adult education: Types of adult education: Remedial education: fundamental and literacy education. (Such education is obviously a prerequisite for all other kinds of adult education and thus, as a category, stands somewhat apart from the other types of adult education.)

Ovid: Works of Ovid: …by a mock recantation, the Remedia amoris, also a burlesque of an established genre, which can have done little to make amends for the Ars. The possibilities for exploiting love-elegy were now effectively exhausted, and Ovid turned to new types of poetry in which he could use his supreme narrative…

patristic literature: The school of Antioch: …most memorable perhaps are his Remedy for Greek Maladies, the last of ancient apologies against paganism, and his Ecclesiastical History, continuing Eusebius’s work down to 428. His controversial treatises are also important, for he skillfully defended the Antiochene Christology against the orthodox bishop Cyril of Alexandria and was instrumental in…

Vladimír Remek is a Czech pilot and cosmonaut, the first person in space who was not from the Soviet Union or the United States and the first Czech citizen in space. After graduating from aviation school as a lieutenant in 1970, Remek began active service for the Czechoslovak air force. From 1972

Atom Egoyan: …the West Memphis Three, and Remember (2015), in which an Auschwitz survivor suffering from dementia searches for a former Nazi official. Guest of Honour (2019) centres on the relationship between a woman wrongly convicted of sexual misconduct and her father. Egoyan also directed the documentary Citadel (2006), which follows his…

Toni Morrison: Nonfiction works and children’s books: She also penned Remember: The Journey to School Integration (2004), which chronicles the hardships of Black students during the racial integration of the American public school system. The book’s publication was timed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the U.S. Supreme…

the Shangri-Las: …to perform his song “Remember (Walking in the Sand).” The label promptly hired Morton and signed the Shangri-Las to a recording contract. With Mary Weiss in the lead and the others providing backing vocals, a reworked version of “Remember (Walking in the Sand)” reached the top five on the…

Fay Weldon: … (1971), Female Friends (1974), and Remember Me (1976) focus on various women’s reactions to male-and-female relationships. Praxis (1978) is noted for the development of its heroine, who endures in the face of repeated disasters. Puffball (1980), a novel about motherhood, combines supernatural elements with technical information about pregnancy. The Life…

Mongo Beti: …the Habit of Unhappiness) and Remember Ruben (1974). Perpetua is a mystery story of the murder of a promising young woman by the combined forces of backward traditions and neocolonial evils. Remember Ruben and its sequel, La Ruine presque cocasse d’un polichinelle (1979; “The Nearly Comical Ruin of a Puppet”),…

Preston Sturges: Films of the early 1940s: …atypically sentimental) screenplay for Leisen’s Remember the Night (1940), Sturges directed Christmas in July (1940), a deftly crafted low-budget compendium of comic confusions about a lowly clerk (played by Dick Powell) who goes on a mad shopping spree after mistakenly thinking that he has won $25,000 in a contest. The…

The Air-Conditioned Nightmare: …these themes in the sequel Remember to Remember (1947).

Ai Weiwei: Early activism and Sunflower Seeds: …from Ai’s “citizen investigation” was Remembering (2009), an installation in Munich in which 9,000 coloured backpacks were arranged on a wall to form a quote, in Chinese, from an earthquake victim’s mother.

Wallace Stegner: His first novel, Remembering Laughter (1937), like his next three novels, was a relatively short work. His fifth novel, The Big Rock Candy Mountain (1943), the story of an American family moving from place to place in the West, seeking their fortune, was his first critical and popular…

On April 11, 1861, having been informed by messengers from Pres. Abraham Lincoln that he planned to resupply Fort Sumter, the Federal outpost in the harbour of Charleston, South Carolina, the newly formed government of the secessionist Confederate States of America demanded the fort’s surrender.

In late July and early August 1914, the great powers of Europe embarked on a course of action that would claim millions of lives, topple empires, reshape the political structure of the continent, and contribute to an even more destructive conflict a generation later. Known at the time as the Great

Frederic Bartlett: In his major work, Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology (1932), Bartlett advanced the concept that memories of past events and experiences are actually mental reconstructions that are coloured by cultural attitudes and personal habits, rather than being direct recollections of observations made at the time. In…

Veterans Day: …November 11 is observed as Remembrance Day. In Britain and the Commonwealth countries and in countries of Europe, it is common to observe two minutes of silence at 11:00 am on November 11, the time and date of the World War I armistice in 1918.

Liu Cixin: … author best known for his Remembrance of Earth’s Past trilogy of novels. The first novel of the trilogy, The Three-Body Problem (2006), won the 2015 Hugo Award for best novel in its English translation and has sold more than 3 million copies in English and 30 million copies worldwide. Liu…

In Search of Lost Time, novel in seven parts by Marcel Proust, published in French as À la recherche du temps perdu from 1913 to 1927. The novel is the story of Proust’s own life, told as an allegorical search for truth. It is the major work of French fiction of the early 20th century. In January

Remembrance Rock, novel by Carl Sandburg, published in 1948. The work, Sandburg’s only novel, is a massive chronicle that uses historical facts and both historical and fictional characters to depict American history from 1607 to 1945 in a mythic, passionate tribute to the American

Remembrance Sunday, in the United Kingdom, holiday held on the second Sunday of November that commemorates British service members who have died in wars and other military conflicts since the onset of World War I. By tradition, a two-minute period of silence is observed throughout the country at 11

Rosh Hashana, a major two-day Jewish observance now accepted as inaugurating the religious New Year on Tishri 1 (September or October). Because the New Year ushers in a 10-day period of self-examination and penitence, Rosh Hashana is also called the annual Day of Judgment; during this period Jews

Rosh Hashana: Background: …holiday is also considered a Day of Remembrance (Yom Ha-Zikaron)—now a separate holiday in Israel observed the day prior to Israel’s Independence Day—and Jews on this date commemorate the creation of the universe. It is also thought of as the Day of Judgment (Yom Ha-Din). The Mishna further outlines many…

remembrancer, English official who from medieval times compiled memorandum rolls and thus “reminded” the barons of the Exchequer (one of the king’s courts) of business pending. There were at one time three clerks of the remembrance, with distinct duties, but two of the offices were abolished in the

Peter Dinklage: In the sci-fi mystery Rememory (2017), Dinklage’s character searches for the killer of a man who invented a machine that can extract and record people’s memories. He also had a supporting role in the critically acclaimed drama Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017).

telephone: Electronic switching: …a magnetic alloy known as Remendur is added to two sides of the reed relay. When the coil is energized, the Remendur material retains the magnetism and polarity, thus acting as a switch with a memory. In addition to this new switch device, the No. 1 ESS incorporated a new…

Johannes Brahms: The young pianist and music director: In 1850 he met Eduard Reményi, a Jewish Hungarian violinist, with whom he gave concerts and from whom he learned something of Roma music—an influence that remained with him always.

peshaṭ: …simultaneously in any given text: remez (meaning “hint,” in reference to typological or allegorical interpretations), derash (meaning “search,” in reference to biblical study according to the middot, or rules), and sod (meaning “secret,” or mystical interpretation). The first letters (PRDS) of these four words were first used in medieval Spain…

Reims: The Gallic tribe of the Remi (from which Reims derives its name) was conquered without difficulty by the Romans, and the town flourished under their occupation. In the 5th century, Clovis, the Frankish king, was baptized at Reims by Bishop Remigius (Rémi), and in memory of this occasion most French…

Saint Remigius of Reims ; feast day October 1) was a bishop of Reims who greatly advanced the cause of Christianity in France by his conversion of Clovis I, king of the Franks. According to tradition, Remigius was the son of Count Emilius of Laon and St. Celina (Cilinia). Noted in his youth for his

Hergé was a Belgian cartoonist who created the comic strip hero Tintin, a teenage journalist. Over the next 50 years, Tintin’s adventures filled 23 albums and sold 70 million copies in some 30 languages. Through the years, the young reporter remained recognizably the same, with his signature blond

immunosuppressant: Infliximab is an antibody that binds to the cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which prevents TNFα from binding to its receptor. TNFα is thought to play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease, and infliximab, which blocks the activity of…

Lee Remick was an American actress known especially for her portrayals of sensual, often erotic women in crisis. Remick’s father, Frank Remick, owned the department store Remick’s in Quincy, Massachusetts. After her parents divorced, she was raised by her actress mother, Patricia Remick, in New

Lee Remick was an American actress known especially for her portrayals of sensual, often erotic women in crisis. Remick’s father, Frank Remick, owned the department store Remick’s in Quincy, Massachusetts. After her parents divorced, she was raised by her actress mother, Patricia Remick, in New

integument: Birds: The wing tract includes the flight feathers proper (remiges) and their coverts (tectrices). The remiges include the primaries, arising from the “hand” and digits and attached to the hand’s skeleton; the secondaries, arising from the forewing and attached to the ulna; and the tertials (when present), arising from the upper…

Western painting: Mesolithic: At Remigia three hunters are depicted stalking a leaping ibex, while at Los Caballos a line of archers fires arrows into a small herd of panic-stricken deer, presumably driven into the ambush by beaters. Scenes of battle or groups of dancers also occur, while social status…

Saint Remigius of Reims ; feast day October 1) was a bishop of Reims who greatly advanced the cause of Christianity in France by his conversion of Clovis I, king of the Franks. According to tradition, Remigius was the son of Count Emilius of Laon and St. Celina (Cilinia). Noted in his youth for his

Unisys Corporation: In 1955 Sperry merged with Remington Rand, Inc., becoming Sperry Rand Corporation. Remington Rand had been formed in 1927, combining several manufacturers of office machines and business equipment, including the Remington Typewriter Company (established in 1873) and the Rand Kardex Bureau (formed in 1886). Remington Rand’s main business had developed…

small arm: The bolt action: -made Remington Rolling Block Rifle, in which the breechblock was cocked back on a hinge like the hammer, was bought by a number of countries around the world. The United States itself adopted a series of single-shot rifles employing a hinged-breech “trap-door” mechanism, developed by Erskine…

Pierce Brosnan: …the NBC television detective series Remington Steele. The show, which premiered in 1982, was a success, and in 1986 he was chosen as the successor to Roger Moore as James Bond—the suave British secret service agent 007 created by novelist Ian Fleming. His NBC contract, however, prevented him from accepting,…

typewriter: Remington and Sons, gunsmiths, of Ilion, New York, for manufacture. The first typewriters were placed on the market in 1874, and the machine was soon renamed the Remington. Among its original features that were still standard in machines built a century later were the cylinder,…

Eliphalet Remington II was a U.S. firearms manufacturer. Founded as a rifle-barrel-manufacturing firm in 1816 by Eliphalet Remington II—whose father operated a forge at Illion Gultch, New York—the company that would become E. Remington & Sons in 1865 (and later Remington U.M.C. [1910] and the

Frederic Remington was an American painter, illustrator, and sculptor noted for his realistic portrayals of life in the American West. Remington studied art at Yale University (1878–80) and briefly (1886) at the Art Students League of New York. Thereafter he devoted himself primarily to

Frederic Remington was an American painter, illustrator, and sculptor noted for his realistic portrayals of life in the American West. Remington studied art at Yale University (1878–80) and briefly (1886) at the Art Students League of New York. Thereafter he devoted himself primarily to

Jerry Stiller: Stage, film, and television career: …comedy starring Kevin James and Leah Remini as a working-class couple. Stiller played Remini’s father, Arthur Spooner, a somewhat more low-key version of his Seinfeld character. He continued to appear in roles on other shows and in films, including his son’s satirical Zoolander movies (2001 and 2016), the Will Ferrell…

psychomotor learning: Reminiscence: Reminiscence is defined as a gain in performance without practice. When subjects performing trial after trial without rest (massed practice) are given a short break, perhaps midway through training, scores on the very next trial will show a significant improvement when compared with those…

Virginia Woolf: Early life and influences: …was writing her poignant “Reminiscences”—about her childhood and her lost mother—which was published in 1908. Viewing Italian art that summer, she committed herself to creating in language “some kind of whole made of shivering fragments,” to capturing “the flight of the mind.”

Maxim Gorky: Last period: …Russian writers—Vospominaniya o Tolstom (1919; Reminiscences of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy) and O pisatelyakh (1928; “About Writers”). The memoir of Tolstoy is so lively and free from the hagiographic approach traditional in Russian studies of their leading authors that it has sometimes been acclaimed as Gorky’s masterpiece. Almost equally impressive is…

Levi Coffin: His autobiography, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin (1876), contains much valuable information about American abolitionism.

Che Guevara: The Cuban Revolution: …de la guerra revolucionaria (1963; Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, 1968).

George Moore: Moore’s Reminiscences of the Impressionist Painters (1906) vividly described the Café Nouvelle-Athènes and the circle of Impressionist painters who frequented it. Moore was particularly friendly with Édouard Manet, who sketched three portraits of him. Another account of the years in Paris, in which he introduced the…

crustacean: Annotated classification: Class Remipedia Holocene; body elongated; more than 30 segments, each with biramous appendages projecting sideways; antennules biramous; maxillules, maxillae, and maxillipeds uniramous and grasping; marine cave dwellers; about 17 species. †Order Enantiopoda Carboniferous; single fossil, Tesnusocaris.

Remiremont, town, Vosges département, Grand Est région, eastern France. It lies along the Moselle River near the latter’s confluence with the Moselotte and is surrounded by wooded heights. Remiremont (Romaraci Mons) is named after St. Romaric, a companion of St. Columban at Luxeuil, who in the 7th

Burkina Faso: Finance: …on international aid and on remittances from migrants to help offset its current account deficit.

baking: The straight-dough method: …the straight-dough process include the remixed straight-dough process, with a small portion of the water added at the second mix, and the no-punch method, involving extremely vigorous mixing. The straight-dough method is rarely used for white breads because it is not sufficiently adaptable to allow compensation for fluctuations in ingredient…

Remizidae: The penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus) is irregularly distributed in river scrub and marshes across Eurasia. An 11-cm- (4.5-inch-) long brownish bird with a black mask on its whitish head, it is named for its two-chambered nest (built by the male), which consists of a finely felted…

Remizidae, bird family (order Passeriformes) that contains the penduline tits and, usually, the verdin. Some authorities classify the roughly 12 species in this group as a subfamily of the titmouse family, Paridae. Remizids are much like long-tailed tits (Aegithalidae) but have shorter tails and

Aleksey Mikhaylovich Remizov was a Symbolist writer whose works had a strong influence on Russian writers before and after the 1917 Revolution. Born into a poor family of merchant ancestry, Remizov gained his early experiences in the streets of Moscow. He attended the University of Moscow but was

Japanese calligraphy: …especially in the style of remmen-tai, in which the hiragana are written continuously and connected together without break, and in chōwa-tai, in which some kanji words join hands with the hiragana. Japanese calligraphy in remmen-tai or in chōwa-tai has some resemblance to the Chinese grass style, but the two are…

salt dome: Physical characteristics of salt domes.: These highs, called remnant highs or turtleback highs, do not have as much vertical relief as the salt domes among which they are interspersed. Present-day structure of strata around salt domes may not in every instance coincide with the present-day position of the salt. This offset relationship suggests…

David Remnick is one of the leading figures in American media, especially known as the editor of The New Yorker magazine (1998– ). He previously worked as a reporter at The Washington Post. Remnick has also written numerous articles and books, and he won a Pulitzer Prize for Lenin’s Tomb: The Last

David Remnick is one of the leading figures in American media, especially known as the editor of The New Yorker magazine (1998– ). He previously worked as a reporter at The Washington Post. Remnick has also written numerous articles and books, and he won a Pulitzer Prize for Lenin’s Tomb: The Last

Joel Grey: …in the comic action film Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins (1985), a performance that brought him a Golden Globe nomination. He later played Amos Babcock Bellamy in a 1995 film adaptation of the evergreen musical The Fantasticks, and he took the part of Amos Hart in a 1996 Broadway revival…

pre-Columbian civilizations: Southern Veracruz: …Veracruz culture is famed for Remojadas-style pottery figurines, which must have been turned out in incredible quantity for use as burial goods. The Remojadas tradition dates to the Late Formative and lasts until the Early Postclassic. Figurines are hollow and largely mold-made in the Late Classic, while they were fashioned…

Panama: World War II and mid-century intrigues: …period were dominated by Colonel José Antonio Remón Cantera, commander of the increasingly militarized police, which became known as the National Guard.

Jacobus Arminius: …his views by signing the Remonstrance, a theological document written by Johannes Uyttenbogaert, a minister from Utrecht, in 1610. Remonstrant Arminianism was debated in 1618–19 at the Synod of Dort (Dordrecht), an assembly of the Dutch Reformed Church. The synod included delegates from Reformed churches in England, Germany, and Switzerland…

Remonstrant, any of the Dutch Protestants who, following the views of Jacobus Arminius, presented to the States-General in 1610 a “remonstrance” setting forth their points of divergence from stricter Calvinism. The Remonstrants, assailed on all sides, were expelled from the Netherlands by the

pelota: …difficult and fast variation of remonte, a 35-point game that requires two players on each side and is played with a special chistera, a curved glove with a chestnut or ash frame. The fronton version of pelota, popular in Spain, Mexico, the Philippines, and parts of the United States, is…

machine-tractor station: …the stations were transformed into Repair and Technical Service Stations (Remontno-tekhnicheskie stantsii; RTS), which repaired the machinery, supplied spare parts, and continued to rent machines for special purposes—e.g., road building. In 1961 the RTS were replaced by the All-Union Farm Machinery Association (Soyuzselkhoztekhnika).

remora, (family Echeneidae), any of eight species of marine fishes of the family Echeneidae (order Perciformes) noted for attaching themselves to, and riding about on, sharks, other large marine animals, and oceangoing ships. Remoras adhere by means of a flat oval sucking disk on top of their head.

remora: 3 inches) in length; the white suckerfish, or white remora (Remora albescens), is the shortest, the largest individuals measuring only 30 cm as adults. Remoras feed on the leavings of their hosts’ meals or, in some instances, act as cleaners by eating the external parasites of their transporters.

John Hays Hammond, Jr.: inventor whose development of radio remote control served as the basis for modern missile guidance systems.

space exploration: Remote sensing: Remote sensing is a term applied to the use of satellites to observe various characteristics of Earth’s land and water surfaces in order to obtain information valuable in mapping, mineral exploration, land-use planning, resource management, and other activities. Remote sensing is carried out…

airport: Remote pier designs: The remote pier was introduced at Atlanta’s Hartsfield in the early 1980s. In this concept, passengers are brought out to a remote pier by an automatic people mover and there embark or disembark in the conventional manner. The system has proved very…

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), military aircraft that is guided autonomously, by remote control, or both and that carries sensors, target designators, offensive ordnance, or electronic transmitters designed to interfere with or destroy enemy targets. Unencumbered by crew, life-support systems, and

remoulade, traditional French sauce made of mayonnaise, mustard, shallots, capers, and herbs, though numerous variations exist. Remoulade has its origins in Picardy, a region in northern France, deriving its name from a local term for horseradish, rémolat or ramolas, which suggests that horseradish

singularity: …it is known as a removable singularity. In contrast, the above function tends to infinity as z approaches 0; thus, it is not bounded and the singularity is not removable (in this case, it is known as a simple pole).

David Williamson: Williamson first earned acclaim with The Removalists (1972; film 1975), an absurdist look at authority, violence, and sexuality; and Don’s Party (1973; film 1976), about a group of frustrated former radicals. He examines the social dynamics of bureaucracies in The Department (1975) and The Club (1978; film 1980). The Perfectionist…

Wounded Knee Massacre: Casualties and aftermath: House of Representatives introduced the Remove the Stain Act, a bill that would rescind those awards. The measure was cosponsored by Rep. Deb Haaland, one of the first Native American women to serve in Congress.

space debris: The British satellite RemoveDEBRIS, which was launched in 2018 and deployed from the ISS, tested two different technologies for removing space debris: capture with a net and capture with a harpoon. RemoveDEBRIS also attempted to test a dragsail to slow down the satellite so that it could reenter…

Françoise Mallet-Joris: …Le Rempart des béguines (1951; The Illusionist, also published as Into the Labyrinth and The Loving and the Daring), the story of an affair between a girl and her father’s mistress, described with clinical detachment in a sober, classical prose. A sequel, La Chambre rouge (1953; The Red Room), and…

Remscheid, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies along the Wupper River, south of Wuppertal, in the heart of the Bergisches Land, a hilly, wooded district in the lower Rhine River valley. Mentioned in the late 11th century as an estate given to the Hospitallers by

Ira Remsen was an American chemist and university president, codiscoverer of saccharin. After studying at Columbia University (M.D., 1867) and at the universities of Munich and Göttingen in Germany (Ph.D., 1870), Remsen began his investigations into pure chemistry at the University of Tübingen,

champagne: This procedure, called riddling, or remuage, has been largely mechanized since the 1970s. When the wine is mature and ready for the market, the deposits are removed in a process called dégorgement. In this process, the cork is carefully pried off, allowing the internal pressure in the bottle to shoot…

Saint Remigius of Reims ; feast day October 1) was a bishop of Reims who greatly advanced the cause of Christianity in France by his conversion of Clovis I, king of the Franks. According to tradition, Remigius was the son of Count Emilius of Laon and St. Celina (Cilinia). Noted in his youth for his

ren, the foundational virtue of Confucianism. It characterizes the bearing and behaviour that a paradigmatic human being exhibits in order to promote a flourishing human community. The concept of ren reflects presuppositions that are characteristic of Confucian philosophical anthropology

Wu Changshuo: …when he was encouraged by Ren Bonian to transfer his calligraphic brushstrokes into painting. From Zhao Zhiqian, the foremost master of the Jinshi school of painting, Wu learned to apply the style of epigraphy (antique inscriptions in metal and stone) to painting. Combining bright colours and sharp contrasts with bold…

China: The arts: …artists as Li Kan and Ren Renfa. Perpetuating northern traditions of the Tang and Song periods, these styles were practiced chiefly by scholar-officials associated with the court at the capital. Several members of the Mongol royal family became major patrons or collectors of such conservative styles, although imperial patronage remained…

ginseng, (genus Panax), genus of 12 species of medicinal herbs of the family Araliaceae. The root of Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng), native to Manchuria and Korea, has long been used as a drug and is made into a stimulating tea in China, Korea, and Japan. American ginseng (P. quinquefolius), native

Renzong was the temple name (miaohao) of the fourth emperor (reigned 1022–63) of the Song dynasty (960–1279) of China, one of the most able and humane rulers in Chinese history. Under him, the Song government is generally believed to have come closer than ever before to reaching the Confucian ideal

Renaissance, period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values. The Renaissance also witnessed the discovery and exploration of new continents, the substitution of the

Renaissance architecture, style of architecture, reflecting the rebirth of Classical culture, that originated in Florence in the early 15th century and spread throughout Europe, replacing the medieval Gothic style. There was a revival of ancient Roman forms, including the column and round arch, the

Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of man. Scholars no longer

John Addington Symonds: Symonds’ chief work, Renaissance in Italy, 7 vol. (1875–86), is a series of extended essays rather than a systematic history. Fluent and picturesque, it was deeply indebted to such continental interpreters of the Renaissance as Jacob Burckhardt. Symonds diffused his literary energies over English literature, Greek poetry, travel…

Renaissance man, an ideal that developed in Renaissance Italy from the notion expressed by one of its most-accomplished representatives, Leon Battista Alberti (1404–72), that “a man can do all things if he will.” The ideal embodied the basic tenets of Renaissance humanism, which considered man the

Cliff Robertson: …Hearts Can’t Be Broken (1991), Renaissance Man (1994), and Escape from L.A. (1996). In Spider-Man (2002) and its sequels (2004 and 2007), he played Peter Parker’s ill-fated Uncle Ben and delivered the famous line “With great power comes great responsibility.” Robertson also served as a spokesperson for the telecommunications

Ennahda Party, Tunisian political party, founded in 1981 by Rached Ghannouchi (Rāshid al-Ghannūshī) and Abdelfattah Mourou (ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Mūrū) as the Islamic Tendency Movement. Its platform called for a fairer distribution of economic resources, the establishment of multiparty democracy, and the

Renaissance philosophy, in the history of Western philosophy, the broadly philosophical speculation and classical scholarship that was pursued in western Europe from approximately the mid-15th century to the early 17th century. Among the most significant philosophers of the European Renaissance are

Western architecture: Italy: …elsewhere in Europe, by a Renaissance revival of which an ambitious example is the Palace of Justice, Rome (1888–1910), by Guglielmo Calderini. This revival was appropriate in a country that was home to the Renaissance. It thus blended well with the growth of Italian nationalism, of which the most conspicuous…

Scholasticism: Enduring features: …Scholasticism of the Renaissance (called Barockscholastik) and the Neoscholasticism of the 19th and 20th centuries, both of which were primarily interested in the work of Aquinas.