental…

Marshall Islands: …parallel chains of coral atolls—the Ratak, or Sunrise, to the east and the Ralik, or Sunset, to the west. The chains lie about 125 miles (200 km) apart and extend some 800 miles northwest to southeast.

radio telescope: Filled-aperture telescopes: The Russian RATAN-600 telescope (RATAN stands for Radio Astronomical Telescope of the Academy of Sciences), located near Zelenchukskaya in the Caucasus Mountains, has 895 reflecting panels, each 7.4 metres (24.3 feet) high, arranged in a ring 576 metres (1,890 feet) in diameter. Using long parabolic cylinders, standing…

Rātana church, 20th-century religious awakening among the New Zealand Māori and a national political influence, especially during the period 1943–63, when its members held all four Māori parliamentary seats in the national capital. The Rātana church was founded by Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana, a

Rātana church: …Rātana church was founded by Tahupōtiki Wiremu Rātana, a Methodist Māori farmer who acquired a reputation as a visionary and faith healer. News of his extraordinary gifts drew Māori (and some whites) from all parts of New Zealand, who came to hear him preach his doctrine of moral reform under…

Kalachuri dynasty: Sarayupara and Ratanpur: The Ratanpur Kalachuris, who first ruled from Tummana and later from Ratanpur (16 miles [26 km] north of Bilaspur), were distantly related to, and feudatories of, the Tripuri Kalachuris. Beginning to rule in the early 11th century, they gained prominence under Jajalladeva I in the early…

Bilaspur: Just north lies Ratanpur, an ancient Hindu capital of the Haihaya dynasty of Chhattisgarh; its ruins date from the 8th century ce. A major rail junction with extensive workshops, Bilaspur has agricultural trade and is a centre of rice and flour milling, sawmilling, and the manufacture of shellac.…

Miguel Delibes: Smoke on the Ground).

José Bianco: The Rats is a psychological novel, with a complicated but flawlessly constructed plot that leads to the poisoning of the protagonist. Bianco’s narrator has a complicated psychological makeup that is elegantly drawn, and the plot develops inexorably yet unexpectedly to the surprising ending. Shadow Play…

ratatouille, seasonal vegetable stew of Provençal origin, comprising squash, tomatoes, and other garden vegetables and herbs. The teeming summer gardens of Mediterranean France are the inspiration for and source of ratatouille, a dish whose name is taken from two related words: ratouiller, meaning

ratatouille, seasonal vegetable stew of Provençal origin, comprising squash, tomatoes, and other garden vegetables and herbs. The teeming summer gardens of Mediterranean France are the inspiration for and source of ratatouille, a dish whose name is taken from two related words: ratouiller, meaning

Disney Company: Continuing expansion: ABC, Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm: …films, including Finding Nemo (2003), Ratatouille (2007), WALL∙E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3 (2010), Inside Out (2015), Coco (2017), Toy Story 4 (2019), and Soul (2020), won Academy Awards for best animated film. Disney’s own

Ratchaburi, town, western Thailand, west of Bangkok. Prehistoric relics, cave drawings, and old Buddhist temples indicate that the site of Ratchaburi town, on the Mae Klong River, has been inhabited from early times. The town is now a river port, a station of the Bangkok-Singapore railway, and a

History of film: Great Britain: …by Danny Boyle, Lynne Ramsay’s Ratcatcher (1999) and Morvern Callar (2002), and Jonathan Glazer’s Under the Skin (2013).

Hameln: …notable half-timbered Renaissance houses, the Rattenfängerhaus (“Ratcatcher’s House”) and the Hochzeitshaus (“Wedding House”). Pop. (2003 est.) 58,902.

Thailand, country located in the centre of mainland Southeast Asia. Located wholly within the tropics, Thailand encompasses diverse ecosystems, including the hilly forested areas of the northern frontier, the fertile rice fields of the central plains, the broad plateau of the northeast, and the

Ratchaburi, town, western Thailand, west of Bangkok. Prehistoric relics, cave drawings, and old Buddhist temples indicate that the site of Ratchaburi town, on the Mae Klong River, has been inhabited from early times. The town is now a river port, a station of the Bangkok-Singapore railway, and a

Sarah Paulson: Projects with Ryan Murphy: …Ratched in Netflix’s horror series Ratched, a reimagining, cocreated by Murphy, of the origins of the wicked character from Ken Kesey’s psychological novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. She then played Linda Tripp, who had secretly recorded Monica Lewinsky divulging details of her affair with U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton…

ratchet, mechanical device that transmits intermittent rotary motion or permits a shaft to rotate in one direction but not in the opposite one. In the Figure the arm A and the ratchet wheel B are both pivoted at O. The stem of the pawl P can slide in the arm and is kept in its lowest position by

scraper: The cog rattle, or ratchet, is a more complex scraper, consisting of a cog wheel set in a frame to which a flexible tongue is attached; when the wheel revolves on its axle, the tongue scrapes the cogs. Found in Europe and Asia, cog rattles often…

director of national intelligence: Following Coats’s exit, Trump nominated John Ratcliffe, a Republican U.S. representative from Texas, to “rein in” an intelligence community that Trump claimed had “run amok.” Ratcliffe’s nomination was controversial, as he had little relevant experience and was later found to have inflated his résumé. The furor was strong enough that…

Jamestown Colony: Origins (1606–07): …Edward-Maria Wingfield, a major investor; John Ratcliffe; George Kendall; John Martin; and Capt. John Smith, a former mercenary who had fought in the Netherlands and Hungary. Wingfield became the colony’s first president. Smith had been accused of plotting a mutiny during the ocean voyage and was not admitted to the…

Peter J. Ratcliffe is a British physician and scientist known for his research into the regulation of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to low blood oxygen levels, and for his research into the mechanisms cells use to sense oxygen. His discoveries

Peter J. Ratcliffe is a British physician and scientist known for his research into the regulation of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in response to low blood oxygen levels, and for his research into the mechanisms cells use to sense oxygen. His discoveries

Thomas Radcliffe, 3rd earl of Sussex was an English lord lieutenant of Ireland who suppressed a rebellion of the Roman Catholics in the far north of England in 1569. He was the first governor of Ireland to attempt, to any considerable extent, enforcement of English authority beyond the Pale

typography: Maturation of the printed book: …appear until 1476, when one Erhard Ratdolt in Venice used it on an astronomical and astrological calendar. The device was well established by the end of the incunabula period. Continuing the tradition of relative anonymity of authorship of the manuscript books, the earliest pages never, and later ones only seldom,…