Reiyū-kai, (Japanese: Association of the Friends of the Spirit), Japanese lay religion based on the teachings of the Nichiren school of Buddhism. The Reiyū-kai was founded in 1925 by Kubo Kakutarō, a carpenter, and Kotani Kimi, who took over its leadership in 1944 on the death of Kubo. It achieved

Reizei Tamechika was a Japanese painter of the late Tokugawa period (1603–1867) whose talent and efforts contributed a great deal to the revival of the traditional Yamato-e (paintings stressing Japanese themes and techniques as against the Kara-e, a style under strong Chinese influence). Reizei was

Elmer Rice was an American playwright, director, and novelist noted for his innovative and polemical plays. Rice graduated from the New York Law School in 1912 but soon turned to writing plays. His first work, the melodramatic On Trial (1914), was the first play to employ on stage the

Melanie Klein was an Austrian-born British psychoanalyst known for her work with young children, in which observations of free play provided insights into the child’s unconscious fantasy life, enabling her to psychoanalyze children as young as two or three years of age. The youngest child of a

Polish literature: The Renaissance period: Mikołaj Rej of Nagłowice was notable for combining medieval religious interests with Renaissance humanism. Self-educated, he was the first idiomatically Polish talent and a widely read writer of his time. He is known as “the father of Polish literature.” He wrote satirical poems and epigrams,…

metalwork: Spain: …are the monumental screens (rejas) found in all the great cathedrals of Spain. These immense structures, rising 25 to 30 feet (7.5 to nine meters) show several horizontal bands, or tiers, of balusters, sometimes divided vertically by columns of hammered work and horizontally by friezes of hammered arabesque ornament.…

Rejang, tribe inhabiting Bengkulu province, southern Sumatra, Indonesia, on the upper course of the Musi River. Of Proto-Malay stock and numbering about 238,000 in the late 20th century, they speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called Rejang, whose written form is of Indian origin, predating

Rejang: …speak a Malayo-Polynesian dialect called Rejang, whose written form is of Indian origin, predating Islāmization and its introduction of Arabic characters. Organized into four major patriclans having a common mythical origin, the Rejang belong to localized, kin-based communities. In addition, village communities, each led by an elected headman, today belong…

Horace Smith: …(with an older brother, James) Rejected Addresses; or, The New Theatrum Poetarum (1812), a collection of parodies of early 19th-century British writers that is considered a classic in the literature of parody.

transplant: Rejection: Humans possess complex defense mechanisms against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials that enter the body. These mechanisms, which collectively make up the immune system, cannot, unfortunately, differentiate between disease-causing microorganisms and the cells of a lifesaving transplant. Both are perceived as foreign, and…

rejection sensitive dysphoria (RSD), a feeling of severe emotional pain in response to rejection, criticism, or failure, whether real or perceived. RSD is closely associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), though it can affect persons who are not diagnosed with ADHD. It is not

rejection sensitive dysphoria: Characteristics: …isolation in adulthood, likely heighten sensitivity to rejection.

Enigma: …under the leadership of mathematician Marian Rejewski, in the early 1930s. In 1939, with the growing likelihood of a German invasion, the Poles turned their information over to the British, who set up a secret code-breaking group known as Ultra, under mathematician Alan M. Turing. Because the Germans shared their…

O.G. Rejlander was a Swedish painter and photographer who is known as the “father of art photography.” Rejlander received his general education in Sweden, and he studied painting and sculpture in Rome. After considerable travel he settled in England and from 1853 practiced photography there.

O.G. Rejlander was a Swedish painter and photographer who is known as the “father of art photography.” Rejlander received his general education in Sweden, and he studied painting and sculpture in Rome. After considerable travel he settled in England and from 1853 practiced photography there.

Władysław Stanisław Reymont was a Polish writer and novelist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1924. Reymont never completed his schooling but was at various times in his youth a shop apprentice, a lay brother in a monastery, a railway official, and an actor. His early writing

Simchat Torah, (“Rejoicing of the Torah”), Jewish religious observance held on the last day of Sukkot (“Festival of Booths”), when the yearly cycle of Torah reading is completed and the next cycle is begun. Torah scrolls are removed from the ark and carried through the synagogue seven times in a

rejoneo: …trained horse and uses a rejón, a short, broad blade fixed to a shaft, to kill the bull. Rejoneo is sometimes called the Portuguese style, since fighting on horseback is a central feature of Portuguese bullfighting.

bullfighting: Development in the modern era: …discarded in favour of the rejoncillo (short spear), and leg armour was introduced to protect the mounted bullfighters. As knowledge of the nobles’ prowess spread beyond their domains, they were invited to competitive jousts in provincial tournaments. However, the nobles’ performance was hampered by their unfamiliarity with the spirit of…

bullfighting: Development in the modern era: …a Portuguese bullfight are the rejoneadores (lancers mounted on magnificently trained horses) and forcados (daring young “bullgrabbers” who, after the bull has been lanced, provoke the animal into charging and then, one by one from a single-file line, jump on the charging bull and wrestle it to a standstill). The…

rejoneo, a form of bullfighting in which the principal fighter, the rejoneador, is mounted on a highly trained horse and uses a rejón, a short, broad blade fixed to a shaft, to kill the bull. Rejoneo is sometimes called the Portuguese style, since fighting on horseback is a central feature of

geomorphic cycle: …stage; this return is called rejuvenation. The geomorphic cycle could be applied to all landforms such as hillslopes, valleys, mountains, and river drainage systems. It was assumed that, if the stage of a landform was known, its history followed directly according to a predetermined framework.

Kama River, river in west-central Russia. Rising in the Upper Kama Upland of Udmurtia, it flows north, then east, south, and southwest for 1,122 miles (1,805 km) until it enters the Volga River below Kazan, in the Samara Reservoir. It drains a basin of 202,000 square miles (522,000 square km). The

Volga River, river of Europe, the continent’s longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic. The

Volkhov River, river, northwestern Russia. It is the major outlet for Lake Ilmen, whence it flows past Novgorod and directly north-northeast into Lake Ladoga across a level, swampy basin. The river is 139 miles (224 km) long and drains a basin of 31,000 square miles (80,200 square km). It is frozen

Khafre was a king of the 4th dynasty of ancient Egypt who ruled c. 2472–c. 2448 bce and built the second of the three Pyramids of Giza. Khafre was the son of King Khufu and succeeded the short-lived Redjedef, probably his elder brother. He married his sister Khamerernebti, Meresankh III, and

Anna Akhmatova: …moving and universalized lyrical cycle, Rekviem (“Requiem”), composed between 1935 and 1940 and occasioned by Akhmatova’s grief over the earlier arrest and imprisonment of her son in 1938. This masterpiece—a poetic monument to the sufferings of the Soviet people during Stalin’s terror—was published in Russia for the first time in…

history of Latin America: The sugar age: …high court of appeal, or relação, like the Spanish-American audiencia, with the associated network of lawyers and notaries. Monasteries and convents became part of the picture, and authors writing on local topics appeared, some of the most prominent of them Jesuits.

Erik Satie: Satie’s ballet Relâche (1924) contains a Surrealistic film sequence by René Clair; the film score Entr’acte, or Cinéma, serves as an example of his ideal background, or “furniture,” music.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Classic Maya religion: …themselves is Diego de Landa’s Relación de las cosas de Yucatán (“Report on the Affairs of Yucatán”), which dates to 1566. It describes Postclassic rather than Classic religion, but given the deeply conservative nature of Maya religion, it is highly probable that much of this description is pertinent for the…

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: His La relación y comentarios… (1555), describing his journey from Santos to Asunción, is a valuable geographic work.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Official ecclesiastical and government records: …the last type are the Relaciones geográficas of 1579–85, a series of surveys ordered by Philip II of his overseas possessions. Formal questionnaires were drawn up that demanded information from each town in the empire on virtually all aspects of Meso-American life: questions on the natural environment and resources, crops,…

tapestry: Techniques: …it forms a kind of slit, or relais, which may be treated in any of five different ways. First, it may simply be left open, as in Chinese silk tapestries, which are called kesi (cut silk) for that reason. Second, it may be left open on the loom but sewed…

Eminem: Later albums and projects: Relapse (2009) marked Eminem’s first collection of new material in five years. Although it featured solid production from Dr. Dre, the album met with middling reviews because of its over-the-top attempts to shock and its somewhat dated catalog of pop culture references. Nevertheless, the single…

Colley Cibber: …it with a sequel, The Relapse: or, Virtue in Danger (1696), in which Cibber’s character Sir Novelty Fashion has become Lord Foppington, a role created by Cibber. In 1700 Cibber produced his famous adaptation of Shakespeare’s Richard III, which held the stage as the preferred acting version of that play…

relapsing fever, infectious disease characterized by recurring episodes of fever separated by periods of relative well-being and caused by spirochetes, or spiral-shaped bacteria, of the genus Borrelia. The spirochetes are transmitted from one person to another by lice (genus Pediculus) and from

connective tissue disease: Relapsing polychondritis: Relapsing polychondritis is a rare inflammatory disease that primarily affects cartilage. It begins usually in the fourth or fifth decade and is marked by recurrent periods of inflammation of the cartilage of various tissues of the body, lasting several weeks to months. The…

multiple sclerosis: Prevalence and types of multiple sclerosis: …four major types of MS: relapsing-remitting (RRMS), secondary-progressive (SPMS), primary-progressive (PPMS), and progressive-relapsing (PRMS). About 80–85 percent of patients are diagnosed initially with RRMS. In this form of the disease, onset is usually gradual, and there are alternating intervals of symptom exacerbation and complete symptom remission. In many patients with…

Thomas West, 12th Baron De La Warr: …of the company’s council, his Relation (1611, reprinted 1858) of the condition of affairs in Virginia. He remained in England until 1618, when the news of the tyrannical rule of the deputy, Samuel Argall, led him to start again for Virginia. He embarked in May but died en route and…

relation, in logic, a set of ordered pairs, triples, quadruples, and so on. A set of ordered pairs is called a two-place (or dyadic) relation; a set of ordered triples is a three-place (or triadic) relation; and so on. In general, a relation is any set of ordered n-tuples of objects. Important

Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle: …seen in his amusing satire Relation de l’île de Bornéo (1686; “Account of the Island of Borneo”), in which a civil war in Borneo is used to symbolize the dissensions between Catholics (Rome) and Calvinists (Geneva).

Russell Banks: An experimental novel, The Relation of My Imprisonment (1984), set in 17th-century New England, was regarded by most reviewers as conceptually and stylistically flawed. Banks’s interest in the Caribbean, which led to his residence in Jamaica for an interval, shaped two of his novels, The Book of Jamaica…

Anna Ella Carroll: …the General Government (1861) and The Relation of the National Government to the Revolted Citizens Defined (1862), both published at her own expense, Carroll outlined a constitutional theory under which the secession of Southern states and the formation of the Confederacy were legal nullities. She held that the general rebellion…

relational database, database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The

relational database, database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The

relational database, database in which all data are represented in tabular form. The description of a particular entity is provided by the set of its attribute values, stored as one row or record of the table, called a tuple. Similar items from different records can appear in a table column. The

Oracle, global corporation and brand that develops and markets software applications for business. The company is best known for its Oracle database software, a relational database management system, and for computer systems and software, such as Solaris and Java, which it acquired when it

metalogic: Satisfaction of a theory by a structure: finite and infinite models: A realization of a language (for example, the one based on L) is a structure 𝔄 identified by the six elements so arrangedin which the second term is a function that assigns a member of the set A to each…

metalogic: Satisfaction of a theory by a structure: finite and infinite models: A realization of a language (for example, the one based on L) is a structure 𝔄 identified by the six elements so arrangedin which the second term is a function that assigns a member of the set A to each…

philosophy of physics: Relationism and absolutism: Newtonian mechanics predicts the motions of particles, or how the positions of particles in space change with time. But the very possibility of there being a theory that predicts how the positions of particles in space change with time requires that there…

Nayantara Sahgal: Sahgal’s works of nonfiction included Relationship, Extracts from a Correspondence (1994) and Point of View: A Personal Response to Life, Literature, and Politics (1997) as well as several works on Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi.

biogeographic region: Components of species diversity: species richness and relative abundance: …species richness—but also by the relative abundance of individuals in that community. Species abundance is the number of individuals per species, and relative abundance refers to the evenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community. Two communities may be equally rich in species but differ in relative abundance.…

history of logic: Charles Sanders Peirce: …for relations—called relative multiplication and addition—so that Boolean laws still held. Both Peirce’s conception of the purposes of logic and the details of his symbolism and logical rules were enormously complicated by highly developed and unusual philosophical views, by elaborate theories of mind and thought, and by his theory of…

relative aperture, the measure of the light-gathering power of an optical system. It is expressed in different ways according to the instrument involved. The relative aperture for a microscope is called the numerical aperture (NA) and is equal to the sine of half the angle subtended by the aperture

atomic weight, ratio of the average mass of a chemical element’s atoms to some standard. Since 1961 the standard unit of atomic mass has been one-twelfth the mass of an atom of the isotope carbon-12. An isotope is one of two or more species of atoms of the same chemical element that have different

radiation: Units for measuring ionizing radiation: …of radiation in terms of relative biologic effectiveness (RBE), since particulate radiations tend to cause greater injury for a given absorbed dose than do X rays or gamma rays. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in Sv) is the dose of the radiation in Gy multiplied by…

geology: Historical geology and stratigraphy: …expressed solely in terms of relative ages, in which the age of a particular geologic feature could be expressed as relatively younger or older than other geologic features. The ages of different sequences of strata, for example, can be compared with each other in this manner, and their relative ages…

specific gravity, ratio of the density of a substance to that of a standard substance. The usual standard of comparison for solids and liquids is water at 4 °C (39.2 °F), which has a density of 1.0 kg per litre (62.4 pounds per cubic foot). Gases are commonly compared with dry air, which has a

revitalization movement: The most widely accepted theory, relative deprivation, suggests that revitalization movements may occur when a significant proportion of a society finds its status and economic circumstances trailing those of the rest of society, even if the dissatisfied group has a relatively high standard of living according to independent economic measures…

electrochemical reaction: Sites of electrochemical reactions: …is referred to as the relative electrode potential, E. Of special interest is that state of the electrode at which there is no net charge (in this case, no unbalanced, or extra positive, charge) at the metal side of the double layer. The relative potential at which this state is…

blood disease: Polycythemia: …in the circulating blood (relative polycythemia). The latter may be the consequence of abnormally lowered fluid intake or of marked loss of body fluid, such as occurs in persistent vomiting, severe diarrhea, or copious sweating or when water is caused to shift from the circulation into the tissue.

kin selection: …play when evaluating the genetic fitness of a given individual. It is based on the concept of inclusive fitness, which is made up of individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). Kin selection occurs when…

statistics: Tabular methods: Another tabular summary, called a relative frequency distribution, shows the fraction, or percentage, of data values in each class. The most common tabular summary of data for two variables is a cross tabulation, a two-variable analogue of a frequency distribution.

probability theory: …the interpretation of probabilities as relative frequencies, for which simple games involving coins, cards, dice, and roulette wheels provide examples. The distinctive feature of games of chance is that the outcome of a given trial cannot be predicted with certainty, although the collective results of a large number of trials…

relative humidity, ratio of the actual vapour pressure of water in the air to that in air saturated with water vapour; it is often expressed as a percentage. See

magnetometer: Relative magnetometers must be calibrated by reference to a known, accurately measured magnetic field.

molecular weight, mass of a molecule of a substance, based on 12 as the atomic weight of carbon-12. It is calculated in practice by summing the atomic weights of the atoms making up the substance’s molecular formula. The units of molecular weight are atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). The

mechanics: Relative motion: A collision between two bodies can always be described in a frame of reference in which the total momentum is zero. This is the centre-of-mass (or centre-of-momentum) frame mentioned earlier. Then, for example, in the collision between two bodies of the same mass…

history of logic: Charles Sanders Peirce: …multiplication and addition for relations—called relative multiplication and addition—so that Boolean laws still held. Both Peirce’s conception of the purposes of logic and the details of his symbolism and logical rules were enormously complicated by highly developed and unusual philosophical views, by elaborate theories of mind and thought, and by…

dielectric constant, property of an electrical insulating material (a dielectric) equal to the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor filled with the given material to the capacitance of an identical capacitor in a vacuum without the dielectric material. The insertion of a dielectric between the

polycythemia: Types of polycythemia: Polycythemia may be relative (e.g., after blood plasma loss), transient (as when a large number of red blood cells suddenly enter the circulation from storage), or absolute (i.e., reflecting an increase in actual mass of red cells in the body). Relative polycythemia may be the consequence of abnormally…

government budget: Budgetary planning: cash, volume, and cost terms: …to supply is the so-called relative price effect. This arises because goods and services bought by the public sector (labour, medical care, or defense equipment) may rise in price more quickly than commodities generally. Once this has been determined, volume can be expressed in cost terms. The relative price effect…

nervous system: Repolarization: …it is followed by a relative refractory period, during which another action potential can be generated, but only by a greater stimulus current than that originally needed. This period is followed by the return of the neuronal properties to the threshold levels originally required for the initiation of action potentials.

Dave Bautista: Acting: …his first film role, in Relative Strangers (2006), was a favor to a friend, and in later interviews he recalled being extremely dissatisfied with the experience and with his performance. He decided to continue acting to improve his skills. In interviews, Bautista has frequently stated that he has never had…

climate: Propagation and development of waves: … (5) where ζ is the relative vorticity with respect to Earth’s surface. The variables x and y are the coordinate axes for space and correspond to the measurements to the east and north, respectively. The variables u and v are zonal and meridional components (the components of motion in the…

helicopter: Principles of flight and operation: The relative wind is the direction of the wind in relation to the airfoil. In an airplane, the flight path of the wing is fixed in relation to its forward flight; in a helicopter, the flight path of the rotor advances forward (to the helicopter’s nose)…

Alan Ayckbourn: …years before they were published—included Relatively Speaking (1968), Mixed Doubles: An Entertainment on Marriage (1970), How the Other Half Loves (1971), the trilogy The Norman Conquests (1973), Absurd Person Singular (1974), Intimate Exchanges (1985), Mr. A’s Amazing Maze Plays

philosophy of language: Words and ideas: …the hypothesis implies linguistic conceptual relativism, or “linguistic relativity,” the idea that language so completely determines the thoughts of its users that there can be no common conceptual scheme between people speaking different languages. It also implies linguistic idealism, the idea that people cannot know anything that does not conform…

relativistic mechanics: Relativistic momentum, mass, and energy: Consider a relativistic particle with positive energy and electric charge q moving in an electric field E and magnetic field B; it will experience an electromagnetic, or Lorentz, force given by F = qE + qv × B. If t(τ) and x(τ) are the time and space…

antimatter: In 2010 physicists using the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, used a billion collisions between gold ions to create 18 instances of the heaviest antiatom, the nucleus of antihelium-4, which consists of two antiprotons and two antineutrons. Since antihelium-4 is produced so rarely…

radio jet, material spewing from the centres of some galaxies at close to the speed of light and emitting strong radio waves. The most powerful extragalactic sources of radio waves are double-lobed sources (or “dumbbells”) in which two large regions of radio emission are situated in a line on

relativistic mass, in the special theory of relativity, the mass that is assigned to a body in motion. In physical theories prior to special relativity, the momentum p and energy E assigned to a body of rest mass m0 and velocity v were given by the formulas p = m0v and E = E0 + m0v2/2, where the

relativistic mechanics, science concerned with the motion of bodies whose relative velocities approach the speed of light c, or whose kinetic energies are comparable with the product of their masses m and the square of the velocity of light, or mc2. Such bodies are said to be relativistic, and when

relativistic mechanics: Relativistic momentum, mass, and energy: …the rate of change of momentum equals the applied force. F is the Newtonian force, but the Newtonian relation between momentum p and velocity v in which p = mv is modified to become

GPS: Augmentation: …errors may be introduced by relativistic time dilations, a phenomenon in which a satellite’s clock and a receiver’s clock, located in different gravitational fields and traveling at different velocities, tick at different rates. Finally, the single greatest source of error to users of the Navstar system is the lower accuracy…

relativity, wide-ranging physical theories formed by the German-born physicist Albert Einstein. With his theories of special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915), Einstein overthrew many assumptions underlying earlier physical theories, redefining in the process the fundamental concepts

Arthur Eddington: Early life: Another book, Relativity Theory of Protons and Electrons (1936), dealt with quantum theory. He gave many popular lectures on relativity, leading the English physicist Sir Joseph John Thomson to remark that Eddington had persuaded multitudes of people that they understood what relativity meant.

general relativity, part of the wide-ranging physical theory of relativity formed by the German-born physicist Albert Einstein. It was conceived by Einstein in 1916. General relativity is concerned with gravity, one of the fundamental forces in the universe. Gravity defines macroscopic behaviour,

special relativity, part of the wide-ranging physical theory of relativity formed by the German-born physicist Albert Einstein. It was conceived by Einstein in 1905. Along with quantum mechanics, relativity is central to modern physics. Special relativity is limited to objects that are moving with

Lee Ufan: Phenomena and Perception B: …an avant-garde installation piece called Phenomena and Perception B (one of a series of similarly constructed works he later revisited and retitled Relatum, a philosophical term meaning “a thing that bears a relation of some kind to some other thing or things”). For this work Lee placed a heavy stone…

Daniel Bovet: drugs, antihistamines, and muscle relaxants.

Saint Bonaventure: …view of poverty; another, the Relaxati, disturbed it by a laxity of life. Bonaventure used his authority so prudently that, placating the first group and reproving the second, he preserved the unity of the order and reformed it in the spirit of St. Francis. The work of restoration and reconciliation…

sleep: The nature of sleep: The relaxation of the skeletal muscles in that posture and its implication of a more-passive role toward the environment are symptomatic of sleep. Instances of activities such as sleepwalking raise interesting questions about whether the brain is capable of simultaneously being partly asleep and partly awake.…

relaxation phenomenon, in physics and chemistry, an effect related to the delay between the application of an external stress to a system—that is, to an aggregation of matter—and its response. It may occur in nuclear, atomic, and molecular systems. Chemists and physicists use relaxation effects to

electricity: Deriving electric field from potential: …of solution is called the “relaxation” method.

relaxation phenomenon, in physics and chemistry, an effect related to the delay between the application of an external stress to a system—that is, to an aggregation of matter—and its response. It may occur in nuclear, atomic, and molecular systems. Chemists and physicists use relaxation effects to

textile: Shrinkage control: … control processes are applied by compressive shrinkage, resin treatment, or heat-setting. Compressive, or relaxation, shrinkage is applied to cotton and to certain cotton blends to reduce the stretching they experience during weaving and other processing. The fabric is dampened and dried in a relaxed state, eliminating tensions and distortions. The…

industrial glass: Annealing: …solid undergoes a process of relaxation as it is cooled through the transition range. The time required for relaxation to be sufficient to reduce internal stresses can range from only a few minutes when the glass is held at its annealing point to a few hours when it is held…

therapeutics: Behavioral therapy: Relaxation training, including deep muscle relaxation exercises, is a stress-reducing technique that can be used conveniently any time of the day. These cognitive behavioral techniques have been used to treat insomnia, hypertension, headaches, chronic pain, and phobias.

walk: During a relaxed, or free, walk the reins are nearly slack, freeing the horse’s head and neck. The extended walk, a variation of the relaxed walk, results in a cadenced swing of long, unhurried strides.