Kenneth Branagh: …the RSC to cofound the Renaissance Theatre Company, for which he served as actor, writer, and director.

Baroque art and architecture: The origin of the term: with Heinrich Wölfflin’s pioneer study Renaissance und Barock (1888) that the term Baroque was used as a stylistic designation rather than as a term of thinly veiled abuse, and a systematic formulation of the characteristics of Baroque style was achieved.

Paris: The Rue de Rivoli and Right Bank environs: The Théâtre de la Renaissance, where the actor Benoît-Constant Coquelin created the role of Cyrano de Bergerac in 1897, remains on the boulevard Saint-Martin. The Théâtre de l’Ambigu, where Frédéric Lemaître, the celebrated actor in boulevard melodrama, thrilled all Paris in the mid-19th century, was demolished…

Plateresque: The second phase, the Renaissance-Plateresque, or simply the Plateresque, lasted from about 1525 to 1560. The architect and sculptor Diego de Siloé (d. 1563) helped inaugurate this phase, in which High Renaissance structural and decorative elements clearly predominated over late Gothic ones. In the Granada Cathedral (1528–43) and other…

Catalan literature: The Renaixença: In 1813 appeared the Gramatica y apología de la llengua cathalana (“Grammar and Apology of the Catalan Language”) of Josep Pau Ballot; its publication heralded the Renaixença (“Rebirth”), the literary and linguistic renaissance that characterized the Romantic period in Catalonia. Bonaventura Carles Aribau’s “La…

Catalan literature: The Renaixença: In 1813 appeared the Gramatica y apología de la llengua cathalana (“Grammar and Apology of the Catalan Language”) of Josep Pau Ballot; its publication heralded the Renaixença (“Rebirth”), the literary and linguistic renaissance that characterized the Romantic period in Catalonia. Bonaventura Carles Aribau’s “La…

renal system disease: Properties of body fluids: …retention, the state of so-called renal acidosis. Renal acidosis may occur as part of general renal failure or as a specific disease of the renal tubules, one of whose functions is to convert the slightly alkaline glomerular filtrate into the (usually) acidic urine.

agenesis: In renal agenesis, or Potter’s syndrome (absence of one or both kidneys), the ureters also are usually absent, and sex organs may be abnormal. Affected children have wide-set eyes, large, low-set ears, and flattened nose. Agenesis of the lung may be unilateral, a relatively common defect, or bilateral, the…

renal system disease: Chronic renal failure: …of their reversibility; these include renal amyloidosis (abnormal deposits in the kidney of a complex protein substance called amyloid), whose causes may be treatable; damage to the kidney from excessive calcium or deficiency of potassium; uric acid deposition in gout; the effects of analgesic agents (substances taken to alleviate pain)…

renal artery, one of the pair of large blood vessels that branch off from the abdominal aorta (the abdominal portion of the major artery leading from the heart) and enter into each kidney. (The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that remove waste substances from the blood and aid in fluid

kidney stone, concretion of minerals and organic matter that forms in the kidneys. Such stones may become so large as to impair normal renal function. Urine contains many salts in solution, and if the concentration of mineral salts becomes excessive, the excess salt precipitates as crystals that

kidney stone, concretion of minerals and organic matter that forms in the kidneys. Such stones may become so large as to impair normal renal function. Urine contains many salts in solution, and if the concentration of mineral salts becomes excessive, the excess salt precipitates as crystals that

renal capsule, thin membranous sheath that covers the outer surface of each kidney. The capsule is composed of tough fibres, chiefly collagen and elastin (fibrous proteins), that help to support the kidney mass and protect the vital tissue from injury. The number of elastic and smooth muscle fibres

renal carcinoma, malignant tumour affecting the epithelial (covering and lining) cells of the kidney. Most renal carcinomas appear in persons past 40 years of age, with peak incidence around the sixth or seventh decade. They tend to arise in persons with vascular disorders of the kidneys; because

renal cell carcinoma, a disease arising from malignant epithelial cells in the kidneys. Renal cell carcinoma is responsible for about 90 percent of kidney cancers in adults. Renal cell carcinoma appears to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Mutations in chromosome 3 have received

renal system: Quantitative tests: The renal clearance of any substance is the volume of plasma containing that amount of the substance that is removed by the kidney in unit time (e.g., in one minute). Clearance, or the volume of plasma cleared, is an artificial concept since no portion of the…

kidney stone: …tubules, a condition known as renal colic. In renal colic there is generally severe pain leading from the kidneys down through the abdomen and groin. Stones may cause obstruction in the renal pelvis (the funnel-like structure at which the kidney joins the ureter), in a ureter (the tube that carries…

renal collecting tubule, any of the long narrow tubes in the kidney that concentrate and transport urine from the nephrons, the chief functioning units of the kidneys, to larger ducts that connect with the renal calyces, cavities in which urine gathers until it flows through the renal pelvis and

renal corpuscle, filtration unit of vertebrate nephrons, functional units of the kidney. It consists of a knot of capillaries (glomerulus) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (Bowman’s capsule) that opens into a tubule. Blood pressure forces plasma minus its macromolecules (e.g., proteins) from

Bowman’s capsule, double-walled cuplike structure that makes up part of the nephron, the filtration structure in the mammalian kidney that generates urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood. Bowman’s capsule encloses a cluster of microscopic blood

kidney: …somewhat granular outer section (the cortex), containing the glomeruli and convoluted tubules, and a smooth, somewhat striated inner section (the medulla), containing the loops of Henle and the collecting tubules. As the ureter enters the kidney it enlarges into a cavity, the renal pelvis; urine passes into this pelvis from…

renal cyst, cyst in the kidney. A cyst is an enclosed sac or pouch that usually contains liquid or semisolid material. Several different types of cysts develop in the kidneys. Solitary cysts contain liquids and may be partially filled with blood. They vary widely in size. Some are present at birth,

dialysis, in medicine, the process of removing blood from a patient whose kidney functioning is faulty, purifying that blood by dialysis, and returning it to the patient’s bloodstream. The artificial kidney, or hemodialyzer, is a machine that provides a means for removing certain undesirable

kidney failure, partial or complete loss of kidney function. Kidney failure is classified as acute (when the onset is sudden) or chronic. Acute kidney failure results in reduced output of urine, rapidly and abnormally increased levels of nitrogenous substances, potassium, sulfates, and phosphates

kidney function test, any clinical and laboratory procedure designed to evaluate various aspects of renal (kidney) capacity and efficiency and to aid in the diagnosis of kidney disorders. Such tests can be divided into several categories, which include (1) concentration and dilution tests, whereby

excretion: The renal glands of mollusks: The anatomical form of the renal gland varies from one class of mollusks to another, but a common plan is clearly evident. The renal gland is a relatively wide tube opening from a sac (the pericardium) surrounding the heart, at one…

renal system: Minute structure: …(microscopic blood vessels) called the glomerulus. The capsule and glomerulus together constitute a renal corpuscle, also called a malpighian body. Blood flows into and away from the glomerulus through small arteries (arterioles) that enter and exit the glomerulus through the open end of the capsule. This opening is called the…

renal system: General description and location: …a deep vertical cleft, the hilus, which leads to a cavity within the kidney known as the renal (kidney) sinus. The hilus is the point of entry and exit of the renal arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the enlarged upper extension of the ureters.

hypertension: Complications: …but death from stroke or renal (kidney) failure is also frequent. Complications result directly from the increased pressure (cerebral hemorrhage, retinopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, arterial aneurysm, and vascular rupture), from atherosclerosis (increased coronary, cerebral, and renal vascular resistance), and from decreased blood flow and ischemia (myocardial infarction,…

renal lobe, region of the kidney consisting of the renal pyramid and the renal cortex. See renal

renal collecting tubule: …the tissue of the kidney’s medulla, or inner substance, contains a high concentration of sodium. As the collecting tubules travel through the medulla, the concentration of sodium causes water to be extracted through the tubule walls into the medulla. The water diffuses out between the collecting wall cells until the…

renal osteodystrophy, chronic, probably hereditary disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction, bone-mineral loss and rickets-type deformities, calcifications in abnormal places, and overactivity of the parathyroid glands. Loss of calcium and retention of phosphorus occur because of the

renal pyramid: …of each pyramid, called the papilla, projects into a calyx. The surface of the papilla has a sievelike appearance because of the many small openings from which urine droplets pass. Each opening represents a tubule called the duct of Bellini, into which collecting tubules within the pyramid converge. Muscle fibres…

renal pelvis, enlarged upper end of the ureter, the tube through which urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder. The pelvis, which is shaped somewhat like a funnel that is curved to one side, is almost completely enclosed in the deep indentation on the concave side of the kidney, the

renal system: Quantitative tests: …is approximately the same as renal plasma flow (RPF). The 10 percent of PAH that remains in renal venous blood is conveyed in blood that perfuses either nonsecretory tissue, such as fibrous tissue or fat, or parts of the tubule that do not themselves secrete PAH. In practice this small…

circulatory system: The blood vessels: …called the hepatic (liver) and renal (kidneys) portal systems. The hepatic system is important because it collects blood from the intestine and passes it to the liver, the centre for many chemical reactions concerned with the absorption of food into the body and the control of substances entering the general…

valve: …the lower vertebrates is the renal portal valve, which closes to shunt blood past the kidneys, increasing its supply elsewhere when necessary. In the digestive system of mammals the ileocecal valve, controlled by a sphincter muscle, prevents the return of the contents of the small intestine after they have passed…

renal pyramid, any of the triangular sections of tissue that constitute the medulla, or inner substance, of the kidney. The pyramids consist mainly of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer, part of the kidney, where urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities in

renal osteodystrophy, chronic, probably hereditary disorder characterized by kidney dysfunction, bone-mineral loss and rickets-type deformities, calcifications in abnormal places, and overactivity of the parathyroid glands. Loss of calcium and retention of phosphorus occur because of the

renal system: General description and location: …the kidney known as the renal (kidney) sinus. The hilus is the point of entry and exit of the renal arteries and veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and the enlarged upper extension of the ureters.

annelid: Excretory system: The basic units of the annelid excretory system are either protonephridia, which have tubules (solenocytes) that end blindly within cells, contain flagella (whiplike projections), and are joined to a common duct that drains to the outside; or metanephridia, which are funnel-shaped structures containing…

renal system, in humans, organ system that includes the kidneys, where urine is produced, and the ureters, bladder, and urethra for the passage, storage, and voiding of urine. In many respects the human excretory, or urinary, system resembles those of other mammalian species, but it has its own

renal system disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human urinary system. They include benign and malignant tumours, infections and inflammations, and obstruction by calculi. Diseases can have an impact on the elimination of wastes and on the conservation of an appropriate amount

kidney transplant, replacement of a diseased or damaged kidney with a healthy one obtained either from a living relative or a recently deceased person. Kidney transplant is a treatment for persons who have chronic renal failure requiring dialysis. Although kidney transplants were carried out in the

renal system: Tubule function: The role of the tubules may be assessed by comparing the amounts of various substances in the filtrate and in the urine (Table 2).

human cardiovascular system: Inferior vena cava and its tributaries: Renal veins lie in front of the corresponding renal artery; the right renal vein receives tributaries exclusively from the kidney, while the left receives blood from a number of other organs as well. The right suprarenal vein terminates directly in the inferior vena cava as…

Bob Dylan: Dylan in the 1970s: …part of the four-hour-long, Dylan-edited Renaldo and Clara.

Duncan Renaldo was an actor who was best known for his role in the popular western television series The Cisco Kid (1951–56). Renaldo, who was an orphan, was uncertain of his origins. Romania and Spain have been proposed as his birthplace, and his birth date is likewise customary rather than

Renamo, guerrilla organization that sought to overthrow the government of Mozambique beginning in the late 1970s and later functioned as a political party. Renamo was formed in 1976 by white Rhodesian officers who were seeking a way to keep newly independent Mozambique from supporting the black

Ernest Renan was a French philosopher, historian, and scholar of religion, a leader of the school of critical philosophy in France. Renan was educated at the ecclesiastical college in his native town of Tréguier. He began training for the priesthood, and in 1838 he was offered a scholarship at the

Ernest Renan was a French philosopher, historian, and scholar of religion, a leader of the school of critical philosophy in France. Renan was educated at the ecclesiastical college in his native town of Tréguier. He began training for the priesthood, and in 1838 he was offered a scholarship at the

Charles Renard was a French military engineer, chief builder of the first true dirigible; i.e., an airship that could be steered in any direction irrespective of wind and could return under its own power to its point of departure. In 1884 Renard and Arthur Krebs, French Army captains at the

Jules Renard was a French writer best known for Poil de carotte (1894; Carrots, 1946), a bitterly ironical account of his own childhood, in which a grim humour conceals acute sensibility. All his life, although happily married and the father of two children, Renard was haunted by and tried to hide

Jean Renart was a French poet and author of romances of adventure. His work rejected the fey atmosphere and serious morality that had distinguished the poetry of his predecessor Chrétien de Troyes in favour of a half-nostalgic, half-flippant portrayal of high society—the idyllic picnic, the bathing

Teixeira de Pascoaes: …at the core of the Renascença Portuguesa (Portuguese Renaissance) of the early 20th century. Among Pascoaes’s representative books of poetry are Sempre (1898; “Always”), Jesus e Pan (1903; “Jesus and Pan”), and Regresso ao Paraíso (1912; “Return to Paradise”). He was among those who founded the journal of the Renascença…

Renascence, poem by American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay, first published in 1912 in the anthology The Lyric Year and later included as the title poem of her first published collection, Renascence and Other Poems (1917). Written when Millay was 20, the poem reflects in simple, direct language her

Benedict de Spinoza: Rijnsburg and The Hague: …des Cartes Principiorum Philosophiae (1663; René Descartes’s Principles of Philosophy), the only one of his works to be published under his own name in his lifetime. An exposition of Descartes’s Principia Philosophiae (1644; Principles of Philosophy), it showed a profound understanding of Descartes’s system. Although Spinoza generally accepted Descartes’s physics,…

Benedict de Spinoza: Rijnsburg and The Hague: …des Cartes Principiorum Philosophiae (1663; René Descartes’s Principles of Philosophy), the only one of his works to be published under his own name in his lifetime. An exposition of Descartes’s Principia Philosophiae (1644; Principles of Philosophy), it showed a profound understanding of Descartes’s system. Although Spinoza generally accepted Descartes’s physics,…

reggaeton: …when MCs, including Leonardo (“Renato”) Aulder and Edgardo Franco (who would later be known as El General), began translating Jamaican dancehall, an updated form of reggae that had become popular in the 1970s, to Spanish. Although the performers covered many English-language songs, they also created a few of the…

denaturation: …process, which is known as renaturation, include serum albumin from blood, hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying pigment of red blood cells), and the enzyme ribonuclease. The denaturation of many proteins, such as egg white, is irreversible. A common consequence of denaturation is loss of biological activity, including the loss of catalytic ability…

Reginald of Châtillon was a prince of Antioch (1153–60), one of the leading military figures of the Crusades between 1147 and 1187, whose reckless policy in raiding Muslim caravans during periods of truce led to the virtual destruction of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem and the loss of most of its

Renaud De Montauban, hero of an Old French chanson de geste of the same name (also known as Les Quatre Fils Aymon [“The Four Sons of Aymon”]), whose story may contain elements of prehistoric myth and whose theme long survived in folktale and ballad throughout western Europe. Renaud slays

Renaud De Montauban: …same name (also known as Les Quatre Fils Aymon [“The Four Sons of Aymon”]), whose story may contain elements of prehistoric myth and whose theme long survived in folktale and ballad throughout western Europe. Renaud slays Charlemagne’s nephew after a quarrel over chess, and, mounting his marvellous steed Bayard (which…

Battle of Bouvines: …Portugal, count of Flanders, and Renaud (Raynald) of Dammartin, count of Boulogne. The victory enhanced the power and the prestige of the French monarchy in France and in the rest of Europe.

Canadian literature: The Quiet Revolution: …poule (1965; “Goose Bumps”) and Jacques Renaud’s novel Le Cassé (1964; Broke City, or Flat Broke and Beat). In 1968 the young playwright Michel Tremblay revolutionized Quebec theatre with Les Belles-Soeurs (“The Sisters-in-Law”; Eng. trans. Les Belles-Soeurs), which was first read at the Centre d’Essai des Auteurs Dramatiques (Centre for…

fascism: Extreme nationalism: Jean Renaud of French Solidarity demanded that all foreigners seeking residence in France be rigorously screened and that the unfit be denied entry “without pity”—especially social revolutionaries, who made France “not a refuge for the oppressed but a depository for trash.” In 1935 La Rocque…

Jean-Louis Barrault: …and working associate, the actress Madeleine Renaud. During the years that he was associated with the Comédie, Barrault directed and acted in numerous works, including Phèdre, Antony and Cleopatra, and Paul Claudel’s Le Soulier de satin (“The Satin Slipper”).

Conspiracy of Amboise: …a needy Périgord nobleman named La Renaudie as its nominal head, though the agitation had in the first instance been fostered by the agents of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé. The Guises were warned of the conspiracy while the court was at Blois, and for greater security they…

Théophraste Renaudot was a physician and social-service administrator who, as the founder of France’s first newspaper, is considered the father of French journalism. In 1612 Renaudot traveled to Paris, where he became a protégé of Armand (later Cardinal) de Richelieu, who obtained his appointment

Renault, major French automobile and motor carrier manufacturer. Controlled by the French government, it is the country’s largest manufacturer and exporter of motor vehicles and one of the country’s most prominent corporate brands. Headquarters are in Boulogne-Billancourt. The original firm,

Renault, major French automobile and motor carrier manufacturer. Controlled by the French government, it is the country’s largest manufacturer and exporter of motor vehicles and one of the country’s most prominent corporate brands. Headquarters are in Boulogne-Billancourt. The original firm,

tank: World War I: …used tank was the French Renault F.T., a light six-ton vehicle designed for close infantry support.

Renault, major French automobile and motor carrier manufacturer. Controlled by the French government, it is the country’s largest manufacturer and exporter of motor vehicles and one of the country’s most prominent corporate brands. Headquarters are in Boulogne-Billancourt. The original firm,

electric car: LEAF (2010) and the Renault ZOE (2012). Many of the world’s major car companies planned either to make mostly or only electric or hybrid cars or to stop developing new car models with internal-combustion engines by the 2030s.

Louis Renault was a manufacturer who built the largest automobile company in France. Renault built his first automobile in 1898. He and his brothers Fernand and Marcel then built a series of small cars and formed the automobile firm Renault Frères (“Renault Brothers”). Renault vehicles attracted

Louis Renault was a French jurist and educator, cowinner in 1907 (with Ernesto Teodoro Moneta) of the Nobel Prize for Peace. From 1868 to 1873 Renault was professor of Roman and commercial law at the University of Dijon. From 1873 until his death he was professor in the faculty of law at the

Mary Renault was a British-born South African novelist, best known for her scholarship and her skill in re-creating classical history and legend. Renault graduated from St. Hugh’s College and Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, completing her training as a nurse in 1937. She had begun to write novels but

Christoph Willibald Gluck: The middle years: In La Rencontre imprévue, first performed in Vienna on Jan. 7, 1764, no vaudeville elements remain at all, with the result that the work is a perfect example of opéra comique. Gluck gave the scores of Le Cadi dupé and La Rencontre imprévue particular charm by…

gastronomy: The Pacific and Southeast Asia: Rendang, for instance, is a beef stew that absorbs a large amount of coconut milk, using the same technique as some of the so-called dry curries of India. Gulai is this area’s favourite version of liquid-type curry so common in India.

Ruth Rendell was a British writer of mystery novels, psychological crime novels, and short stories who was perhaps best known for her novels featuring Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford. Rendell initially worked as a reporter and copy editor for West Essex newspapers. Her first novel, From Doon with

oil extraction: …extracted by three general methods: rendering, used with animal products and oleaginous fruits; mechanical pressing, for oil-bearing seeds and nuts; and extracting with volatile solvents, employed in large-scale operations for a more complete extraction than is possible with pressing.

computer graphics: 3-D rendering: Although used for display, bitmaps are not appropriate for most computational tasks, which need a three-dimensional representation of the objects composing the image. One standard benchmark for the rendering of computer models into graphical images is the Utah Teapot, created at the University of…

Juliette Binoche: …in Paris, in André Téchiné’s Rendez-vous (1985). She made two films with the French director Léos Carax, Mauvais sang (1986; Bad Blood) and Les Amants du Pont-Neuf (1991; Lovers on the Pont-Neuf), over the next few years. In 1988 she earned international acclaim as a woman married to a philanderer…

spaceflight: Rendezvous and docking: Rendezvous is the process of bringing two spacecraft together, whereas docking is their subsequent meeting and physical joining. The essential elements of a rendezvous are the matching of orbital trajectories and the movement of one spacecraft within close proximity of the other,…

Daphne du Maurier: …Pains, in 1977; the collection The Rendezvous and Other Stories in 1980; and a literary reminiscence, The Rebecca Notebook and Other Memories, in 1981.

Melvin Tolson: His first collection of poetry, Rendezvous with America (1944), includes one of his most popular works, “Dark Symphony,” a poem in six “movements” that contrasts European-American history with African-American history. The success of this collection led to Tolson’s appointment as poet laureate of Liberia in 1947. The last of his…

Eric F. Goldman: He explored American liberalism in Rendezvous with Destiny: A History of Modern American Reform (1952), which won the Bancroft History Prize and became a standard text in high schools and universities. He also wrote The Crucial Decade, America 1945–55 (1956), which was updated in 1961 and retitled The Crucial Decade—and…

Ute Lemper: The album Rendezvous with Marlene (the same title as the show) appeared in 2020.

Kangxi was the second emperor (reigned 1661–1722) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). To the Chinese empire he added areas north of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) and portions of Outer Mongolia, and he extended control over Tibet. He opened four ports to foreign trade and encouraged the

Alan Arkin: …Escape Clause (2006), the thriller Rendition (2007), the 2008 big-screen treatment of the 1965–70 TV series Get Smart, and the sentimental dog movie Marley & Me (2008). Arkin was nominated for another Oscar for his turn as the brash studio executive tasked with concocting a convincing fake movie in Argo…

World War II: The Southwest and South Pacific, June–October 1943: …on New Georgia and on Rendova in the Solomons, however, also made in the night of June 29–30, provoked the Japanese into strong counteraction: between July 5 and July 16, in the battles of Kula Gulf and of Kolombangara, the Allies lost one cruiser and two destroyers and had three…

Indonesia: Theatre and dance: …the 1960s the company of Willibrordus Rendra was instrumental in inaugurating a stream of innovative, modernist, and controversial theatre performances that were based to a large extent on Western models. Much of Rendra’s work involved the adaptation for Indonesian audiences of works by Western playwrights such as Sophocles, William Shakespeare,…

Rendsburg, town, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northern Germany. It lies on the Eider River and the Kiel Canal (there bridged), west of Kiel. An old fortress town on the Schleswig and Holstein border, it was first mentioned in 1199 as Reinoldesburg. Chartered in 1253, it was often an object of

Rendsburg faience, German tin-glazed earthenware produced between 1764 and 1772 in the town of Rendsburg at a factory founded by Caspar Lorenzen and Christian Friedrich Clar. The few surviving examples of this ware are mainly ornamental rather than utilitarian (cane handles and snuffboxes, for

Osler-Rendu-Weber disease, hereditary disorder characterized by bleeding from local capillary malformations. In Osler-Rendu-Weber disease, capillaries in the fingertips and around the oral and nasal cavities are enlarged and have unusually thin walls; they are easily broken by accidental bumping or

René, novel by François-Auguste-René Chateaubriand, published in French as René, ou les effets de la passion in 1805 with a revised edition of Atala (1801). It tells the story of a sister who enters a convent rather than surrender to her passion for her brother. In this thinly veiled

Paul Simon: …his surreal 1983 song “René and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog After the War” described as “deep forbidden music.”

René I was the duke of Bar (from 1434), duke of Anjou (from 1430), and count of Provence and of Piedmont. He was also titular king of Naples from 1435 to 1442 and duke consort of Lorraine from 1431 to 1453. He was the second son of Louis II, duke d’Anjou, and Yolanda of Aragon. On his father’s

Benedict de Spinoza: Rijnsburg and The Hague: …des Cartes Principiorum Philosophiae (1663; René Descartes’s Principles of Philosophy), the only one of his works to be published under his own name in his lifetime. An exposition of Descartes’s Principia Philosophiae (1644; Principles of Philosophy), it showed a profound understanding of Descartes’s system. Although Spinoza generally accepted Descartes’s physics,…

René I was the duke of Bar (from 1434), duke of Anjou (from 1430), and count of Provence and of Piedmont. He was also titular king of Naples from 1435 to 1442 and duke consort of Lorraine from 1431 to 1453. He was the second son of Louis II, duke d’Anjou, and Yolanda of Aragon. On his father’s