avocet: The Andean avocet (R. andina), with a primarily white body, black back and wings, is confined to alkali lakes of the high Andes. The red-necked, or Australian, avocet (R. novaehollandiae) is black and white with red-brown head and neck.

avocet: The Old World avocet (R. avosetta) has the crown and hindneck black, the wings black and white. It breeds in central Asia and in scattered localities in Europe. Many winter in Africa’s Rift Valley. The slightly larger American avocet (R. americana), which is about 45 cm…

Recurvirostridae, bird family (order Charadriiformes) composed of seven species of moderately large (29–48 cm [11–19 inches] ) wading birds characterized by extremely long legs, a relatively small head, and a long, slender bill. Better-known members of the family include the avocet, ibisbill, and

Gunpowder Plot: Aftermath and cultural legacy: …the rigorous enforcement of the recusancy law, which fined those who refused to attend Anglican services. In January 1606 Parliament established November 5 as a day of public thanksgiving. The day, known as Guy Fawkes Day, is still celebrated with bonfires, fireworks, and the carrying of “guys” through the streets.

recusant, English Roman Catholic from the period about 1570 to 1791 who refused to attend services of the Church of England and thereby committed a statutory

Troy: Medieval legends: …be printed in English as The Recuyell of the Histories of Troye (c. 1474).

Christian Marclay: …extremity of Marclay’s manipulations—for his Recycled Records (1980–86) series, he sliced apart vinyl and reassembled the shards to form new sequences of sound—was considered innovative. As an avant-garde deejay (or “turntablist”) in New York City in the 1980s, he collaborated with such musicians as John Zorn and the band Sonic…

ZZ Top: With Recycler (1990), ZZ Top scaled back the electronics. Though the massive following of the band’s 1980s commercial peak had dissipated, subsequent albums such as Antenna (1994) and La Futura (2012) still commanded a substantial audience, and XXX (1999), which commemorated 30 years of playing together,…

particle accelerator: Proton storage rings: …ring and then to the Recycler ring (see below), where they were stored until there were a sufficient number for injection into the Main Injector. This provided acceleration to 150 GeV before transfer to the Tevatron. Protons and antiprotons were accelerated simultaneously in the Tevatron to about 1 TeV, in…

recycling, recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products, and the purchase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled. Typical materials that

Richard Dreyfuss: …villain in the action comedy RED. Dreyfuss’s roles from 2018 included a man courting a successful judge (played by Candice Bergen) in the romantic comedy Book Club and a Russian gangster in Cuba Gooding, Jr.’s directorial debut, Bayou Caviar. The Last Laugh and Astronaut were among

Poland: The January 1863 uprising and its aftermath: Subsequently called the Reds, these radicals acted as a pressure group on the Agricultural Society and staged demonstrations commemorating Polish patriots or historic events. In 1861, the year of the peasant emancipation decree in the Russian Empire, demonstrators in Warsaw clashed with Russian troops, and several were killed…

Taylor Swift: Kanye West incident at the VMAs, Red, and 1989: …her next collection of songs, Red (2012). While she remained focused on the vagaries of young love, her songwriting reflected a deepened perspective on the subject, and much of the album embraced a bold pop-rock sound. In its first week on sale in the United States, Red sold 1.2 million…

quark: Quark colours: The colours red, green, and blue are ascribed to quarks, and their opposites, antired, antigreen, and antiblue, are ascribed to antiquarks. According to QCD, all combinations of quarks must contain mixtures of these imaginary colours that cancel out one another, with the resulting particle having no net…

Krzysztof Kieślowski: … (1994; White), and Rouge (1994; Red); respectively, they explored the themes of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The films were released several months apart and, although each can stand on its own, they were designed to be seen as a single entity. One theme, the frailty of human relations, emerged from…

Michael Grandage: He later directed Red, a drama that centres on painter Mark Rothko and his fictional assistant. It premiered at the Donmar in 2009 and made its Broadway debut the following year. Grandage won the Tony Award for best direction of a play for it in 2010. That same…

red, in physics, the longest wavelength of light discernible to the human eye. It falls in the range of 620–750 nanometres in the visible spectrum. In art, red is a colour on the conventional colour wheel, located between violet and orange and opposite green, its complementary colour. Red was the

King Crimson: Formation and early success: …and Bible Black (1974), and Red (1974).

Taylor Swift: Reputation, Lover, Folklore, Evermore, and controversies: …2021 Fearless (Taylor’s Version) and Red (Taylor’s Version) appeared. They were remakes of earlier albums with several previously unreleased tracks. In July 2023 Swift released Speak Now (Taylor’s Version), followed by 1989 (Taylor’s Version) in October that same year.

Anthony Hopkins: Later movie and television roles: In the ensemble action comedy Red 2 (2013) Hopkins stole scenes as an eccentric nuclear scientist, and in the biblical drama Noah (2014) he dispensed wisdom to the title character as Methuselah. In 2015 he starred in the crime drama Solace, playing a doctor who is assisting in the hunt…

abalone: …largest abalone is the 30-cm red abalone (H. rufescens) of the western coast of the United States. H. rufescens and several other species are raised commercially in abalone farms, particularly in Australia, China, Japan, and along the western coast of the United States. Commercial fisheries for abalones exist in California,…

acouchy: The coarse fur of the red acouchy (Myoprocta acouchy) is dark chestnut red or orange on the sides of the body and legs and black or dark red on the rump; underparts range from dark red to orange. Upperparts of the green acouchy (M. pratti) are covered by grizzled fur,…

admiral: The migratory red admiral (Vanessa atalanta), placed in the subfamily Nymphalinae, is widespread in Europe, Scandinavia, North America, and North Africa and feeds on stinging nettles. The western, or Weidemeyer’s, admiral (Limenitis weidemeyerii) is found in the western United States. The

alder: Major species: …North American alders are the red alder (Alnus rubra), a tall tree whose leaves have rusty hairs on their lower surfaces; the white, or Sierra, alder (A. rhombifolia), an early-flowering tree with orange-red twigs and buds; the gray, or speckled, alder (A. incana), a small shrubby tree, often with conspicuous…

Stanley Kubrick: Breakthrough to success: …Peter George (on whose novel Red Alert it was based). In the planning stages, Kubrick sought to treat the material seriously, but he kept finding himself gravitating toward farce and eventually gave in to that impulse while still managing to powerfully convey the horrible prospect of nuclear annihilation. He made…

red algae, (division Rhodophyta), any of about 6,000 species of predominantly marine algae, often found attached to other shore plants. Their morphological range includes filamentous, branched, feathered, and sheetlike thalli. The taxonomy of the group is contentious, and organization of the

Amaranthaceae: Major genera and species: …wheat, or love-lies-bleeding (Amaranthus caudatus), red amaranth (A. cruentus), and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)—are high-protein pseudo-grain crops of interest to agricultural researchers. Quinoa in particular, touted as a health food, grew in popularity worldwide during the early 21st century.

Gerrit Thomas Rietveld: …time he created his famous red-and-blue armchair, which, in its emphasis on geometry and in its use of primary colours, was a realization of de Stijl principles (see photograph). In 1921 he designed a small Amsterdam jewelry shop, one of the first examples of the application of these principles to…

The Red and the Black, novel by Stendhal, published in French in 1830 as Le Rouge et le noir. The novel, set in France during the Second Restoration (1815–30), is a powerful character study of Julien Sorel, an ambitious young man who uses seduction as a tool for advancement. The Red and the Black

Iris Murdoch: …as A Severed Head (1961), The Red and the Green (1965), The Nice and the Good (1968), The Black Prince (1973), Henry and Cato (1976), The Sea, the Sea (1978, Booker Prize), The Philosopher’s Pupil (1983), The Good Apprentice (1985), The

Ogata Kōrin: …this period is the screen Red and White Plum Blossoms (c. 18th century). In this work, Kōrin’s sense of flat decorative design and his feeling for nature, combined with an emphasis on an abstract colour pattern, are seen at their very best. Although he died at the age of 59,…

angel’s trumpet: Species: insignis, red angel’s trumpet (B. sanguinea), B. versicolor, and B. vulcanicola were variously distributed in the Andes region of South America, ranging from Colombia to northern Chile. Angel’s tears (B. suaveolens) was native to the Atlantic coast of southeastern

Angus: …breed, a strain known as Red Angus has gained in popularity since the mid-20th century, particularly for purposes of outcrossing and crossbreeding. The Brangus, developed from Brahman and Angus stocks, is notable for its resistance to heat.

People’s Liberation Army, Unified organization of China’s land, sea, and air forces. It is one of the largest military forces in the world. The People’s Liberation Army traces its roots to the 1927 Nanchang Uprising of the communists against the Nationalists. Initially called the Red Army, it grew

Red Army, Soviet army created by the Communist government after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The name Red Army was abandoned in 1946. The Russian imperial army and navy, together with other imperial institutions of tsarist Russia, disintegrated after the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of

Red Army Faction (RAF), West German radical leftist group formed in 1968 and popularly named after two of its early leaders, Andreas Baader (1943–77) and Ulrike Meinhof (1934–76). The group had its origins among the radical elements of the German university protest movement of the 1960s, which

Red Army Faction (RAF), West German radical leftist group formed in 1968 and popularly named after two of its early leaders, Andreas Baader (1943–77) and Ulrike Meinhof (1934–76). The group had its origins among the radical elements of the German university protest movement of the 1960s, which

Jacqueline Woodson: Writing career: …including Another Brooklyn (2016) and Red at the Bone (2019). Another Brooklyn follows the main character as she reminisces about growing up in New York. Red at the Bone examines the decisions and experiences of two families from different social classes. Woodson’s books for young children, for which she worked…

avadavat, (species Amandava, or Estrilda, amandava), plump, 8-centimetre- (3-inch-) long bird of the waxbill (q.v.) group (order Passeriformes), a popular cage bird. The avadavat is abundant in marshes and meadows of southern Asia (introduced in Hawaii). The male, in breeding plumage, is bright red

The Red Badge of Courage, novel of the American Civil War by Stephen Crane, published in 1895 and considered to be his masterwork because of its perceptive depiction of warfare and of a soldier’s psychological turmoil. Crane was 25 years old and had no personal experience of war when he wrote the

John Huston: Films of the 1950s of John Huston: Crane’s literary classic The Red Badge of Courage. Real-life World War II hero Audie Murphy starred in this story of a young Union soldier who deserts his company during the American Civil War. With the Korean War raging, MGM executives felt that the film’s antiwar message was too…

Rainforest Regeneration in Panama: …are tree species such as Manilkara, almendro, and the suicide tree, characterized by slower growth and lower light requirements, with the capacity for extended persistence under low light conditions. Such trees tend toward high wood densities, relatively delayed attainment of reproductive status, and larger, often animal-dispersed seeds. They also have…

baneberry: The red baneberry, or red cohosh (A. rubra), native to North America, closely resembles A. spicata. Its fruits are red or ivory. The roots and berries of baneberry plants contain irritant resins that have a cathartic action and produce vomiting. The plants are useful subjects for…

flag of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: …1917, the Bolsheviks considered the Red Banner to be sufficient as a symbol for their ideological commitment to place all authority in the hands of workers and peasants. A plain red flag had first been used as a symbol of popular rights against autocratic governments during the French Revolution. The…

Manfred, baron von Richthofen was Germany’s top aviator and leading ace in World War I. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Members of a prosperous family, Richthofen and his younger brother Lothar followed their father into military careers. In 1912 Richthofen became a

Sichuan Basin, basin comprising the greater part of eastern Sichuan province and the western portion of Chongqing municipality, southwestern China. It is surrounded by the highlands of the Plateau of Tibet on the west and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau on the south and the Wu Mountains on the east and

red bat, (Lasiurus borealis), migratory vesper bat (family Vespertilionidae) found in wooded areas of North America. It is about 10 cm (4 inches) long, including a 5-cm (2-inch) tail, weighs 10–15 grams (0.33–0.5 ounce), and has narrow wings and short, rounded ears. The fur is fairly long, chestnut

adzuki bean, (Vigna angularis), edible seed of the adzuki plant, a legume plant of the pea family (Fabaceae). The plant is native to East Asia and may have been independently domesticated in Korea, Japan, and China. An important source of starch and protein, adzuki beans are a common ingredient in

red panda, (Ailurus fulgens), reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large domestic cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists mainly on bamboo and other vegetation, fruits, and insects. Once classified as

Kurosawa Akira: Later works of Kurosawa Akira: Akahige (1965; Red Beard) combines elements of entertainment with a sentimental humanism. In the 1960s, however, Japanese cinema fell into an economic depression, and Kurosawa’s plans, in most cases, were found by film companies to be too expensive. As a result, Kurosawa attempted to work with Hollywood…

geologic history of Earth: Formation of the secondary atmosphere: …diagenesis to give rise to red beds (sandstones that are predominantly red in colour due to fully oxidized iron coating individual grains) and that 2.2 billion years passed before a large number of life-forms could evolve. An idea formulated by the American paleontologist Preston Cloud has been widely accepted as…

Oklahoma: Relief: The Red Beds Plains constitute the largest of Oklahoma’s 10 subregions, running through the middle of the state. Both Oklahoma’s greatest population density and most of its larger towns are located there; oil provides much of the income. Although cotton rules in the south and wheat…

beech: Major species: The American beech (Fagus grandifolia), native to eastern North America, and the European beech (F. sylvatica), distributed throughout England and Eurasia, are the most widely known species. Both are economically important timber trees and are often planted as ornamentals in Europe and North America; they may…

southern beech: Major species: …rainforest species; the slender columnar red beech (N. fusca) of New Zealand, about 30 meters tall; and the silver, or southland, beech (N. menziesii), a 30-meter New Zealand tree with doubly and bluntly toothed leaves bearing small hairy pits beneath.

sweet birch, (Betula lenta), North American ornamental and timber tree in the family Betulaceae. Usually about 18 metres (60 feet) tall, the tree may reach 24 metres (79 feet) or more in the southern Appalachians; on poor soil it may be stunted and shrublike. See also birch. The smooth, shiny,

river birch, (Betula nigra), ornamental tree of the family Betulaceae, found on river and stream banks in the eastern one-third of the United States. Because the lower trunk becomes very dark with age, the tree is sometimes called black birch, a name more properly applied to sweet birch (Betula

birch: Major species: Water birch (B. occidentalis), a shrubby tree native to moist sites along the western coast of North America, has nonpeeling dark red bark; it grows in clusters, with all stems rising from a common root system. It is sometimes called red birch, black birch, or…

the Shangri-Las: …work with the newly formed Red Bird label, recruited the Shangri-Las to perform his song “Remember (Walking in the Sand).” The label promptly hired Morton and signed the Shangri-Las to a recording contract. With Mary Weiss in the lead and the others providing backing vocals, a reworked version of “Remember…

bird-of-paradise flower: Other species: The dwarf poinciana (Caesalpinia pulcherrima), a showy tree grown throughout the American tropics and subtropics, is sometimes known as the Mexican bird-of-paradise or red bird-of-paradise.

bishop: The 13-centimetre (5-inch) red bishop (E. orix), also called grenadier weaver, displays by flying about and clapping its wings. Red bishops have become established in southern Australia.

colour blindness: Types of colour blindness: …to red is known as protanopia, a state in which the red cones are absent, leaving only the cones that absorb blue and green light. Blindness to green is known as deuteranopia, wherein green cones are lacking and blue and red cones are functional. Some persons experience anomalous dichromatic conditions,…

red blood cell, cellular component of blood, millions of which in the circulation of vertebrates give the blood its characteristic colour and carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The mature human red blood cell is small, round, and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in profile. The cell

Red Bluff, city, seat (1857) of Tehama county, northern California, U.S. It lies along the Sacramento River, 115 miles (185 km) north-northwest of Sacramento. Settled in the 1840s, it was known as Leodocia until sometime before 1854, when it was renamed for the reddish sand and low bluffs on which

John III: …own in 1577, the “Red Book,” which restored some of the Catholic liturgical usages that had been swept away in the triumph of Lutheranism in Sweden. By 1580 he realized that a settlement with Rome was impossible but renewed his efforts to impose the “Red Book” over an opposition…

Carl Jung: Character of his psychotherapy: …German with English translation as The Red Book = Liber Novus. It was, by Jung’s own description, a record of his “confrontation with the unconscious.” The work contains an account of his imaginings, fantasies, and induced hallucinations and his own colour illustrations.

Celtic literature: The 17th century: …Book of Clanranald and the Red Book of Clanranald, written by members of the MacMhuirich family, who were latterly hereditary bards to the MacDonalds of Clanranald. They were probably written for the most part in the 17th century but contained poems by earlier representatives of the family. The other important…

Llywarch Hen: …part, and are preserved in The Red Book of Hergest, a manuscript dating to c. 1400. The poems were edited and translated several times in the 20th century.

southern beech: Major species: …the best known are the Australian beech (N. moorei), a 46-meter (151-foot) tree with leaves 7 cm (3 inches) long, found in New South Wales; the myrtle beech, Tasmanian myrtle, or Australian, or red, myrtle (N. cunninghamii), a 80-meter (262-foot) Tasmanian tree important for its fine-textured wood and as a…

Red Brigades, militant left-wing organization in Italy that gained notoriety in the 1970s for kidnappings, murders, and sabotage. Its self-proclaimed aim was to undermine the Italian state and pave the way for a Marxist upheaval led by a “revolutionary proletariat.” The reputed founder of the Red

buckeye: Species: The red buckeye (A. pavia) produces red flowers and is an attractive small tree, rarely reaching more than 7.6 metres (25 feet) in height.

Cape buffalo: (The forest, or red, buffalo, S. caffer nanus, a much smaller and less familiar subspecies, inhabits forests and swamps of Central and West Africa.)

red bug, any insect of the family Pyrrhocoridae (order Heteroptera), which contains more than 300 species. The red bug—a fairly common, gregarious, plant-feeding insect found mostly in the tropics and subtropics—is oval in shape and brightly coloured with red. It ranges in length from 8 to 18 mm

Sebastian Vettel: F1 debut and first championship: …with an inferior race car—led Red Bull to bring him on as a driver for the 2009 season.

Red Bull Theatre, London public playhouse in Upper Street, Clerkenwell, built in about 1600–05 by Aaron Holland and noted for the vulgarity and obstreperousness of its patrons. The Red Bull was frequented by rowdy neighbourhood theatregoers, and several were called before Middlesex justices in

calla: …more heart-shaped leaves, and the pink, or red, calla lily (Z. rehmannii) are also grown. The spotted, or black-throated, calla lily (Z. albomaculata), with white-spotted leaves, has a whitish to yellow or pink spathe that shades within to purplish brown at the base.

The Atlanta Braves are the only existing Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise to have played every season since professional baseball came into existence. Founded in Boston in 1871, the franchise has moved twice: it began playing in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1953 and then in Atlanta in 1966. The

Elio Vittorini: …rosso (written 1933–35, published 1948; The Red Carnation), while overtly portraying the personal, scholastic, and sexual problems of an adolescent boy, also conveys the poisonous political atmosphere of fascism. In 1936 Vittorini began writing his most important novel, Conversazione in Sicilia (1941, rev. ed. 1965; Eng. trans., Conversation in Sicily;…

red panda, (Ailurus fulgens), reddish brown, long-tailed, raccoonlike mammal, about the size of a large domestic cat, that is found in the mountain forests of the Himalayas and adjacent areas of eastern Asia and subsists mainly on bamboo and other vegetation, fruits, and insects. Once classified as

Isaac Babel: 1931, enlarged 1933; Red Cavalry), set in the Russo-Polish War (1919–20); Odesskiye rasskazy (1931; Tales of Odessa), set in the Jewish underworld of Odessa; and Istoriya moey golubyatni (1926; “Story of My Dovecote”), named after the opening story of autobiographical fiction about a middle-class Jewish boy growing up…

red cedar, common name for many evergreen trees of the cypress family (Cupressaceae), especially western red cedar (Thuja plicata), also known as giant arborvitae, and eastern red cedar (Juniperus

mining: The seafloor: An estimated 1016 tons of red clay covers about 104 million square km (40 million square miles) of the ocean floor. Although compositional analyses are not particularly exciting, red clay may possess some value as a raw material in the clay products industries, or it may serve as a source…

John Woo: …a two-part production, Chibi (2008; Red Cliff) and Chibi II (2009; Red Cliff II), which, with a budget of $80 million, was the most expensive Chinese-language production to date. A historical epic set during the unstable ancient period of the Three Kingdoms, it balances tough action scenes with convincing characters.…

Red Cloud was a principal chief of the Oglala Lakota (Oceti Sakowin, or Sioux), who successfully resisted (1865–67) the U.S. government’s development of the Bozeman Trail to newly discovered goldfields in Montana Territory. Red Cloud had no hereditary title of his own but emerged as a natural

Piet Mondrian: Influence of Post-Impressionists and Luminists: …colour was reflected in Mondrian’s Red Cloud, a rapidly executed sketch from 1907. By the time he painted Woods near Oele in 1908, new values began to appear in his work, including a linear movement that was somewhat reminiscent of the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch and a colour scheme—based on…

Red Cloud, city, seat (1871) of Webster county, southern Nebraska, U.S. It lies near the Republican River, a few miles north of the Kansas state line, about 35 miles (55 km) south of Hastings. First settled by Capt. Silas Garber (state governor, 1875–79), it was laid out in 1872 and named for the

Red Cloud: …came to be known as Red Cloud’s War and did not end until the United States agreed to abandon all posts and to desist from any further effort to open the road. When the garrisons had finally been withdrawn and the forts burned, Red Cloud signed the Second Treaty of…

clover: …most important agricultural species are red clover (Trifolium pratense), white clover (T. repens), and alsike clover (T. hybridum). Red clover, a biennial, or short-lived perennial, bears an oval purplish flower head about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in diameter. White clover, a low creeping perennial, is often used in lawn-grass mixtures…

baneberry: The red baneberry, or red cohosh (A. rubra), native to North America, closely resembles A. spicata. Its fruits are red or ivory. The roots and berries of baneberry plants contain irritant resins that have a cathartic action and produce vomiting. The plants are useful subjects for…

colobus: …colour: black-and-white colobus (genus Colobus), red colobus (genus Piliocolobus), and olive colobus (genus Procolobus).

cnidarian: Annotated classification: Worldwide; includes precious red coral, Corallium. Order Trachylina Medusa dominant; reduced or no polyp stage. Statocysts and special sensory structures (tentaculocysts). Differ from other hydromedusae by having tentacles inserted above umbrellar margin. Oceanic, mostly warmer waters. Suborder Laingiomedusae Medusae with

red blood cell, cellular component of blood, millions of which in the circulation of vertebrates give the blood its characteristic colour and carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. The mature human red blood cell is small, round, and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in profile. The cell

red crab, Pacific crab species closely related to the Dungeness crab

Red Cross and Red Crescent, humanitarian agency with national affiliates in almost every country in the world. The Red Cross movement began with the founding of the International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded (now the International Committee of the Red Cross) in 1863. It was established

Sam Shepard: >Red Cross.

Red Cross and Red Crescent, humanitarian agency with national affiliates in almost every country in the world. The Red Cross movement began with the founding of the International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded (now the International Committee of the Red Cross) in 1863. It was established

Red Cross and Red Crescent, humanitarian agency with national affiliates in almost every country in the world. The Red Cross movement began with the founding of the International Committee for the Relief of the Wounded (now the International Committee of the Red Cross) in 1863. It was established

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, international organization responsible for encouraging the formation of and aiding national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The federation shared the Nobel Prize for Peace with the International Committee of the Red Cross in

Red Cross Knight, fictional character, protagonist of Book I of The Faerie Queene (1590), an epic poem by Edmund Spenser. The Red Cross Knight represents the virtue of holiness, as well as St. George and the Anglican church. He is the chivalric champion and eventual husband of Una, who symbolizes

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, international organization responsible for encouraging the formation of and aiding national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The federation shared the Nobel Prize for Peace with the International Committee of the Red Cross in

crossbill: …eight different varieties of the red crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) may actually be different species. Each has a slightly different call note, a variant of the hard “kip-kip” given in flight. There are also differences in diet and bill size, with different forms feeding on specific conifers; for example, the larger-billed…