Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill

Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill

Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States (1981–89), noted for his conservative Republicanism, his fervent anticommunism, and his appealing personal style, characterized by a jaunty affability and folksy charm. The only movie actor ever to become president, he had a remarkable skill

Reaganomics, popular term for the economic policies of U.S. Pres. Ronald Reagan. The word is a portmanteau of Reagan and economics and was first attributed to radio broadcaster Paul Harvey. It has been used by both Reagan’s supporters and critics. The policies have also been referred to as

ether: Complexes of ethers with reagents: The unique properties of ethers (i.e., that they are strongly polar, with nonbonding electron pairs but no hydroxyl group) enhance the formation and use of many reagents. For example, Grignard reagents cannot form unless an ether is present to share its lone pair of…

reagin, type of antibody found in the serum and skin of allergically hypersensitive persons and in smaller amounts in the serum of normally sensitive persons. Most reaginic antibodies are the immunoglobulin E (IgE) fraction in the blood. Reagins are easily destroyed by heating, do not pass the

Bernice Johnson Reagon is an African American musician and historian whose work ranged from African spirituals to militant civil rights anthems. Reagon grew up surrounded by the sacred music of her father’s Baptist church. In 1959 she entered Albany State College, where she studied music and first

coin: The colonial period: …the escudo) and the silver real. The coins of Spanish America were specifically: in gold, the escudo (3.38 grams), two-escudos, four-escudos, eight-escudos, or onza (the famous gold ounce), and the half-escudo, or escudito; in silver, the real (3.43 and 3.38 grams), the half-real and the quarter-real, or cuartillo, and the…

real, monetary unit of Brazil. Each real (plural: reais) is divided into 100 centavos. The Central Bank of Brazil (Banco Central do Brasil) has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and coins in Brazil. Coins are issued in denominations ranging from 1 centavo to 1 real. Banknotes are valued

academy: The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713 to preserve the Spanish language, and it published a landmark Spanish dictionary for that purpose.

academy: The Royal Spanish Academy was founded in 1713 to preserve the Spanish language, and it published a landmark Spanish dictionary for that purpose.

analysis: Properties of the real numbers: …Archimedean property completely characterize the real number system.

real and personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold

fugue: Elements of the fugue: …new key, it is a real answer; often, however, the melody will be slightly manipulated to avoid a true change of key, in which case it is a tonal answer.

bank: Asset management: …theory known as the “real bills doctrine,” according to which there could be no risk of banks overextending themselves or generating inflation as long as they stuck to short-term lending, especially if they limited themselves to discounting commercial bills or promissory notes supposedly representing “real” goods in various stages…

economic forecasting: Forecasting the GNP and its elements: Capital investment by business (spending for new plants and equipment) is particularly important. The incomes generated in the process of manufacturing new equipment and building new plants play a major role in increasing consumer spending during periods of expansion. But when investment slumps, employment and…

Roman law: Delict and contract: A real contract was one requiring that something should be transferred from one party to the other and that the obligation arising should be for the return of that thing. Real contracts included loans of money, loans of goods, deposits, and pledges. Consensual contracts needed nothing…

restrictive covenant, in Anglo-American property law, an agreement limiting the use of property. Known to Roman law but little used in England or the United States until the 19th century, restrictive covenants are now widely used. To protect property values and provide neighbourhood stability,

Real Cuerpo de Minería, (Spanish: “Royal Mining Company”), guild of mine owners in the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The guild was set up by royal decree in 1777 in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) to reorganize and to provide capital for technological improvements in the mining industry.

epistemology: Plato: …designed to elicit a “real definition.” By a real definition Plato means a set of necessary and sufficient conditions that exactly determine the entities to which a given concept applies. The entities to which the concept “being a brother” applies, for example, are determined by the concepts “being male”…

Pachuca: The Real del Monte mine, begun in 1739 and still in operation, is one of the most extensive mining properties in the world. The patio, or Mexican, process of separating silver from the ore by amalgamation with mercury was perfected in Pachuca by Bartolomé de Medina…

labour economics: Movement of the general level of pay: The rise of real earnings may be traced by comparing the movements of earnings in money with those of an index number of the prices of the articles on which pay is typically expended. Such comparisons indicate that between 1860 and 1960 the real earnings of manual workers…

real and personal property, a basic division of property in English common law, roughly corresponding to the division between immovables and movables in civil law. At common law most interests in land and fixtures (such as permanent buildings) were classified as real-property interests. Leasehold

agency: The variety of Anglo-American agents: …are the powers of the real estate agent, who may show the land and state the asking price to the potential buyer without ordinarily being empowered to make further representations. The store salesman is similarly restricted in his power to represent his principal and can usually do no more than…

There’s an old saying that goes, “Buy land, they’re not making it anymore.” But purchasing real estate often requires a lot of money, tying up capital in an asset that might not be easy to sell. Plus, there’s the hassle of maintaining a physical asset and being a landlord if you rent or lease it.

evidence: Real evidence: The remaining form of evidence is so-called real evidence, also known as demonstrative or objective evidence. This is naturally the most direct evidence, since the objects in question are inspected by the judge or jury themselves. Problems arise in this area over who…

money: After Bretton Woods: What matters is the so-called real exchange rate—the nominal exchange rate adjusted by prices at home and abroad. The buyer of Brazilian shoes in England cares only about the cost of the shoes in local currency—that is, British pounds. The Brazilian price of shoes is multiplied by the exchange rate…

tapestry: 17th and 18th centuries: …Alfombras de Santa Barbara (Royal Factory of Tapestries and Rugs of St. Barbara) in 1720 at Madrid, however, that important tapestry was produced in Spain. Initially, the weavers and director were Flemings. The first tapestries made at Santa Barbara were woven from the cartoons of such Flemish Baroque painters…

metalogic: Ultrafilters, ultraproducts, and ultrapowers: …of the field ℜ of real numbers, a real closed field that is elementarily equivalent to ℜ is obtained that is non-Archimedean—i.e., which permits numbers a and b such that no n can make na greater than b. This development supplies an unexpected exact foundation for the classical differential calculus…

Havana: City layout: …oldest fortification, La Fuerza (Castillo de la Fuerza), was begun in 1565 and completed in 1583. Its site at the Plaza de Armas was that of an even older fort erected by Hernando de Soto in 1538 and later destroyed by French pirates.

Martha Coolidge: …first major Hollywood studio movie, Real Genius. Her other feature films included Rambling Rose (1991); Lost in Yonkers (1993), based on Neil Simon’s award-winning play; Angie (1994), a feminist film that examines the friendship between two women as one of them faces single motherhood; Out to Sea (1997), starring Walter…

Henry Hathaway: Early work: With Cooper, Hathaway next made The Real Glory (1939), an action film set in the Philippines during the Moro Wars (1901–13). Johnny Apollo (1940) offered a less-exotic locale, but Hathaway turned this familiar saga of a good man (played by Tyrone Power) gone wrong into one of the year’s better…

camp: The reality of camp: The Real Housewives franchise, introduced on the cable TV network Bravo in 2006, was originally conceived as a documentary series set in Orange county, California, offering an “authentic look” behind the gates of one of the wealthiest communities in the United States. The series later…

optical image: In a real image the light rays actually are brought to a focus at the image position, and the real image may be made visible on a screen—e.g., a sheet of paper—whereas a virtual image cannot. Examples of real images are those made by a camera lens…

Real Irish Republican Army, a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that continues to use violence to express its opposition to the terms of the peace laid out in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that largely brought to an end the struggle between unionists and nationalists during the

Real Irish Republican Army, a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that continues to use violence to express its opposition to the terms of the peace laid out in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement that largely brought to an end the struggle between unionists and nationalists during the

Albert Brooks: Brooks then wrote and directed Real Life (1979), a satire about a documentary filmmaker recording the life of a family while trying, and failing miserably, to remain inconspicuous. He next directed and starred in the comedies Modern Romance (1981) and Lost in America (1985), but it was his largely noncomedic…

José Luandino Vieira: …verdadeira de Domingos Xavier (1974; The Real Life of Domingos Xavier) portrays the cruelty of white “justice” and the courage of African men and women in preindependent Angola. His other works—among them Velhas estórias (1974; “Old Stories”), Nós os do Makulusu (1974; “Our Gang from Makulusu”), Vidas novas (1975; “New…

The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, novel by Vladimir Nabokov, published in 1941. It was his first prose narrative in English. The work, which is a satire of literary biography and scholarship, purports to be the true biography of a great writer, the late and neglected Sebastian Knight; it is

Jane Lynch: …with Annoyance Theatre’s cult hit The Real Live Brady Bunch, a stage show that featured reenactments of old episodes of the television sitcom The Brady Bunch.

Real Madrid, Spanish professional football (soccer) club based in Madrid. Known for their all-white uniforms, which led to its nickname “Los Blancos,” Real Madrid is one of the world’s best-known teams. Real Madrid grew out of Football Club Sky, a team formed in Madrid in 1897. The club was

Real Madrid, Spanish professional football (soccer) club based in Madrid. Known for their all-white uniforms, which led to its nickname “Los Blancos,” Real Madrid is one of the world’s best-known teams. Real Madrid grew out of Football Club Sky, a team formed in Madrid in 1897. The club was

Australia: Strains of modern radicalism: Miriam Dixson in The Real Matilda (1976) argued that Australian women had suffered an inferior status, markedly below that of women in Western society at large. Her case was arguable, but the increasing volume of feminist studies more often stressed the achievements of women, though often against great…

Television in the United States: Rural humour: …television three years earlier with The Real McCoys (ABC/CBS, 1957–63)—a sitcom about a family who left the mountains of West Virginia to operate a ranch in California—the success of The Andy Griffith Show firmly established the rural comedy as a dominant genre of the 1960s.

real number, in mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an infinite decimal expansion. Real numbers are used in measurements of continuously varying quantities such as size and time, in contrast to the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, …, arising from counting. The word real distinguishes them from

Kieran Culkin: Wider acclaim: Succession and A Real Pain: …supporting actor—for his performance in A Real Pain (2024), in which he starred with Jesse Eisenberg, who also wrote and directed the dramedy. An exploration of faith and family, the film focuses on two cousins who honor their recently deceased grandmother by traveling from the United States to her homeland,…

standing to sue, in law, the requirement that a person who brings a suit be a proper party to request adjudication of the particular issue involved. The test traditionally applied was whether the party had a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy presented and whether the dispute touched

Alison Lurie: …Friends (1967; television miniseries 1987), Real People (1969), Only Children (1979), and The Truth About Lorin Jones (1988). A collection of ghost stories, Women and Ghosts, was published in 1994. The Last Resort (1998) follows a naturalist writer and his wife on a trip to Key West, where they encounter…

Television in the United States: Reality TV: With the appearance of Real People (NBC, 1979–84), however, the genre began to thrive. Called “infotainment” by some critics and “schlockumentary” by others, Real People presented several short documentaries per episode featuring “real people” who did unusual things: one man ate dirt, for example, and another walked only backward.…

Brazil: The Real Plan and Cardoso presidency: …Cardoso, who put forth the Real Plan, a financial program partly inspired by a successful Argentine plan. The program stopped the government from periodically raising prices (a practice known as indexing inflation), introduced a new currency (the real) and an exchange rate that was partially linked to that of the…

Eucharist: In Roman Catholicism: …the priestly service, and the real presence of Christ in the church as the fundamental presupposition for the real presence in the Eucharist. Church law obliges Roman Catholics to receive Holy Communion at least once a year (during the Lent-Easter season) but encourages them to take it at mass every…

Real Quiet, (foaled 1995), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) who in 1998 won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes but lost at the Belmont Stakes, ending his bid for the coveted Triple Crown of American horse racing. Real Quiet was called a “bargain-basement colt,” as he was bought for only

Thomas Spence: …Newcastle Philosophical Society his paper The Real Rights of Man, advocating that land be owned by democratically organized local corporations that would rent it out at moderate rates and distribute the net proceeds to the inhabitants. There would be no need for taxes. Spence maintained that men in their natural…

Major League Soccer: Winners of the MLS Cup are provided in the table.

Hugh Jackman: Hollywood and Broadway stardom: In the sports-action film Real Steel (2011), Jackman portrayed a promoter in the futuristic milieu of robot boxing. He continued to entertain live audiences with a hugely popular one-man concert show, Hugh Jackman, Back on Broadway (2011). He took a supporting role in the film Butter (2011), a political…

real tennis, racket sport that is descended from and almost identical to the medieval tennis game jeu de paume (“game of the palm”). Real tennis has been played since the Middle Ages, but the game has become almost completely obscured by its own descendant, lawn tennis. Although real tennis

Mike Nichols: Middle years: Silkwood, Working Girl, and The Birdcage: …Tony for directing the play The Real Thing. He then returned to the big screen with Heartburn (1986), an adaptation of Ephron’s semiautobiographical novel about a pregnant woman who learns that her husband is cheating on her. Streep and Nicholson stood in for Ephron and journalist Carl Bernstein, Ephron’s then…

Bill Maher: …he returned to television with Real Time with Bill Maher, which began airing on HBO in February 2003. In 2006 Maher hosted the Internet talk show Amazon Fishbowl with Bill Maher on the Web site Amazon.com. He made frequent appearances on various political talk shows and hosted several stand-up comedy…

Ronaldo: Injuries and retirement: …owner of the Spanish club Real Valladolid, and in 2021 he purchased a stake in Cruzeiro, where he had played early in his career. In 2024 he said that he would sell his holdings in both clubs.

Oruro, city, west-central Bolivia. It lies at 12,150 feet (3,702 metres) above sea level in the Altiplano region, 30 miles (48 km) north of Lake Poopó. Founded in 1606 as Real Villa de San Felipe de Austria (“Royal Town of St. Philip of Austria”), Oruro rose to prominence during the Spanish

America Ferrera: Early life and beginning of her career: …cast in the coming-of-age film Real Women Have Curves, playing Ana Garcia, a bright Mexican American high school senior with a weight-obsessed mother. The part is considered Ferrera’s breakthrough, and she was awarded the Special Jury Prize for acting at the Sundance Film Festival.

reality TV: Early reality TV shows: …conflict and dramatic potential—in MTV’s The Real World (1992– ), a show following a group of young adults selected to live together in a house where cameras document their behavior and interpersonal relationships. The Real World premiered to mostly unfavorable reviews but quickly transformed into a ratings powerhouse with a…

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: In Le Vrai Monde? (1987; The Real World?), perhaps his best play, Michel Tremblay explored the ambiguous relationship between life and its representation in art. His libretto for the opera Nelligan (1990) was a departure from his previous work: it studies Quebec through its most tragic voice, that of poet…

yellowwood: macrophyllus), of China and Japan; real yellowwood (P. latifolius), South African yellowwood (P. elongatus), and common yellowwood (P. falcatus) of southern Africa; plum-fir, or plum-fruited, yew (P. andinus) and willowleaf podocarpus, or mañío (P. salignus), of the Chilean Andes; and the yacca (P. coriaceus)

Cordillera Real, major mountain system, the easternmost of the two in Bolivia. It extends generally north-south for about 750 miles (1,200 km) through the length of the country. The Cordillera Real separates the lowlands of the Amazon River basin to the east from the high plateaus of the Altiplano

Andes Mountains: …and western ranges—respectively named the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Occidental—are characteristic of most of the system. The directional trend of both the cordilleras generally is north-south, but in several places the Cordillera Oriental bulges eastward to form either isolated peninsula-like ranges or such high intermontane plateau regions as the…

reality of the external world, in modern Western philosophy, a central problem of metaphysics (one of the four main branches of philosophy, the others being logic, ethics, and epistemology). The reality of the external world is among a handful of fundamental issues that together defined the nature

encyclopaedia: Other topics: …Classical philologist, began issuing his Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (“Encyclopaedia of Classical Antiquities”) in 1837. The new edition was begun by another German Classical philologist, Georg Wissowa, in 1893. This enormous work on Classical studies has no equal in any part of the world, though it can be supplemented in…

encyclopaedia: Other topics: …first great encyclopaedia with his Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (1854–68; “Encyclopaedia of the Protestant Theology and Church”). Philip Schaff, a Swiss-born American church historian, prepared the abridged English edition (1882–84) from which The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge stems. James Hastings, a Scottish clergyman, was responsible for…

human cardiovascular system: Noninvasive techniques: Real-time (cross-sectional or two-dimensional) echocardiography depicts cardiac shape and lateral movement not available in M-mode echocardiography by moving the ultrasonic beam very rapidly, and such recording may be displayed on film or videotape. New techniques allow measurement by ultrasonography of rates of flow and pressures,…

computer science: Platform-based development: The term real-time systems refers to computers embedded into cars, aircraft, manufacturing assembly lines, and other devices to control processes in real time. Frequently, real-time tasks repeat at fixed-time intervals. For example, sensor data are gathered every second, and a control signal is generated. In such cases,…

electronic strategy game: Real-time games: As personal computers became more powerful, real-time games became viable, with the first commercial success being Dune II (1992), based on American director David Lynch’s 1984 film version of Frank Herbert’s science fiction novel Dune (1965). Dune II allowed players to select and…

RealAudio, a compressed audio format created in 1995 by Progressive Networks (after 1997, RealNetworks, Inc.) that was popular in the 1990s and early 2000s but was supplanted by such formats as MP4. The RealAudio format allows users to listen to music as it is being downloaded, a process known as

Acireale, town and episcopal see, eastern Sicily, Italy, on terraces above the Ionian Sea at the foot of Mount Etna, 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Catania. Known as Aquilia by the Romans, the town was called Reale by Philip IV of Spain in 1642. The first part of its name is derived from the ancient

encyclopaedia: Encyclopaedic dictionaries: …Philipp Balthasar Sinold von Schütz’s Reales Staats- und Zeitungs-Lexicon (“Lexicon of Government and News”) concentrated on geography, theology, politics, and contemporary history and had to be supplemented by the German economist Paul Jacob Marperger’s Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerk-, und Handlungslexikon (1712; “Curious Natural, Artistic, Mining, Craft, and Commercial Encyclopaedia”),…

realgar, an important ore of arsenic, a red or orange mineral containing both arsenic and sulfur. Typically it is a minor constituent of ore veins in association with orpiment (into which it disintegrates on long exposure to light). Realgar has been used by the Chinese for carvings, but these also

Andrea da Barberino: …prose compilation of Charlemagne legends, I reali di Francia (1491; “The Royalty of France,” modern edition by G. Vandelli, 1892–1900), was drawn for the most part from earlier Italian versions, though the author added much pseudohistorical material and invented many exciting amplifications. His epic tale Guerrin meschino (1473; “Wretched Guerrino”),…

library: School libraries: …librarians use the term “realia” to describe these resources.

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different

Belgian literature: Realism and other post-Romantic trends: Led by a Realist, Domien Sleeckx, a reaction against Romanticism set in about 1860. Writing became characterized by acute observation, description of local scenery, humour, and, not infrequently, a pervasive pessimism, as could be seen in novels such as Anton…

realism, in philosophy, the viewpoint which accords to things which are known or perceived an existence or nature which is independent of whether anyone is thinking about or perceiving them. The history of Western philosophy is checkered with disputes between those who have defended forms of

realism, set of related theories of international relations that emphasizes the role of the state, national interest, and power in world politics. Realism has dominated the academic study of international relations since the end of World War II. Realists claim to offer both the most accurate

ethics: Moral realism: After the publication of Moore’s Principia Ethica, naturalism in Britain was given up for dead. The first attempts to revive it were made in the late 1950s by Philippa Foot and Elizabeth Anscombe (1919–2001). In response to Hare’s intimation that anything could be…

Michael Fried: …writings included Minimal Art (1968), Realism, Writing, Disfiguration: On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane (1987), Art and Objecthood (1998), Why Photography Matters as Art as Never Before (2008), After Caravaggio (2016), and What Was Literary Impressionism? (2018).

realism: The novel: …latter’s theories to literature in Le Réalisme (1857). In this influential critical manifesto Champfleury asserted that the hero of a novel should be an ordinary man rather than an exceptional figure. In 1857 Gustave Flaubert’s novel Madame Bovary was published. This unrelentingly objective portrait of the bourgeois mentality, with its…

Constructivism: …publication of their jointly written Realist Manifesto in 1920 they became the spokesmen of the movement. It is from the manifesto that the name Constructivism was derived; one of the directives that it contained was “to construct” art. Because of their admiration for machines and technology, functionalism, and modern industrial…

The Sleepwalkers: …oder die Sachlichkeit 1918 (1932; The Realist).

philosophy of mathematics: Realistic anti-Platonism: There are two different versions of realistic anti-Platonism, namely, psychologism and physicalism. Psychologism is the view that mathematical theorems are about concrete mental objects of some sort. In this view, numbers and circles and so on do exist, but they do not exist…

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different

Antoine Pevsner: …the brothers issued the “Realistic Manifesto” (written by Gabo, and co-signed by Pevsner), in which they rejected Cubism and Futurism and argued that artists should embrace elements of space and time by employing constructed (as opposed to sculpted) mass and kinetic rhythms. Gabo outlined a style similar to the…

realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different

Western theatre: Russia: …put in charge of the Realistic Theatre (formerly one of the Moscow Art Theatre studios) in 1932. There, he tried to find new ways of presenting plays by using multiple stages and generally breaking away from the constrictions of the proscenium-arch format. In 1938, however, the Realistic Theatre was closed…

thought: …for reasoning, it is called directed thinking. Reasoning is a process of piecing together the results of two or more distinct previous learning experiences to produce a new pattern of behaviour. Directed thinking contrasts with other symbolic sequences that have different functions, such as the simple recall (mnemonic thinking) of…

David Bowie: …the release of the backward-looking Reality (2003) led to speculation that he had retired. He unexpectedly resurfaced a decade later with The Next Day (2013), a collection of assured, mostly straightforward, rock songs. The searching, jazz-infused Blackstar (2016) was released two days before his death from cancer. In Bowie’s final…

Sydney Sweeney: Breakthrough parts and stardom: …Reality Winner in the biopic Reality (2023). Her other credits from 2023 include the popular rom-com Anyone but You. The following year Sweeney starred alongside Dakota Johnson in Madame Web, a superhero film based on a Marvel character.

Ben Stiller: …and acted in the dramedy Reality Bites (1994), a portrait of disaffected, media-saturated young adults that was considered a defining representation of Generation X. He stepped behind the camera again for The Cable Guy (1996), a dark comedy starring Jim Carrey, but the film was poorly received.

reality of the external world, in modern Western philosophy, a central problem of metaphysics (one of the four main branches of philosophy, the others being logic, ethics, and epistemology). The reality of the external world is among a handful of fundamental issues that together defined the nature

projective geometry: Projective invariants: …distant points for parallels, the reality plane and the projective plane are essentially interchangeable—that is, ignoring distances and directions (angles), which are not preserved in the projection. Other properties are preserved, however. For instance, two different points have a unique connecting line, and two different lines have a unique point…

human behaviour: Psychoanalytic theories: …as the child grows, the reality principle gradually begins to control the pleasure principle; the child learns that the environment does not always permit immediate gratification. Child development, according to Freud, is thus primarily concerned with the emergence of the functions of the ego, which is responsible for channeling the…