Lily Gladstone: Theater, film, and television roles: …and she reunited with director Reichardt in 2019 for a small role in the film drama First Cow. In 2022 she starred as Tana, a grieving woman on a road trip from the Midwest toward the Texas-Mexico border, in the adventure drama The Unknown Country. On the small screen, Gladstone…

weather forecasting: Practical applications: …area gained in importance after Francis W. Reichelderfer was appointed chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) in 1939. Reichelderfer had previously modernized the U.S. Navy’s meteorological service and made it a model of support for naval aviation. During World War II the discovery of very strong wind currents at…

Reichenau, island in the Untersee, the western arm of Lake Constance (Bodensee) in Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. Belonging to the city of Konstanz, it is 3 miles (5 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and is connected to the mainland by a causeway 1.25 miles (2 km) long.

bridge: Christian Menn: The Reichenau Bridge (1964) over the Rhine, a deck-stiffened arch with a span of 98 metres (328 feet), shows Menn’s characteristic use of a wide, prestressed concrete deck slab cantilevering laterally from both sides of a single box. For the high, curving Felsenau Viaduct (1974) over…

Walther von Reichenau was a German field marshal who commanded the army that captured Warsaw (1939) and the 6th Army in its encircling movement through Belgium (1940) on the Western front during World War II. The son of a general of the artillery, von Reichenau followed his father’s career, joining

Dzierżoniów, city, Dolnośląskie województwo (province), southwestern Poland, on the Piława River in Lower Silesia. The community was founded as Reichenbach in the 12th century and received town rights in the 13th. The duke of Ziębice (Münsterberg) pledged the town to Bohemia (1335), whence it

Reichenbach Falls, falls on the Reichenbach (creek) in Bern canton, central Switzerland, one of the highest falls in the Alps. There are five cascades with an overall height of 650 feet (200 m); best known are Upper and Lower Reichenbach Falls, with a drop of about 300 feet (90 m). Much of

Ewald Friedrich, count von Hertzberg: …foreign minister and signed the Convention of Reichenbach with Austria (1790), by which the latter renounced any territorial acquisitions in the Turkish war. Retiring from the ministry in 1791, Hertzberg nevertheless continued to provide unsolicited advice until his death in 1795.

Georg von Reichenbach was a German maker of astronomical instruments who introduced the meridian, or transit, circle, a specially designed telescope for measuring both the time when a celestial body is directly over the meridian (the longitude of the instrument) and the angle of the body at

Hans Reichenbach was a philosopher and educator who was a leading representative of the Vienna Circle and founder of the Berlin school of logical positivism, a movement that viewed logical statements as revealing only the basic structure of a priori mental categories and language. He contributed

Klemens von Metternich: Ministry during the Napoleonic Wars: Even so, in the subsequent Treaty of Reichenbach, June 24, 1813, between Austria, Prussia, and Russia, Metternich undertook to bring Austria into the war against France if Napoleon rejected the peace terms that he was offering.

Reichenbach Falls, falls on the Reichenbach (creek) in Bern canton, central Switzerland, one of the highest falls in the Alps. There are five cascades with an overall height of 650 feet (200 m); best known are Upper and Lower Reichenbach Falls, with a drop of about 300 feet (90 m). Much of

Liberec, city, northwestern Czech Republic. It lies in the valley of the Lužická Nisa (German: Lausitzer Neisse) River amid the Giant (Krkonoše) Mountains. Founded in the 13th century and chartered in 1577, Liberec was inhabited mainly by Germans until their expulsion after World War II. Called the

Laura Riding was an American poet, critic, and prose writer who was influential among the literary avant-garde during the 1920s and ’30s. From 1918 to 1921 Riding attended Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., and soon her poetry began to gain attention. Early on she came to be associated with the

deindividuation: Group norms: The British psychologists Steve Reicher, Russell Spears, and Tom Postmes argued that the notion of a loss of selfhood relies, inaccurately, on an individualistic conception of the self; rational action is equated with the individual self, and group membership is equated with the loss of identity and of…

Left Party: Heidi Reichinnek, the Left’s parliamentary coleader, delivered an impassioned speech to the Bundestag that condemned any attempt to convey such power to an extremist group. In the immediate wake of this address, which was viewed millions of times on TikTok, membership in the Left skyrocketed.…

Western sculpture: Central Europe: …some quarters, Hans Krumper and Hans Reichle produced bronze figures less indebted to the Classical tradition but with stronger individuality. Jörg Zürn, whose finest wood carvings are to be seen at Überlingen, and Ludwig Münsterman, in Oldenburg, continued in the Mannerist style, whereas Georg Petel, who came under the influence…

Kathy Reichs is an American forensic anthropologist and author of a popular series of mystery books centring on the protagonist Temperance (“Bones”) Brennan. Reichs studied anthropology at American University, earning a B.A. in 1971. She then received an M.A. (1972) and a Ph.D. (1975) in physical

Diet: …“recess of the empire” (Reichsabschied). The emperor could ratify part of the recess or the whole of it, but he could not modify the words of the recess. Until the 17th century the Diet possessed effective legal power, including the decision of war or peace, but the Peace of…

glassware: Germany: …the imperial double-headed eagle (Reichsadlerhumpen); representations of the emperor with his seven electors, either seated or mounted on horseback (Kurfürstenhumpen); subjects from the Old and New Testaments; and allegorical themes such as the Eight Virtues and the Ages of Man. These were painted between borders of multicoloured or white…

Autobahn, high-speed, limited-access highway, the basis of the first modern national expressway system. Planned in Germany in the early 1930s, the Autobahnen were extended to a national highway network (Reichsautobahnen) of 2,108 km (1,310 miles) by 1942. West Germany embarked on an ambitious

Walther Funk: …1938 and president of the Reichsbank from 1939.

Nürnberg Laws: One, the Reichsbürgergesetz (German: “Law of the Reich Citizen”), deprived Jews of German citizenship, designating them “subjects of the state.” The other, the Gesetz zum Schutze des Deutschen Blutes und der Deutschen Ehre (“Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour”), usually called simply the…

Germany: Domestic concerns: …SPD along with the Progressives Reichsfeinde (“enemies of the empire”) because he believed that each sought in its own way to change the fundamental conservative political character of the empire.

Führer: …and law, as well as Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, head of the unified police system. Also directly responsible to (and selected by) the Führer were many territorial leaders (43 in greater Germany) known as Gauleiter (“district leaders”).

prince: Germany: …Princes of the Realm (Reichsfürstenstand) came into being from the 1180s and comprised dukes, counts palatine, margraves, landgraves, archbishops, bishops, certain abbots, and the masters of the military-religious orders. New admissions to this estate required not only the sovereigns’ bestowal of the title Fürst (lower than that of duke…

Franco-German War: The French collapse and the siege of Paris: …suffering a check at the Battle of Wörth on August 6, 1870, the commander of the French right (south) wing, Marshal Patrice Mac-Mahon, retreated westward. That same day, about 40 miles (65 km) to the northeast, the commander of the French left wing, Marshal Achille Bazaine, was dislodged from near…

Reichskammergericht, supreme court of the Holy Roman Empire. The court was established by Maximilian I in 1495 and survived as the empire’s highest court until the empire’s dissolution in 1806. From the early Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire’s supreme court had been the Hofgericht, in which the

Ukraine: The Nazi occupation of Soviet Ukraine: …remainder was organized as the Reichskommissariat Ukraine.

Agrarian League, extraparliamentary organization active under the German empire from 1893. Formed to combat the free-trade policies (initiated in 1892) of Chancellor Leo, Graf (count) von Caprivi, the league worked for farmers’ subsidies, import tariffs, and minimum prices. Caprivi’s successor

Führer: Directly below him were several Reichsleiter (“Reich leaders”) with various portfolios, such as finance, propaganda, foreign policy, and law, as well as Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler, head of the unified police system. Also directly responsible to (and selected by) the Führer were many territorial leaders (43 in greater Germany) known as…

Austria: Constitutional experimentation, 1860–67: …Francis Joseph ordered that the Reichsrat, an empirewide, purely advisory council of state, be enlarged by the addition of 38 members proposed by the provincial diets and selected by the crown. Its main task was to advise the emperor on the composition of a new constitution. The body divided into…

Maximilian I: Consolidation of power: …and invested it in the Reichsregiment, a supreme council of 21 electors, princes, and others. They even considered deposing him, but the plan miscarried because of their own apathy and Maximilian’s effective countermeasures. He strengthened his European position by an agreement with France, and he regained prestige within the empire…

Germany: The nobility: The imperial knights (Reichsritter) held their estates as tenants in chief of the crown. The provincial nobility (Landesadel) had lost direct contact with the crown and were being compelled by degrees to acknowledge the suzerainty of the local prince. The imperial knights had been extensively employed by the…

SS: …most important division was the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; Reich Security Central Office), which oversaw the Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo; Security Police), which, in turn, was divided into the Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; Criminal Police) and the dreaded Gestapo under Heinrich Müller. The RSHA also included the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service), a security department in charge…

imperial city, any of the cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire that were subject only to the authority of the emperor, or German king, on whose demesne (personal estate) the earliest of them originated. The term freie Reichsstadt, or Free Imperial City, was sometimes used interchangeably with

Napoléon-François-Charles-Joseph Bonaparte, duke von Reichstadt , duke von Reichstadt was the only son of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Marie-Louise; at birth he was styled king of Rome. Three years after his birth, the French empire to which he was heir collapsed, and he was taken by the empress

Diet, legislature of the German empire, or Holy Roman Empire, from the 12th century to 1806. In the Carolingian empire, meetings of the nobility and higher clergy were held during the royal progresses, or court journeys, as occasion arose, to make decisions affecting the good of the state. After

Reichstag, building in Berlin that is the meeting place of the Bundestag (“Federal Assembly”), the lower house of Germany’s national legislature. One of Berlin’s most famous landmarks, it is situated at the northern end of the Ebertstrasse and near the south bank of the Spree River. Tiergarten Park

German Empire: Establishment of the North German Confederation: …adopted by the North German Reichstag on April 17, 1867. Four years later it became, almost without change, the constitution of the German Empire. Two principles were balanced against each other—the sovereignty of the German states and the national unity of the German people. In constitutional theory the first carried…

Reichstag fire, burning of the Reichstag (parliament) building in Berlin on the night of February 27, 1933, a key event in the establishment of the Nazi dictatorship and widely believed to have been contrived by the newly formed Nazi government itself to turn public opinion against its opponents

Tadeus Reichstein was a Swiss chemist who, with Philip S. Hench and Edward C. Kendall, received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1950 for his discoveries concerning hormones of the adrenal cortex. Reichstein was educated in Zürich and held posts in the department of organic chemistry

Leo Baeck: Role as Jewish leader: …der Juden in Deutschland (National Agency of Jews in Germany) under Leo Baeck and Otto Hirsch (1885–1941), the jurist and community leader who was killed in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Under constant attack, this group took charge of Jewish life in Germany. Millions of dollars were spent annually in…

origins of agriculture: Maize, or corn: …Belt for many years was Reid’s Yellow Dent, which originated from a fortuitous mixture of a dent and a flint variety.

Andy Reid is one of the most successful coaches in the National Football League (NFL). He transformed the Kansas City Chiefs into an American football powerhouse and guided them to three Super Bowl victories (2020, 2023, 2024). Reid also was on the coaching staff of the Green Bay Packers when the

Andy Reid is one of the most successful coaches in the National Football League (NFL). He transformed the Kansas City Chiefs into an American football powerhouse and guided them to three Super Bowl victories (2020, 2023, 2024). Reid also was on the coaching staff of the Green Bay Packers when the

New jack swing: The key producers were L.A., Babyface, and Teddy Riley, who crafted romantic songs for the dance floor. L.A. (Antonio Reid, whose nickname was derived from his allegiance to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team) and Babyface (youthful-looking Kenneth Edmonds) had been members of the Deele, a group based in…

Colin Kaepernick: One of his teammates, safety Eric Reid, soon joined him in kneeling. As the 2016 season progressed, other NFL players—as well as athletes in other sports—emulated their actions.

Etta Baker was an American folk musician who influenced the folk music revival of the 1950s and ’60s with her mastery of East Coast Piedmont blues, a unique fingerpicking style of guitar-playing that is common to the Appalachian Mountains, especially areas of Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia.

Forrest Reid was a Northern Irish novelist and critic who early came under the influence of Henry James. He is best known for his romantic and mystical novels about boyhood and adolescence and for a notable autobiography, Apostate (1926). After taking his degree at the University of Cambridge, Reid

Days of Our Lives: …of the most-enduring performers was Frances Reid, who played matriarch Alice Horton; she was a regular on the show from its debut until 2007. MacDonald Carey, who appeared in many Hollywood motion pictures in the 1940s and ’50s, played Alice’s husband, Dr. Tom Horton, and was the soap’s main attraction…

Harry Reid was an American politician who represented Nevada in the U.S. Senate (1987–2017). He served as Democratic party whip (1999–2005), minority leader (2005–07; 2015–17), and majority leader (2007–15). He previously was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–87). Reid was raised

Harry Fielding Reid was an American seismologist and glaciologist who in 1911 developed the elastic rebound theory of earthquake mechanics, still accepted today. Reid was professor of applied mechanics at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, from 1896 until he became emeritus professor in 1930. His

Harry Reid was an American politician who represented Nevada in the U.S. Senate (1987–2017). He served as Democratic party whip (1999–2005), minority leader (2005–07; 2015–17), and majority leader (2007–15). He previously was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1983–87). Reid was raised

golf: The United States and Canada: Its progenitor was John Reid, a Scot from Dunfermline who became known as “the father of American golf.” Reid, on learning that fellow Scot Robert Lockhart was returning to the old country on business, asked him to bring back some golf clubs and balls. This done, Reid and…

dinosaur: Growth and life span: …de Ricqlès in Paris and R.E.H. Reid in Ireland showed that dinosaur skeletons grew quite rapidly. The time required for full growth has not been quantified for most dinosaurs, but de Ricqlès and his colleagues have shown that duckbills (hadrosaurs) such as Hypacrosaurus and Maiasaura reached adult size in seven…

Richard Reid is a British Islamist militant who gained notoriety as the so-called Shoe Bomber in 2001 after he attempted—by igniting explosives hidden in the soles of his high-top basketball shoes—to blow up an airplane on which he and some 200 other passengers were traveling. Reid was the only son

Richard Reid is a British Islamist militant who gained notoriety as the so-called Shoe Bomber in 2001 after he attempted—by igniting explosives hidden in the soles of his high-top basketball shoes—to blow up an airplane on which he and some 200 other passengers were traveling. Reid was the only son

the Ten: Willard Leroy Metcalf, Edmund Tarbell, Robert Reid, and E.E. Simmons. When Twachtman died in 1902, William Merritt Chase replaced him.

Sir George Houston Reid was a statesman and prime minister of Australia (1904–05) who as premier of New South Wales (1894–99) directed an economic recovery program, maintained free trade, and introduced a tax to break up land monopolies. Reid, whose family had emigrated to Melbourne in 1852, served

Earth sciences: Observation and study of storms: In 1849 Sir William Reid, a British meteorologist and military engineer, studied the revolving storms that occur south of the Equator in the Indian Ocean and confirmed that they have reversed rotations and curvatures of path compared with those of the Northern Hemisphere. Capt. Henry Piddington subsequently…

Susan Musgrave: Marriage to Stephen Reid: In 1983 Musgrave read the manuscript for the novel that would eventually be published as Jackrabbit Parole (1986), by Stephen Reid, a convicted bank robber and member of the Stopwatch Gang serving an 18-year sentence in Millhaven Institution in Bath, Ontario. Musgrave and…

Thomas Reid was a Scottish philosopher who rejected the skeptical Empiricism of David Hume in favour of a “philosophy of common sense,” later espoused by the Scottish School. Reid studied philosophy at Marischal College, Aberdeen, before serving as Presbyterian pastor at New Machar (1737–51). A

James Cruze: …which starred the popular star Wallace Reid, with whom he made 13 more films prior to Reid’s death in 1923. He also made five Roscoe (“Fatty”) Arbuckle comedies, two of which, The Fast Freight (1922) and Leap Year (1924), were shelved and only released abroad years after the scandal that…

Whitelaw Reid was a U.S. journalist, diplomat, and politician, successor to Horace Greeley in 1872 as editor in chief (until 1905) and publisher (until his death) of the New York Tribune, which, during much of that period, was perhaps the most influential newspaper in the United States. He was

Affonso Reidy was a Brazilian architect, a pioneer of the modern architectural movement in Brazil. Reidy graduated from the Escola Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, in 1930. He was one of the team of architects, which included Le Corbusier, that designed the Ministry of Education and Health

Germany: Preschool, elementary, and secondary: …natural science—for the Abitur or Reifezeugnis (“certificate of maturity”), the prerequisite for matriculation at a German university. The traditional structure of the German Gymnasium has mainly shifted from being built around a single branch of studies to offering a “reformed upper phase” with a choice of courses.

reification, the treatment of something abstract as a material or concrete thing, as in the following lines from Matthew Arnold’s poem “Dover

Reigate and Banstead: …principal locales of the district, Reigate (the administrative centre) and Banstead, it extends across the North Downs, a range of low chalk hills trending east-west.

Reigate and Banstead, borough (district), administrative and historic county of Surrey, southeastern England, immediately south of Greater London. Named for the two principal locales of the district, Reigate (the administrative centre) and Banstead, it extends across the North Downs, a range of low

carole, medieval European dance in a ring, chain, or linked circle, performed to the singing of the dancers. An indefinite number of persons participated, linking arms and following the step of the leader. The origins of the carole are in ancient ring dances of May and midsummer festivals and, more

Arthur Schnitzler: Schnitzler’s Reigen (1897; Merry-Go-Round), a cycle of 10 dramatic dialogues, depicts the heartlessness of men and women in the grip of lust. Though it gave rise to scandal even in 1920, when it was finally performed, the play inspired numerous stage and screen adaptations, including the French film…

Count Fleet: Breeding and early years: That colt, Reigh Count, would bring Hertz his first Kentucky Derby trophy the following year and sire an ugly duckling of a foal named Count Fleet in 1940. Count Fleet was a disappointment as a yearling and was difficult to handle. So striking were the colt’s liabilities…

nianhao, system of dating that was adopted by the Chinese in 140 bce (retroactive to 841 bce). The nianhao system was introduced by the emperor Wudi (reigned 141–87 bce) of the Xi (Western) Han, and every emperor thereafter gave his reign a nianhao at the beginning of his accession (sometimes a new

José Rizal: A sequel, El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed), established his reputation as the leading spokesman of the Philippine reform movement. He published an annotated edition (1890; reprinted 1958) of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, hoping to show that the native people of the Philippines had a long…

Osage murders, series of murders of Osage tribal members in Oklahoma principally in the 1920s. Many of the killings were part of a conspiracy to obtain the oil wealth of Osage members. The murders were the first major criminal investigation conducted by the U.S. government agency that became the

Robert Klein: Music and acting: … (2003), Ira & Abby (2006), Reign Over Me (2007), The Back-up Plan (2010), and Before I Go (2021). He also made scores of appearances in TV series, including a recurring role Sisters (1993–96).

Roman Reigns is an American professional wrestler, athlete, and actor. He is best known for holding multiple championships in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as one of the company’s most notable stars. Born into a renowned American Samoan wrestling family, Anoa‘i was surrounded by ring legends.

Reiki, spiritual healing technique and form of alternative medicine first developed and popularized in early 20th-century Japan. It has since spread to other parts of the world. According to its acolytes, it is not a religion, and it can be utilized by members of any faith or spiritual orientation.

A Confederacy of Dunces: …comic novel is the corpulent Ignatius J. Reilly, a man of extraordinary erudition and appetites worthy of François Rabelais, a literary forebear of Toole’s. Intent on spending his time in his bedroom, binge-eating, ranting, and recording his musings on a jumbled pile of writing pads, he is forced, through an…

Michael Riley Galitzen was an American diver who won four Olympic medals. Galitzen captured a springboard silver and a platform bronze at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. At the 1932 Games in Los Angeles, he won a gold in the springboard and a silver in the platform event. Galitzen also earned

Sidney Reilly was a spy who obtained Persian oil concessions and German naval secrets for Britain. Many of the romanticized stories about him may have been inventions of his own. Born the illegitimate son of a Jewish doctor in Odessa, he studied chemistry in Vienna (1890–93) before going to Brazil.

Hermann Samuel Reimarus was a German philosopher and man of letters of the Enlightenment who is remembered for his Deism, the doctrine that human reason can arrive at a religion (so-called natural religion) more certain than religions based on revelation. Appointed professor of Hebrew and Oriental

accounting: Other purposes of accounting systems: …customers who have agreed to reimburse the company for costs incurred on the customers’ behalf.

aldehyde: Synthesis of aldehydes: …common of these, called the Reimer-Tiemann reaction, phenols (ArOH) are converted to phenolic aldehydes by treatment with chloroform in basic solution. The ―CHO group usually goes into the position adjacent to the ―OH group.

education: The role of the state: …in the Americas, edited by Fernando Reimers (2000), identify measures governments have implemented with successful results. These can range from the provision of health care services and supplemental nutrition to improvements in school infrastructure that provide poorer children with basics such as school desks and chairs, electricity, and running water.…

Reims, city, Marne département, Grand Est région, northeastern France. It lies east-northeast of Paris. On the Vesle River, a tributary of the Aisne, and the Marne–Aisne canal, the city is situated in vine-growing country in which champagne wine is produced. It is overlooked from the southwest by

Reims Cathedral, cathedral located in the city of Reims, France, on the Vesle River east-northeast of Paris. Reims was the site of 25 coronations of the kings of France, from Louis VIII in 1223 to Charles X in 1825, including the crowning of Charles VII in 1429 in the presence of Joan of Arc. The

stunt flying: Hamilton to demonstrate Curtiss’s prizewinning Reims Racer in the early months of 1910, until Hamilton crashed and destroyed the machine (Hamilton was known to dive from an altitude of some 190 feet [60 metres], leveling out only when he reached 5 feet [1.5 metres] above the ground).

Douai-Reims Bible, English translation of the Latin Vulgate Bible produced by Roman Catholic scholars in exile from England at the English College in Douai (then in the Spanish Netherlands but later part of France). The New Testament translation was published in 1582 at Reims, where the English

bridle: The reins, lines held in the hand of the rider or driver, are connected to either side of the bit so that a tug on either side turns the animal in that direction. The headstall sometimes includes blinkers—leather flaps that inhibit side vision to keep the…

rein orchid, (genus Platanthera), genus of about 100 species of terrestrial orchids (family Orchidaceae) found throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere. Rein orchids grow in grasslands, bogs, forests, and sand dunes in subtropical and warm temperate areas. Rein orchids are perennial plants and

telenovela: The popular crime-based Mexican telenovela La reina del sur (2011– ; “The Queen of the South”) inspired the American series Queen of the South (2016–21).

Federico Della Valle: The intensely lyrical La reina di Scozia (written in 1591; “The Queen of Scotland”) centres on Mary Stuart’s last hours, when, despite her longing to see again her native Scotland, she resigns herself to martyrdom. Against similar backgrounds of corrupt and ferocious courts, the biblical heroines of his…

Guernica: …moved several blocks to the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (called the Reina Sofía), Spain’s newly established national museum dedicated to 20th-century art. The move was controversial as it defied Picasso’s expressed desire that the painting hang amid the Prado’s great masterpieces..

phenomenology: Phenomenology of essences: …approach particularly to aesthetics and Adolf Reinach to the philosophy of law. The most original and dynamic of Husserl’s early associates, however, was Max Scheler, who had joined the Munich group and who did his major phenomenological work on problems of value and obligation. A Polish philosopher, Roman Ingarden, did…

Limburg: When war broke out between Count Reinald of Guelders (who had married into the rights of Limburg) and Adolph V of Berg (who had been granted those same rights by the Holy Roman emperor), Adolph was not strong enough to contest his rights militarily and sold them to John I…

lama: Some lamas are considered reincarnations of their predecessors. These are termed sprul-sku lamas, as distinguished from “developed” lamas, who have won respect because of the high level of spiritual development they have achieved in the present lifetime. The highest lineage of reincarnate lamas is that of Dalai Lama, who…

reincarnation, in religion and philosophy, rebirth of the aspect of an individual that persists after bodily death—whether it be consciousness, mind, the soul, or some other entity—in one or more successive existences. Depending upon the tradition, these existences may be human, animal, spiritual,

Southeast Asian arts: Shadow-puppet theatre: In The Reincarnation of Rama the divine attributes of the god Wisnu (Vishnu in Sanskrit) reincarnate in Ardjuna (Arjuna), hero of the Pandawa cycle and ancestor of the Javanese race. The translucent screen can be interpreted as heaven, the banana-log stage as earth, the puppets as…