drawing: Pens: …form is that of the reed pen; cut from papyrus plants, sedge, or bamboo, it stores a reservoir of fluid in its hollow interior. Its stroke—characteristically powerful, hard, and occasionally forked as a result of stronger pressure being applied to the split tip—became a popular medium of artistic expression only…

keyboard instrument: Reed pipes: Organ reeds were probably originally copied from instrumental prototypes. A reed stop may have a beating reed like that of a clarinet or a free reed (a type discussed below in connection with reed organs).

wind instrument: Classification: comprises reed instruments, or reedpipes, which have a column of air that is activated by the vibrations between the two or more parts of a reed or between a single reed and the mouthpiece. In the Sachs-Hornbostel system, all multiple reeds are generically classified as oboes and the single…

electromagnet: Relays.: Present reed switches used in telephone equipment are operated by up to 50 volts direct current. Typically, the reed closes at 58 ampere-turns and releases at 15 ampere-turns, the hold current being 27 ampere-turns. The contact closes to give a stable contact resistance in 2 milliseconds,…

Fantastic Four: Origins: …a quartet of new characters: Dr. Reed Richards, a pompous scientist; Sue Storm, his lovely and somewhat reserved fiancée; Sue’s hotheaded teenaged brother Johnny Storm; and Richards’s beefy longtime friend pilot Ben Grimm. The foursome commandeered an untested spaceship of Richards’s design from the U.S. military in a frantic but…

Thomas B. Reed: The Reed Rules, adopted in February 1890, provided that every member present in the House must vote unless financially interested in a measure; that members present and not voting be counted for a quorum; and that no dilatory motions be entertained by the chair. Reed claimed…

keyboard instrument: Reed pipes: A reed stop may have a beating reed like that of a clarinet or a free reed (a type discussed below in connection with reed organs).

warbler: Reed (see photograph ), bush, and swamp warblers (Acrocephalus, Bradypterus, Calamocichla, and Cettia) are mostly brown-plumaged and harsh-voiced birds. Among other well-known genera of Old World warblers are the fantail warblers (see cisticola) and longtail warblers (see

B. Mitchel Reed: In a career that spanned four decades, B. Mitchel Reed roamed the wide world of radio formats and established himself as a standout in both Top 40 and its flip side, free-form FM rock. He began his radio career as a jazz announcer in Baltimore,…

Carol Reed was a British film director noted for his technical mastery of the suspense-thriller genre. He was the first British film director to be knighted. Carol Reed was born to the mistress of one of England’s most successful stage actors, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. After a rather lacklustre

Charlotte Church is a Welsh singer and television host best known for her powerful soprano voice and for being both the youngest musician to reach number one on the classical music album chart in the U.K. and the youngest female singer to break into the U.K. top 40 albums chart. Church is also

Donna Reed was an American film and television actress who embodied a wholesome, engaging girl next door in numerous movies in the 1940s and ’50s and later on television. Reed graduated from high school in Iowa and then moved to California to attend Los Angeles City College. She was named campus

Eric Ambler was a British author and screenwriter widely regarded as one of the most distinguished writers of espionage and crime stories. Ambler was the son of music-hall entertainers. After studying engineering at London University, he worked as an advertising writer. It was while thus employed

Ishmael Reed is an author of poetry, essays, novels, and plays who is perhaps best known for his fictional works, which are marked by surrealism, satire, and political and racial commentary. His novels include Mumbo Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and Japanese by Spring (1993). Reed’s

Ishmael Reed is an author of poetry, essays, novels, and plays who is perhaps best known for his fictional works, which are marked by surrealism, satire, and political and racial commentary. His novels include Mumbo Jumbo (1972), Flight to Canada (1976), and Japanese by Spring (1993). Reed’s

Jack Reed is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began representing Rhode Island the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1991–97). Through U.S. Sen. John Pastore, Reed received an appointment to the United States

Donner party: The journey west: …Jacob Donner and local businessman James Reed left Springfield on April 14, 1846. With the addition of roughly a dozen teamsters and employees, this initial party numbered some 31 people, and within a month the Donners and Reeds had reached Independence, Missouri. There, on May 12, they became a part…

United States presidential election of 1928: Rum, Romanism, and race: James A. Reed, who captured more than 20 percent despite only winning one of the five primaries he entered.

Belle Starr: …afterward, Belle ran away with Jim Reed, a Missouri outlaw, and became his common-law wife. They lived for a time in California, where their son, Edward, was born and then returned to Texas, where Belle fashioned herself a “bandit queen,” costumed in either velvet and feathers or buckskin and moccasins.…

Jimmy Reed was an American singer, harmonica player, and guitarist who was one of the most popular blues musicians of the post-World War II era. Reed began recording with the Chicago-based label Vee Jay in 1953 and had a string of hits in the 1950s and ’60s that included “Honest I Do,” “Baby, What

John Reed was a U.S. poet-adventurer whose short life as a revolutionary writer and activist made him the hero of a generation of radical intellectuals. Reed, a member of a wealthy Portland family, was graduated from Harvard in 1910 and began writing for a Socialist newspaper, The Masses, in 1913.

Jack Reed is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and began representing Rhode Island the following year. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1991–97). Through U.S. Sen. John Pastore, Reed received an appointment to the United States

Lou Reed was a singer-songwriter whose place in the rock pantheon rests primarily on his role in guiding the Velvet Underground, a New York City-based quartet that produced four poor-selling but enormously influential studio albums under Reed’s direction from 1965 to 1970. Reed’s post-Velvets

Lou Reed was a singer-songwriter whose place in the rock pantheon rests primarily on his role in guiding the Velvet Underground, a New York City-based quartet that produced four poor-selling but enormously influential studio albums under Reed’s direction from 1965 to 1970. Reed’s post-Velvets

Martha Raye was an American entertainer who established her reputation as an irrepressible comic in a career that encompassed radio shows, theater, film, and entertaining U.S. troops stationed overseas. Raye began performing at the age of three, when she joined the family vaudeville act. She made

Jimmy Reed was an American singer, harmonica player, and guitarist who was one of the most popular blues musicians of the post-World War II era. Reed began recording with the Chicago-based label Vee Jay in 1953 and had a string of hits in the 1950s and ’60s that included “Honest I Do,” “Baby, What

A Hard Day’s Night: Film critic Rex Reed derisively referred to playwright Alun Owen’s script of A Hard Day’s Night as a “non-screenplay.” Yet it is precisely the inspired anarchy of Owen’s screenplay—so suited to the Beatles’ personalties that they appear to be improvising—that distinguishes this landmark musical. Until A Hard…

The Brady Bunch: …when Mike Brady (played by Robert Reed), the father of three sons, marries Carol Martin (Florence Henderson), the mother of three girls. They combine their households in a four-bedroom house in an unnamed suburb of Los Angeles. The main cast included the Brady boys, Greg (Barry Williams), Peter (Christopher Knight),…

Carol Reed was a British film director noted for his technical mastery of the suspense-thriller genre. He was the first British film director to be knighted. Carol Reed was born to the mistress of one of England’s most successful stage actors, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree. After a rather lacklustre

Stanley F. Reed was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1938–57). Reed was the only child of John A. Reed, a physician, and Frances Forman Reed, who at one time was registrar general of the Daughters of the American Revolution. After earning undergraduate degrees from

Stanley F. Reed was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (1938–57). Reed was the only child of John A. Reed, a physician, and Frances Forman Reed, who at one time was registrar general of the Daughters of the American Revolution. After earning undergraduate degrees from

Latin American architecture: Architecture of the new independent republics, c. 1810–70: …Bogotá by the Danish architect Thomas (Tomás) Reed is one of the finest examples of this period. It is an austere building faced in a quarry stone, providing space for all the institutions of the state, including the congress, the supreme court, and the executive branch.

Thomas B. Reed was a vigorous U.S. Republican Party leader who, as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1889–91, 1895–99), introduced significant procedural changes (the Reed Rules) that helped ensure legislative control by the majority party in Congress. After he was admitted to the bar

Thomas B. Reed was a vigorous U.S. Republican Party leader who, as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1889–91, 1895–99), introduced significant procedural changes (the Reed Rules) that helped ensure legislative control by the majority party in Congress. After he was admitted to the bar

Latin American architecture: Architecture of the new independent republics, c. 1810–70: …Bogotá by the Danish architect Thomas (Tomás) Reed is one of the finest examples of this period. It is an austere building faced in a quarry stone, providing space for all the institutions of the state, including the congress, the supreme court, and the executive branch.

Walter Reed was a U.S. Army pathologist and bacteriologist who led the experiments that proved that yellow fever is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito. The Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, originally located in Washington, D.C., and moved to Bethesda, Md., in 2011, was named in his

Ada: …daughter of the first postmaster, William J. Reed, who built a log store there in 1889. The railroad arrived in 1900, and the city developed as a marketing and trading centre for a large cattle and grain area. The discovery of oil in the vicinity contributed to Ada’s economic growth.…

Willis Reed was an American professional basketball player and professional and collegiate basketball coach who helped the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) win two championships (1970 and 1973). Reed left his home in rural Louisiana to attend Grambling State College (now

reedbuck, (genus Redunca), any of three medium-sized antelopes (family Bovidae) that inhabit the grasslands and marshes of sub-Saharan Africa. The reedbuck is distinguished by a round glandular spot below each ear and curved horns (on males only) that point forward; these horns are shortest (14–41

Godard van Reede, 1st earl of Athlone was a Dutch soldier in English service who completed the conquest of Ireland for King William III of England (William of Orange, stadtholder of the United Provinces) against the forces of the deposed king James II after the Glorious Revolution (1688–89). Van

Brussels: The 20th century: Eggert Reeder, chief of the German military administration for Belgium, decided to follow the Nazi policy of creating large urban zones by amalgamating the communes. In order to crush the spirited opposition to this measure, Reeder dissolved all municipal councils and dismissed Joseph van de…

reedfish, (Erpetoichthys calabaricus), species of air-breathing eel-like African fishes classified in the family Polypteridae (order Polypteriformes), inhabiting the lower stretches of freshwater river systems in Benin, Nigeria, and Cameroon. Their elongated body is covered with rhomboid scales

reed: …reed canary grass (Phalaris), and reedgrass, or bluejoint (Calamagrostis). Bur reed (Sparganium) and reed mace (Typha) are plants of other families.

fluting and reeding, in architectural decoration, surfaces worked into a regular series of (vertical) concave grooves or convex ridges, frequently used on columns. In Classical architecture fluting and reeding are used in the columns of all the orders except the Tuscan. In the Doric order there are

reedling, (species Panurus biarmicus), songbird often placed in the family Panuridae (order Passeriformes) but also sometimes classified with the Sylviidae or Timaliidae. It lives in reedy marshes from England to eastern Asia. About 16 cm (6.5 inches) long, the male wears subtle reddish, yellowish,

cattail, (genus Typha), genus of about 30 species of tall reedy marsh plants (family Typhaceae), found mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The plants inhabit fresh to slightly brackish waters and are considered aquatic or semi-aquatic. Cattails are

wind instrument: Classification: comprises reed instruments, or reedpipes, which have a column of air that is activated by the vibrations between the two or more parts of a reed or between a single reed and the mouthpiece. In the Sachs-Hornbostel system, all multiple reeds are generically classified as oboes and the single…

Vicente Blasco Ibáñez: …and Cañas y barro (1902; Reeds and Mud, 1966), is marked by a vigorous and intense realism and considerable dramatic force in the depiction of the life of Valencia. Later novels, such as La bodega (1906; The Fruit of the Vine, 1919), are held to have suffered from a heavy…

Sierra: …Black Range, including Hillsboro and Reeds peaks, both rising to more than 10,000 feet (3,000 metres). The Rio Grande, including large impoundments at Caballo and Elephant Butte reservoirs, flows southward through the centre of the county. Immediately east of the reservoirs are the Sierra Caballo and Fra Cristobal Range; the…

Thap Muoi Plain, low, basinlike, alluvial swampy region, a northwestern extension of the Mekong delta, in southern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia. It is bounded on the southeast by the Tien Giang River, the main channel of the Mekong River, and also drains to a lesser extent into the parallel Vam Co

Moses: From Goshen to Sinai: …army cornered them at the Sea of Reeds (papyrus), which barred their exit to the east. Later Jewish tradition understood the body of water to be the Red Sea, and this erroneous interpretation persists today, even in some of the most recent English translations of the Bible. Scholars disagree as…

Reedsport, city, Douglas county, southwestern Oregon, U.S., on the Pacific Ocean coast near the mouth of the Umpqua River at its confluence with the Smith River. Founded in 1912 by Alfred Reed, the city developed as a shipbuilding and timber-shipping centre. Shellfish cultivation is a mainstay of

knot: A square knot is composed of two overhand knots turned in opposite ways. It flattens when pulled tight, making it useful in first aid and for tying packages. A surgeon’s knot is an elaborated form of the square knot; it is composed of two overhand knots…

bioherm, ancient organic reef of moundlike form built by a variety of marine invertebrates, including corals, echinoderms, gastropods, mollusks, and others; fossil calcareous algae are prominent in some bioherms. A structure built by similar organisms that is bedded but not moundlike is called a

stonefish: A representative species is S. verrucosa, which may grow about 33 cm (13 inches) long.

marijuana, crude drug composed of the leaves and flowers of plants in the genus Cannabis. The term marijuana is sometimes used interchangeably with cannabis; however, the latter refers specifically to the plant genus, which comprises C. sativa and, by some classifications, C. indica and C.

Jacobus Revius was a Dutch Calvinist poet long esteemed only as a theologian but later acknowledged as the greatest Christian lyricist of his period. Revius was a Dutch Reformed church minister who was a vigorous supporter of Protestantism, and his poetry is invariably scriptural or moralistic. His

reel, in motion pictures, a light circular frame with radial arms and a central axis, originally designed to hold approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) of 35-millimetre motion-picture film. In the early days of motion pictures, each reel ran about 10 minutes, and the length of a picture was indicated by

fishing: Early history: …the invention of the fishing reel.

reel, genre of social folk dance, Celtic in origin. It is a variety of country dance in which the dancers perform traveling figures alternating with “setting” steps danced in one place. Reels may be for sets of two or more couples. The music is in quick 24 or 44 time and usually has an insistent

baking: Ovens: …wooden paddle or peel; the reel oven, with shelves rotating on a central axle in Ferris wheel fashion; the rotating hearth oven; and the draw plate oven.

Francis Alÿs: …those living amid it (REEL-UNREEL [2011]) and those fighting in it (Color Matching [2016]). In some of these wartime works, Alÿs offers an offbeat prompt to his subjects, as in Sandlines (2018–20), a feature film, in which Alÿs records a group of Iraqi children he has asked to reenact…

Reelfoot Lake, shallow lake on the boundary between Lake and Obion counties in northwestern Tennessee, U.S., near Tiptonville. It was formed by the earthquakes that occurred along the New Madrid Fault in the winter of 1811–12. In the upheaval, land on the east side of the Mississippi River sank,

New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–12: Possible causes of the New Madrid earthquakes: …from activity occurring along the Reelfoot Rift, an ancient subterranean rift zone thought to have developed some 500 million years ago after geologic forces pulled the region in a northwest-southeast direction. Adherents to this hypothesis suggest that after hundreds of millions of years of relative inactivity, the pressure along the…

textile: Reeling and throwing: Reeling is the process of unwinding raw silk filament from the cocoon directly onto a holder. When several filament strands, either raw silk or synthetic, are combined and twisted together, producing yarn of a specified thickness, the process is called throwing.

Paule Marshall: Marshall’s 1962 short story “Reena” was one of the first pieces of fiction to feature a college-educated, politically active black woman as its protagonist; it was frequently anthologized and also was included in her collection Reena and Other Stories (1983). The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969) is set…

Paule Marshall: …was included in her collection Reena and Other Stories (1983). The Chosen Place, the Timeless People (1969) is set on a fictional Caribbean island and concerns a philanthropic attempt to modernize an impoverished and oppressed society.

cardiovascular drug: Heart rate: Reentrant rhythm and ectopic pacemakers cause abnormally high heart rates (tachycardia), and they require treatment with drugs that slow the heart and reduce the electrical excitability of the muscle cells. Reentrant rhythms can be eliminated by increasing the refractory period of the cells, which is…

spaceflight: Reentry and recovery: Reentry refers to the return of a spacecraft into Earth’s atmosphere. The blanket of relatively dense gas surrounding Earth is useful as a braking, or retarding, force resulting from aerodynamic drag. A concomitant effect, however, is the severe heating caused by the…

rocket and missile system: Design principles: …(now referred to as the reentry vehicles, or RVs) back into the atmosphere and down to the target area.

The Reeperbahn: As rock and roll made its way to continental Europe in the late 1950s, several nightclub owners in the red-light district of Hamburg, West Germany—the Reeperbahn, named for the street that was its main artery—decided that the new music should supplant the jazz they had…

encyclopaedia: The 19th century: …a reviser of Chambers’s Cyclopaedia, Abraham Rees at last produced a completely original and finely illustrated work, The New Cyclopaedia (1802–20), the only serious rival to the Britannica in a generation that saw some dozen “new” encyclopaedias rise and fall. What might have been the greatest encyclopaedia of the century,…

Martin Rees is an English cosmologist and astrophysicist who was a main expositor of the big-bang theory of the origins of the universe. Rees was raised in Shropshire, in the English Midlands. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in mathematics (1963) and master’s and doctorate degrees in

Martin Rees is an English cosmologist and astrophysicist who was a main expositor of the big-bang theory of the origins of the universe. Rees was raised in Shropshire, in the English Midlands. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in mathematics (1963) and master’s and doctorate degrees in

carbon footprint: …early 1990s by Canadian ecologist William Rees and Swiss-born regional planner Mathis Wackernagel at the University of British Columbia. An ecological footprint is the total area of land required to sustain an activity or population. It includes environmental impacts, such as water use and the amount of land used for…

Liz Truss: Political career: …of Brexit hardliners such as Jacob Rees-Mogg and transformed her reputation within the party.

Angel Reese is an American basketball player who is a rising star in the WNBA. A dynamic forward with the Chicago Sky, Reese is one of the league’s top rebounders, and she is known for the ferocity of her play. During her collegiate career, she led LSU to a national championship in 2023. Reese was

Pee Wee Reese was an American professional baseball player and broadcaster who was the captain of the famous “Boys of Summer” Brooklyn Dodgers teams of the 1950s. Reese, a shortstop, played his entire 16-year career (1940–58) with the Dodgers, the first 15 in Brooklyn, before he moved with the team

Lizette Woodworth Reese was an American poet whose work draws on the images of her rural childhood. After growing up on the outskirts of Baltimore, Reese began teaching at the parish school of St. John’s Episcopal Church in Waverly, Maryland, in 1873; she continued teaching English in Baltimore

Pee Wee Reese was an American professional baseball player and broadcaster who was the captain of the famous “Boys of Summer” Brooklyn Dodgers teams of the 1950s. Reese, a shortstop, played his entire 16-year career (1940–58) with the Dodgers, the first 15 in Brooklyn, before he moved with the team

creation myth: Hartshorne and Reese: Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, 20th-century U.S. philosophers, have attempted to clarify and criticize all possible rational reflections concerning the relationship of deity to the universe. They state two opposed positions. The first is that of classical theism in which there is the admission of plurality, potentiality, becoming,…

ruff: ) The female, called the reeve, is only about 25 cm (10 inches) long and is plain grayish brown, as is the male in winter.

The Reeve’s Tale, one of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The tale is one of the first English works to use dialect for comic effect. In outline it is similar to one of the stories in Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron. The old Reeve (bailiff), a woodworker, tells this bawdy

Christopher Reeve was an American actor who was first known to the moviegoing public as the title character in Superman (1978) and went on to star in three sequels as well as a number of other films. After a fall from a horse during an equestrian competition in 1995 broke his neck and left him a

Ella Reeve Bloor was an American political organizer and writer who was active as an American socialist and communist, both as a candidate for public office and in labour actions in several industries. Ella Reeve grew up in Bridgeton, New Jersey. After her marriage to Lucien Ware in 1881 or 1882

Tapping Reeve was a U.S. legal educator and jurist. In 1784 Reeve founded the Litchfield Law School, which was the first of its kind in the United States. (Previously, legal training could be acquired in the United States only by apprenticeship.) He was the school’s sole teacher until 1798, when he

Ambrose Reeves was an Anglican prelate who was bishop of Johannesburg, South Africa (1949–61), and a strong opponent of apartheid. Reeves was active in the Student Christian Movement (SCM) while an undergraduate at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and he also attended the College of the

Bass Reeves was an American lawman who was one of the first deputy U.S. marshals of African descent in the American West. Born a slave in Arkansas, Reeves grew up in Grayson county, Texas, following the relocation of his owner, William S. Reeves. Reports regarding Reeves’s activities and

Ben Affleck: Return to prominence: …as the former Superman actor George Reeves in the biopic Hollywoodland, a role that earned him critical praise and a Golden Globe Award nomination. In 2009 Affleck starred in He’s Just Not That into You, a romantic comedy that also featured Jennifer Aniston; the crime thriller State of Play; and…

Keanu Reeves is a Canadian actor who found his greatest success in comedy, science-fiction, and action movies. Reeves’s early hits included Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure (1989) and Speed (1994), and he later starred in two blockbuster franchises: The Matrix and John Wick. Reeves’s mother was an

Keanu Reeves is a Canadian actor who found his greatest success in comedy, science-fiction, and action movies. Reeves’s early hits included Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure (1989) and Speed (1994), and he later starred in two blockbuster franchises: The Matrix and John Wick. Reeves’s mother was an

Martha and the Vandellas: September 16, 1944, Attalla, Alabama), Lois Reeves (b. April 12, 1948, Detroit), and Sandra Tilley (b. May 6, 1946—d. September 9, 1981).

Martha and the Vandellas: The original members were Martha Reeves (b. July 18, 1941, Eufaula, Alabama, U.S.), Annette Beard Sterling-Helton (b. July 4, 1943, Detroit, Michigan), Gloria Williams, and Rosalind Ashford (b. September 2, 1943, Detroit). Later members included Betty Kelly (b. September 16, 1944, Attalla, Alabama), Lois Reeves (b. April 12, 1948,…

Witchfinder General: Production notes and credits:

Ambrose Reeves was an Anglican prelate who was bishop of Johannesburg, South Africa (1949–61), and a strong opponent of apartheid. Reeves was active in the Student Christian Movement (SCM) while an undergraduate at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and he also attended the College of the

Steve Reeves was an American bodybuilder and actor. He was one of the handsomest and best-built men of his era. By Reeves’s own account, at his bodybuilding peak he stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 metres) tall, weighed 216 pounds (98 kg), had 18.25-inch (46.4-cm) biceps, a 52-inch (132-cm) chest, a

Steve Reeves was an American bodybuilder and actor. He was one of the handsomest and best-built men of his era. By Reeves’s own account, at his bodybuilding peak he stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 metres) tall, weighed 216 pounds (98 kg), had 18.25-inch (46.4-cm) biceps, a 52-inch (132-cm) chest, a

William Pember Reeves was a New Zealand statesman who, as minister of labour (1891–96), wrote the influential Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act (1894) and introduced the most progressive labour code in the world at that time. After working as a lawyer and newspaper reporter, Reeves became

Welfare Party, Turkish political party noted for its Islamic orientation. It was founded in 1983 by Necmettin Erbakan. After doing well in local elections in the early 1990s, it won nearly one-third of the seats (the largest single bloc) in the 1995 national legislative elections, becoming the

boxing: Ring, rules, and equipment: A referee is stationed inside the ring with the boxers and regulates the bout. In some jurisdictions the referee scores the contest along with two judges outside the ring. In most jurisdictions, however, the referee does not participate in the judging, and three ringside officials score…