reindeer, (Rangifer tarandus), species of deer (family Cervidae) found in the Arctic tundra and adjacent boreal forests of Greenland, Scandinavia, Russia, Alaska, and Canada. Reindeer have been domesticated in Europe. There are two varieties, or ecotypes: tundra reindeer and forest (or woodland)

hand tool: Late Paleolithic toolmaking: …it has been called the Reindeer Age. This produced a hunting economy providing food and great quantities of bone, horn, skin, sinews, and, while the mammoth lasted, ivory; with it grew new technologies exploiting the unique properties of materials hitherto unworkable because of their hardness. This technological diversification was made…

Chukchi: …divided into two chief subgroups, reindeer Chukchi and maritime Chukchi. The reindeer Chukchi inhabit the interior of the easternmost portion of the okrug, the Chukotskiy (Chukchi) Peninsula, and its Siberian hinterland; the maritime Chukchi inhabit the Arctic and Bering coasts. Both speak a Luorawetlan language of the Paleosiberian language group…

John Frankenheimer: Later work: …hit, but less effective was Reindeer Games (2000), with Ben Affleck miscast as an ex-convict who gets involved in a plan to rob a casino. The film was Frankenheimer’s final theatrical release, but his career ended on a strong note with the HBO production Path to War (2002). The drama…

Reindeer Lake, lake in northern Canada, straddling the Saskatchewan-Manitoba border, near the northern limit of the coniferous forest. At an elevation of 1,106 feet (337 m), it is 2,568 square miles (6,650 square km) in area, 152 miles (245 km) long and up to 35 miles (56 km) wide, irregular in

reindeer lichen, (Cladonia rangiferina), a fruticose (bushy, branched) lichen found in great abundance in Arctic lands. The lichen covers immense areas in northern tundra and taiga ecosystems and serves as pasture for reindeer, moose, caribou, and musk oxen. In Scandinavia it has been used in the

reindeer lichen, (Cladonia rangiferina), a fruticose (bushy, branched) lichen found in great abundance in Arctic lands. The lichen covers immense areas in northern tundra and taiga ecosystems and serves as pasture for reindeer, moose, caribou, and musk oxen. In Scandinavia it has been used in the

reindeer sacrifice, magico-religious practice observed by various Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic northern European and Asian peoples. The rite, which inaugurated their annual hunting season, consisted primarily of submerging a young doe in a lake or pond or burying it in the ground in sacrifice

Lujza Blaha was a Hungarian actress and singer who is associated with the heyday of the népszínmű (Hungarian folk play). Although born into an acting family, the woman known as “the nation’s nightingale” came to fame using the name of her first husband, conductor János Blaha. She began her career

Samuel Hahnemann: His Reine Arzneimittellehre, 6 vol. (1811; “Pure Pharmacology”), detailed the symptoms produced by “proving” a large number of drugs—i.e., by systematically administering them to healthy subjects.

A Rage in Harlem, crime novel by American writer Chester Himes that was the first book in what became known as his Harlem Detective cycle of novels. Published in French in 1957 with the title La reine des pommes (“The Queen of Fools”), it was released in the U.S. the same year as For Love of

History of film: Pre-World War I American cinema: …de la reine Élisabeth (Queen Elizabeth, 1912), which starred Sarah Bernhardt and was imported by Zukor (who founded the independent Famous Players production company with its profits). In 1912 Enrico Guazzoni’s nine-reel Italian superspectacle Quo Vadis? (“Whither Are You Going?”) was road-shown in legitimate theaters across the country at…

La Reine Sebile, medieval French chanson de geste of some 500 lines reconstructed from 13th-century fragments discovered in England, at Mons, Belgium, and at Sion, Switzerland. Its story bears considerable resemblance to the epic romance known as

Carl Reinecke was a German pianist, composer, conductor, and teacher who sought, in his works and teaching, to preserve the Classical tradition in the late 19th century. After study with his father, Reinecke made several concert tours. He taught counterpoint and piano at the Cologne Conservatory

Carl Reinecke was a German pianist, composer, conductor, and teacher who sought, in his works and teaching, to preserve the Classical tradition in the late 19th century. After study with his father, Reinecke made several concert tours. He taught counterpoint and piano at the Cologne Conservatory

history of Europe: The chronology of the Metal Ages: …cross-associations, have employed schemes of Paul Reinecke and Oscar Montelius. Oscar Montelius’ chronology was developed on the basis of Scandinavian bronze objects and resulted in a division of the Bronze Age into Montelius I–VI, while Paul Reinecke used south German material to divide it into shorter time sequences known as…

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Return to Weimar and the French Revolution (1788–94): …the Fox into hexameters (Reineke Fuchs, written in 1793 and published the following year).

Moon: Effects of impacts and volcanism: A prime example is Reiner Gamma, located in the southeastern portion of Oceanus Procellarum. Whereas other relatively bright features exist—e.g., crater rays—they are explained as consequences of the impact process. Features such as Reiner Gamma have no clear explanation. Some scientists have suggested that they are the marks of…

Carl Reiner was an American actor, writer, and director who found success in both television and film. After creating the landmark TV series The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961–66), he directed such popular comedies as Oh, God! (1977) and The Jerk (1979), one of several films that he made with Steve

Fritz Reiner was a Hungarian-born American conductor known for his technical precision and control, both in symphonic music and in opera. He was especially known for his work with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, of which he was music director from 1953 to 1962. Reiner studied at the Budapest Royal

Rob Reiner is an American actor and director known especially for his role as Michael (“Meathead”) Stivic in the television series All in the Family (1971–79) and for his direction of such culturally resonant films as This Is Spinal Tap (1984), The Princess Bride (1987), When Harry Met Sally…

Frederick Reines was an American physicist who was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery 40 years earlier, together with his colleague Clyde L. Cowan, Jr., of the subatomic particle called the neutrino, a tiny lepton with little or no mass and a neutral charge. Reines shared

Mizraḥi: …founded in 1902 by Rabbi Yitzḥaq Yaʿaqov Reines of Lida, Russia, to promote Jewish religious education within the framework of Zionist nationalism; its traditional slogan was “The Land of Israel, for the people of Israel, according to the Torah of Israel.” It became the principal party of the Orthodox religious…

Fredrik Reinfeldt is a Swedish politician who was the longest-serving conservative prime minister in the history of Sweden (2006–14). Though born in Stockholm, Reinfeldt spent part of his early childhood in London, where his father worked as a consultant for Shell Oil Company. The family returned

advanced structural ceramics: Reinforced ceramics: Among the strategies for achieving ceramics with improved mechanical properties, especially toughness, some involve the engineering of microstructures that either resist the propagation of cracks or absorb energy during the crack propagation process. Both goals can be achieved simultaneously in microstructures with fibrous…

reinforced concrete, concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Plain concrete does not easily

plastic: Reinforcements: Reinforcements, as the name suggests, are used to enhance the mechanical properties of a plastic. Finely divided silica, carbon black, talc, mica, and calcium carbonate, as well as short fibres of a variety of materials, can be incorporated as particulate fillers. (The use of…

Clark L. Hull: …who asserted the importance of reinforcement in learning.

mammal: Digestive system: …insectivores exhibit a phenomenon of reingestion called coprophagy, in which at intervals specialized fecal pellets are produced. These pellets are eaten and passed through the alimentary canal a second time. Where known to be present, this pattern seems to be obligatory. Reingestion primarily occurs in members of the shrew, rodent,…

Hans Reinhard was a statesman and burgomaster of Zürich who headed the federal government six times and led the Swiss delegation at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15). Before 1802 Reinhard had occupied only local political offices: secretary of state for Zürich (1787–95); bailiff for the town of

Ad Reinhardt was an American painter who painted in several abstract styles and influenced the Minimalist artists of the 1960s. Reinhardt studied at Columbia University (1931–35) under the art historian Meyer Schapiro, and after graduation he studied at the National Academy of Design and the

Ad Reinhardt was an American painter who painted in several abstract styles and influenced the Minimalist artists of the 1960s. Reinhardt studied at Columbia University (1931–35) under the art historian Meyer Schapiro, and after graduation he studied at the National Academy of Design and the

Django Reinhardt was a guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality. Reinhardt, who was of Roma (Gypsy) parentage, traveled through France and Belgium as a boy and young man learning to play the violin, guitar, and banjo. The loss of the use of

Django Reinhardt was a guitarist who is generally considered one of the few European jazz musicians of true originality. Reinhardt, who was of Roma (Gypsy) parentage, traveled through France and Belgium as a boy and young man learning to play the violin, guitar, and banjo. The loss of the use of

classical scholarship: Classical scholarship in the 20th century: More was accomplished by Karl Reinhardt (1886–1958), who, though a devoted pupil of Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, had been in contact from his youth with the ideas of Nietzsche and of the circle around the poet Stefan George. Combining deep learning with refined sensibility, Reinhardt did important work on pre-Socratic philosophy and…

Max Reinhardt was one of the first theatrical directors to achieve widespread recognition as a major creative artist, working in Berlin, Salzburg, New York City, and Hollywood. He helped found the annual Salzburg Festival. Reinhardt was the eldest of seven children born to Wilhelm and Rose

halibut: …known as halibut include the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, also called the Greenland turbot), which is also of the family Pleuronectidae, and the California halibut (Paralichthys californicus, also called the California flounder) of the family Paralichthyidae. The Greenland halibut inhabits Arctic and near-Arctic parts of the Atlantic and Pacific

Reinheim, small village near Saarbrücken in Saarland Land (state), southwestern Germany. It is famous for an unusually rich Celtic grave found there in 1954. The grave, which may have belonged to local princesses, is one of the most notable of the Early La Tène burials (see La Tène). Within the

Affenkapelle ware: …sculptors Johann Joachim Kändler and Peter Reinicke after fanciful singerie (monkeys in human costume) engravings by the French artists Jean-Antoine Watteau and Christophe Huet. Each musician, dressed in delicately coloured formal 18th-century costume, stands on a gilded scrollwork base of leaves and flowers; a male monkey conducts, four females sing,…

motion-picture technology: Noncellular animation: …include silhouette animation, developed by Lotte Reiniger in Germany during the 1920s. It uses jointed, flat-figure marionettes whose poses are minutely readjusted for each photographic frame. Movement is similarly simulated in puppet animation, which photographs solid three-dimensional figures in miniature sets. The puppets are often made of a malleable yet…

liquid crystal: Effect of liquid crystals on polarized light: …Lehmann and the Austrian botanist Friedrich Reinitzer, equipped ordinary microscopes with pairs of polarizing filters to obtain images of nematic and smectic phases. Spatial variation in the alignment of the nematic director causes spatial variation in light intensity. Since the nematic is defined by having all directors nearly parallel to…

Joseph Hubert Reinkens was a German bishop, historical scholar, and a leader of the Old Catholics (Altkatholiken), a dissident group that separated from the Roman Catholic church because of opposition to the doctrine of papal infallibility pronounced by the First Vatican Council (1869–70). After

Reinmar von Hagenau was a German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or “pure,” Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). A native of Alsace, Reinmar became court poet of the Babenberg dukes in Vienna. Among his pupils was

Reinmar von Hagenau was a German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or “pure,” Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). A native of Alsace, Reinmar became court poet of the Babenberg dukes in Vienna. Among his pupils was

Reinmar von Hagenau was a German poet whose delicate and subtle verses constitute the ultimate refinement of the classical, or “pure,” Minnesang (Middle High German love lyric; see minnesinger). A native of Alsace, Reinmar became court poet of the Babenberg dukes in Vienna. Among his pupils was

Alejo Carpentier: …reino de este mundo (1950; The Kingdom of This World); it is about the Haitian revolution. In the prologue to this work, Carpentier expounds on magic realism, which he defines as the representation of “marvelous American reality.” His novel Los pasos perdidos (1953; The Lost Steps), his best-known work, is…

Rendsburg, town, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. It lies on the Eider River and the Kiel Canal (there bridged), west of Kiel. An old fortress town on the Schleswig and Holstein border, it was first mentioned in 1199 as Reinoldesburg. Chartered in 1253, it was often an object of

Jerry Reinsdorf is an American lawyer and businessman who was the majority owner of the Chicago Bulls and Chicago White Sox sports franchises. After graduating from George Washington University (B.A., 1957) and from Northwestern University Law School (1960), Reinsdorf became a lawyer for the

insurance: Reinsurance: A significant insurance practice is that of reinsurance, whereby risk may be divided among several insurers, reducing the exposure to loss faced by each insurer. Reinsurance is effected through contracts called treaties, which specify how the premiums and losses will be shared by participating…

Reinsurance Treaty, (June 18, 1887), a secret agreement between Germany and Russia arranged by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck after the German-Austrian-Russian Dreikaiserbund, or Three Emperors’ League, collapsed in 1887 because of competition between Austria-Hungary and Russia for spheres

insurance: Reinsurance: …is effected through contracts called treaties, which specify how the premiums and losses will be shared by participating insurers.

Linaceae: Reinwardtia species are primarily low shrubs, grown in greenhouses and outdoors in warm climates; R. indica, the yellow flax, is notable for its large yellow flowers, borne in profusion in late fall and early winter.

Linaceae: indica, the yellow flax, is notable for its large yellow flowers, borne in profusion in late fall and early winter.

Rakahanga Atoll, one of the northern Cook Islands, a self-governing state in free association with New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean. It is a sparsely populated rectangular coral atoll 3 miles (5 km) long comprising eight islets. Rakahanga has also been known as Grand Duke Alexander Island,

real: …system was based on the reís, derived from the Portuguese real, which was the Portuguese currency in the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1942 the reís was replaced by the cruzeiro. After several additional changes in the monetary system, the cruzado was established in the mid-1980s, though further economic instability…

alba: …music also survives include “Reis glorios” by Giraut de Bornelh (c. 1140–c. 1200) and the anonymous “Gaite de la tor.” The minnesingers, the German counterparts of the troubadours, also used the form, calling it Tagelied (“day song”).

José Régio was a Portuguese poet, novelist, dramatist, and literary critic, generally considered one of the most accomplished literary figures in Portugal in the first half of the 20th century. Régio began his literary career while still a student at the University of Coimbra with the publication

Johann Philipp Reis was a German physicist who constructed a precursor of the electric telephone. Reis was educated at Frankfurt am Main, became a merchant for a few years, and in 1858 began teaching in Friedrichsdorf. While there he experimented with electricity and worked on the development of

Fernando Pessoa was one of the greatest Portuguese poets, whose Modernist work gave Portuguese literature European significance. From the age of seven Pessoa lived in Durban, S.Af., where his stepfather was Portuguese consul. He became a fluent reader and writer of English. With the hope of

encyclopaedia: The level of writing: Gregor Reisch managed to cover the whole university course of the day in his brief Margarita philosophica, which correctly interpreted the taste of the younger generation at the end of the 15th century.

Journey to the Center of the Earth: Production notes and credits:

Edwin O. Reischauer was an American historian, diplomat, and educator and a leading expert on Asian, particularly Japanese, affairs. Reischauer was born in Japan to American missionary parents. Living there until the age of 17, he gained complete fluency in the Japanese language, as well as an

Edwin O. Reischauer was an American historian, diplomat, and educator and a leading expert on Asian, particularly Japanese, affairs. Reischauer was born in Japan to American missionary parents. Living there until the age of 17, he gained complete fluency in the Japanese language, as well as an

Mount Halti, highest mountain in Finland, rising to 4,357 feet (1,328 metres) at the extreme northwestern tip of Finnish Lapland on the Norwegian border. The peak is located in Finland’s only true mountain range, the Haltia (Halddia in

Eggert Ólafsson: …work Reise igiennem Island (1772; Travels in Iceland) records a scientific and cultural survey he carried out in 1752–57. Travels in Iceland gives a comprehensive description of the country and its people.

Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied: (1839–41; Travels in the Interior of North America). An English translation of parts of his field journal was published in People of the First Man: Life Among the Plains Indians in Their Final Days of Glory (1976).

Alfred Döblin: …his Reise in Polen (1926; Journey to Poland) is a stimulating travel account. Döblin recounted his flight from France in 1940 and his observations of postwar Germany in the book Schicksalsreise (1949; Destiny’s Journey).

Georg Forster: …Forster’s account of the journey, A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World (1777), was based on his father’s journals; it later appeared in a German version, Reise um die Welt (1778–80). A work of travel, science, and literature, the book not only established Forster as one of…

Heinrich Heine: Early works: …four volumes of Reisebilder (1826–31; Pictures of Travel); the whimsical amalgam of its fact and fiction, autobiography, social criticism, and literary polemic was widely imitated by other writers in subsequent years. Some of the pieces were drawn from a journey to England Heine made in 1827 and a trip to…

Johann Schiltberger: …was a German nobleman whose Reisebuch (“Travel Book”), describing his journeys through areas now chiefly within the Transcaucasian region and Russia, offers an important record of medieval times.

Zero, fighter aircraft, a single-seat, low-wing monoplane used with great effect by the Japanese during World War II. Designed by Horikoshi Jiro, it was the first carrier-based fighter capable of besting its land-based opponents. It was designed to specifications written in 1937, was first tested

Ernst Moritz Arndt: …impressions of this journey in Reisen durch einen Theil Deutschlands, Ungarns, Italiens, und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798/99, 6 vol. (1801–04; “A Journey Through Parts of Germany, Hungary, Italy, and France in the Years 1798–99”).

Zero, fighter aircraft, a single-seat, low-wing monoplane used with great effect by the Japanese during World War II. Designed by Horikoshi Jiro, it was the first carrier-based fighter capable of besting its land-based opponents. It was designed to specifications written in 1937, was first tested

Heinrich Barth: His four large volumes, Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika in den Jahren 1849 bis 1855 (1857–58; “Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa in the Years 1849–1855”), remain one of the most comprehensive works on the area and contain an immense amount of anthropological, historical, and…

Yiddish literature: The classic writers: Abraham Reisen wrote politically engaged poetry and prose, expressing his socialist sympathies both directly and indirectly. His short stories excel in subtly portraying everyday conflicts in the lives of indigent Jews. A friend of Reisen, H.D. (Hersh David) Nomberg, also achieved some renown early in…

Justinus Andreas Christian Kerner: His first book, Reiseschatten: von dem Schattenspieler Luchs (1811; “Travel Shadows: Of the Shadow Player Luchs”), is characterized by a typically Romantic mixture of poetry and prose, seriousness and humour. The first collection of his Gedichte (“Poems”) in 1826 reveals an uncharacteristic melancholy and mystic longing for death.…

Hermann Alexander, Graf von Keyserling: …Das Reisetagebuch eines Philosophen (1919; The Travel Diary of a Philosopher). Keyserling’s approach to philosophy was essentially nonacademic, and his ideas, which centred on the theme of spiritual regeneration, were often platitudinous or obscure. His other works include: Unsterblichkeit (1907; Immortality), Schöpferische Erkenntnis (1922; Creative Understanding), Wiedergeburt (1927; The Recovery…

Johann Jakob Reiske was a preeminent 18th-century European scholar of Arabic literature whose commentary to his Abulfedae Annales Moslemici, 5 vol. (1754; “Abulfeda Muslim Annals”), laid the foundation for Arabic historical scholarship. Reiske was esteemed by his sovereign Frederick the Great, by

George Andrew Reisner was a U.S. archaeologist who directed many excavations in Egypt and Nubia (Nilotic Sudan) and discovered the tomb of Queen Hetepheres, mother of King Khufu (Cheops), builder of the Great Pyramid at Giza. Reisner served with an international group of experts in classifying the

Cotopaxi: …the German scientist and traveler Wilhelm Reiss succeeded in reaching the top on November 28, and in May of the following year A. Stübel was also successful. Cotopaxi and its surrounding grasslands are protected in Cotopaxi National Park, a major tourist attraction.

Winold Reiss was a German-born American artist known for his portraits of Native Americans and African Americans. Reiss was deeply influenced by travels through his native German countryside with his father, a painter who made portraits of peasants. He attended art school in Munich, Germany, where

human ear: Structure of the cochlea: …is formed by the transparent vestibular membrane (or Reissner membrane), which consists of only two layers of flattened cells. A low ridge, the spiral limbus, rests on the margin of the osseous spiral lamina. The Reissner membrane stretches from the inner margin of the limbus to the upper border of…

History of film: Great Britain: …Social Realist, movement signaled by Reisz’s Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (1960), the first British postwar feature with a working-class protagonist and proletarian themes. Stylistically influenced by the New Wave, with which it was concurrent, the Social Realist film was generally shot in black-and-white on location in the industrial Midlands…

reactive arthritis, disorder characterized primarily by joint pain that also sometimes affects the eyes, urogenital tract, and skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. The cause of reactive arthritis is unclear, but symptoms typically are triggered by a sexually transmitted disease or

Richard Rogers: …to deliver the annual BBC Reith Lectures, a series of radio talks; these were later published as Cities for a Small Planet (1997). Rogers was knighted in 1991 and was made a life peer in 1996. In 2008 he was made a member of the Order of the Companions of…

John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith was a principal architect of the modern pattern of publicly owned but independent corporations in Great Britain. During World War I Reith was engaged in the United States with the supply of munitions to the United Kingdom. As general manager of the

John Charles Walsham Reith, 1st Baron Reith was a principal architect of the modern pattern of publicly owned but independent corporations in Great Britain. During World War I Reith was engaged in the United States with the supply of munitions to the United Kingdom. As general manager of the

harvest mouse: American harvest mice: The 20 species of American harvest mice are widespread, being found from southern Canada to northern South America at elevations ranging from below sea level to above the timberline in the northern Andes Mountains. They live in prairies, grassy fields with shrubs…

harvest mouse: American harvest mice: One, the salt-marsh harvest mouse (R. raviventris), lives only in the tidal salt marshes surrounding San Francisco Bay in California and is listed as an endangered species under federal and state laws. American harvest mice are nocturnal and are active all year. Although terrestrial, they are excellent…

Veneti: …centre of their important divinity Reitia, possibly a goddess of childbirth. The horses bred in Venetia were famous in the Greek world, and there was other commerce both with Greek lands and with the Alps and northern Europe, including some control of the amber route from the Baltic. The Veneti…

Ghostbusters: …was produced and directed by Ivan Reitman and written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. Combining elements of science fiction and horror, Ghostbusters brought together the irreverent sensibility of the late-night sketch-comedy television show Saturday Night Live (SNL) and the spectacular pleasures of the action-adventure films of

J.K. Simmons: Oz, Spider-Man movies, and Whiplash: Simmons appeared in Jason Reitman’s satiric film Thank You for Smoking (2005), and he portrayed the father of the title character in Reitman’s Juno (2007).

As far as real estate platitudes go, “Buy land—they’re not making it anymore” might apply to you as an individual homeowner, or perhaps as the owner of a rental property or two, but what about the commercial real estate market? Most of us can’t swipe the debit card to buy an office building or

Hanna Reitsch was the leading female aviator and German pilot in the 20th century. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Reitsch originally trained in the 1930s as a flying missionary. She became the first German woman to win a captain’s license, the first female helicopter

Saturn: Observations from Earth: …1978 by the American astronomer Harold Reitsema, who used measurements of an eclipse of the moon Iapetus by the rings to improve on normal Earth-based resolution.

Mark Rydell: The entertaining The Reivers (1969), which was based on William Faulkner’s comic (and final) novel, starred Steve McQueen as a high-spirited handyman who takes a young boy (Mitch Vogel) and a friend (Rupert Crosse) on a car ride to Memphis. Far less lively was The Cowboys (1972),…

William Faulkner: Later life and works of William Faulkner: …of male maturation he called The Reivers and appropriately subtitled “A Reminiscence.” A month later he was dead, of a heart attack, at the age of 64, his health undermined by his drinking and by too many falls from horses too big for him.

Juan Goytisolo: …del Conde don Julián (1970; Count Julian), which is considered his masterwork, experiments with transforming the Spanish language, seen as a tool of political power. The novel excoriates Spain for its hypocrisy and cruelty. The trilogy concludes with Juan sin tierra (1975; Juan the Landless).

Reiwa period, in Japan, the imperial reign period that began on May 1, 2019, following the abdication of Emperor Akihito and the elevation of his son Naruhito to the Chrysanthemum Throne. The two ideograms (kanji) constituting the period’s reign name (gengō) are rei (meaning “order” or