René Magritte: …in Brussels celebrate Magritte: the René Magritte Museum, largely a biographical museum, is located in the house occupied by the artist and his wife between 1930 and 1954; and the Magritte Museum, featuring some 250 of the artist’s works, opened in 2009 at the Royal Museum of Fine Arts.

René I was the duke of Bar (from 1434), duke of Anjou (from 1430), and count of Provence and of Piedmont. He was also titular king of Naples from 1435 to 1442 and duke consort of Lorraine from 1431 to 1453. He was the second son of Louis II, duke d’Anjou, and Yolanda of Aragon. On his father’s

William I: Family and inheritance: …and by Henry’s only son, René, who in 1530 had inherited from a maternal uncle the domains of the house of Chalon-Arlay, so becoming the greatest seigneur of the Franche-Comté and ruler of the Provençal principality of Orange. René of Orange was killed in 1544, leaving the combined wealth of…

Seychelles: History of Seychelles: Mancham as president and France-Albert René as prime minister. In 1977, while Mancham was abroad, René became president in a coup d’état led by the Seychelles People’s United Party (later restyled the Seychelles People’s Progressive Front [SPPF], from 2009 the People’s Party [Parti Lepep], from 2018 United Seychelles).

Renée of France was the duchess of Ferrara (from 1534), an important figure in the history of the Protestant Reformation both in Italy and in France. The second daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany, Renée was married in 1528 to Ercole d’Este, who became duke of Ferrara in 1534. In

French literature: Diversity among the Realists: …of a middle-class girl in Renée Mauperin (1864; Eng. trans. Renée Mauperin) or the degenerating lifestyle of a female servant in Germinie Lacerteux (1864; Eng. trans. Germinie Lacerteux).

Renée of France was the duchess of Ferrara (from 1534), an important figure in the history of the Protestant Reformation both in Italy and in France. The second daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne of Brittany, Renée was married in 1528 to Ercole d’Este, who became duke of Ferrara in 1534. In

Timothy Mo: Renegade or Halo2 (1999) centres on a migrant worker who travels the world, encountering numerous cultures. After an extended break, Mo returned in 2012 with Pure, about a transvestite film critic in Thailand who, in order to avoid prison following a drug arrest, returns home…

Rage Against the Machine: …shortly before the release of Renegades, an eclectic collection of covers of rock and hip-hop artists, including Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, Afrika Bambaataa, and EPMD. The remaining three members went on to form Audioslave with former Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell. Audioslave produced three successful albums before breaking up.

Renenutet, in Egyptian religion, goddess of fertility and of the harvest, sometimes depicted in the form of a snake. In addition to her other functions, she was also counted as the protector of the

Hitachi, Ltd.: …semiconductor businesses; the new company, Renesas Technology Corp., would surpass Motorola, Inc., as the largest manufacturer in the microcontroller market. Also in 2002, Hitachi reached an agreement with IBM on a new joint hard disk drive (HDD) company, Hitachi Global Storage Technologies, to operate in San Jose, Calif. Hitachi initially…

insurance: Renewability: An important condition of health insurance is that of renewability. Some contracts are cancelable at any time upon short notice. Others are not cancelable during the year’s term of coverage, but the insurer may refuse to renew coverage for a subsequent year or may…

renewable energy, usable energy derived from replenishable sources such as the Sun (solar energy), wind (wind power), rivers (hydroelectric power), hot springs (geothermal energy), tides (tidal power), and biomass (biofuels). At the beginning of the 21st century, about 80 percent of the world’s

carbon footprint: Carbon footprint reduction: …insulation in buildings, or using renewable energy sources to generate the electricity they require. For example, electricity generation from wind power produces no direct carbon emissions. Additional lifestyle choices that can lower an individual’s secondary carbon footprint include reducing one’s consumption of meat and switching one’s purchasing habits to products…

energy conversion: Exploiting renewable energy sources: Growing concern over the world’s ever-increasing energy needs and the prospect of rapidly dwindling reserves of oil, natural gas, and uranium fuel have prompted efforts to develop viable alternative energy sources. The volatility and uncertainty of the petroleum fuel supply were dramatically…

nature worship: Fire: …and also to the cyclic renewal of the state in the purifying fire, which signifies the beginning of a new era.

Czechoslovak history: Re-Catholicization and absolutist rule: …1627 Ferdinand II promulgated the Renewed Land Ordinance, a collection of basic laws for Bohemia that remained valid, with some modifications, until 1848; he issued a similar document for Moravia in 1628. The Habsburg Ferdinand settled, in favour of his dynasty, issues that had disturbed Bohemian public life since 1526:…

Spain: Railroads: …Network of Spanish Railroads (Red Nacional de los Ferrocarriles Españoles; RENFE). There are also regionally operated lines in the Basque Country, Valencia, and Catalonia. Lines generally start in Madrid and radiate outward in all directions. Transverse lines serve the Mediterranean and Ebro valley corridors. New equipment—including the Talgo, a…

Renfrewshire, council area and historic county, west-central Scotland, stretching along the south bank of the River Clyde in the north and along the shore of the Firth of Clyde in the west. It encompasses largely urbanized lowlands along the River Clyde and hills in the south and west. The council

Renfrew, royal burgh (town), Renfrewshire council area and historic county, southwestern Scotland, located in the northwest portion of the Glasgow metropolitan area near the right bank of the River Clyde. In 1164 Somerled, lord of the Western (Scottish) Isles, was defeated and killed there by the

Renfrewshire, council area and historic county, west-central Scotland, stretching along the south bank of the River Clyde in the north and along the shore of the Firth of Clyde in the west. It encompasses largely urbanized lowlands along the River Clyde and hills in the south and west. The council

renga, genre of Japanese linked-verse poetry in which two or more poets supplied alternating sections of a poem. The renga form began as the composition of a single tanka (a traditional five-line poem) by two people and was a popular pastime from ancient times, even in remote rural areas. The

Rengao language: Rengao is spoken by some 15,000 individuals in south-central Vietnam.

Rengao language, language of the North Bahnaric subbranch of Bahnaric, a branch of the Mon-Khmer family (itself a part of the Austroasiatic languages. Rengao is spoken by some 15,000 individuals in south-central

Albert Renger-Patzsch was a German photographer whose cool, detached images formed the photographic component of the Neue Sachlichkeit (“New Objectivity”) movement. Renger-Patzsch experimented with photography as a teenager. After serving in World War I, he studied chemistry at Dresden Technical

Nagaland: Cultural life: Aos, Lothas, and Rengmas. A prominent village institution is the morung (a communal house or dormitory for young unmarried men), where skulls and other trophies of war formerly were hung. The pillars are still carved with striking representations of tigers, hornbills, and human and other figures. Women hold…

Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengō), largest national trade union in Japan. The federation was founded in 1989 and absorbed its predecessors—including the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sōhyō), the Japanese Confederation of Labour (Dōmei), and others—and brought together both

Japanese Red Army, militant Japanese organization that was formed in 1969 in the merger of two far-left factions. Beginning in 1970, the Red Army undertook several major terrorist operations, including the hijacking of several Japan Air Lines airplanes, a massacre at Tel Aviv’s Lod Airport (1972),

Guido Reni was an early Italian Baroque painter noted for the classical idealism of his renderings of mythological and religious subjects. First apprenticed to the Flemish painter Denis Calvaert at the age of 10, Reni was later influenced by the novel naturalism of the Carracci, a Bolognese family

renin, enzyme secreted by the kidney (and also, possibly, by the placenta) that is part of a physiological system that regulates blood pressure. In the blood, renin acts on a protein known as angiotensinogen, resulting in the release of angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is cleaved by

renin-angiotensin system, physiological system that regulates blood pressure. Renin is an enzyme secreted into the blood from specialized cells that encircle the arterioles at the entrance to the glomeruli of the kidneys (the renal capillary networks that are the filtration units of the kidney).

Renison Bell, tin-mining district, northwestern Tasmania, Australia. Tin was found there by prospector George Renison Bell in 1890. Mining began in 1905 but was intermittent because of fluctuations in the price of tin. The deposits were nearly exhausted by the early 1920s. In 1965, after rich new

Wang Guowei: …the first 21 pieces of Renjian cihua (“Notes on Ci Poems in the World”); in this work he first advanced his “theory of realm,” which asserted that a successful poem integrates descriptions of scenery and emotions. When the Chinese Revolution of 1911 broke out, Wang went with Luo Zhenyu to…

Renkum, gemeente (municipality), central Netherlands. Renkum is situated on the Lower Rhine (Neder Rijn) River, immediately west of Arnhem, and comprises the villages of Oosterbeek (the local government centre), Renkum, Doorwerth, Heelsum, Heveadorp, and Wolfheze. The locality was especially

Renmark, town, southeastern South Australia, located on the Murray River 130 miles (209 km) northeast of Adelaide. The site was first settled in 1887 by George and William Chaffey, Canadian-born irrigation engineers who had come to Australia via California. They received a land grant of 250,000

commune, type of large rural organization introduced in China in 1958. Communes began as amalgamations of collective farms; but, in contrast to the collectives, which had been engaged exclusively in agricultural activities, the communes were to become multipurpose organizations for the direction of

Renmin Ribao, daily newspaper published in Beijing as the official organ of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. The paper was established in 1948, toward the end of China’s civil war, and has been based in Beijing since 1949. Renmin Ribao carries serious politically oriented

Qin River: In 1951–52 the People’s Victory (Renmin Shengli) Canal was constructed, connecting Wuzhi with the Wei River, thus reopening the waterway of 609 and providing an outlet for floodwaters at the junction of the Qin and the Huang He.

renminbi, monetary unit of China. One renminbi (yuan) is divided into 100 fen or 10 jiao. The People’s Bank of China has exclusive authority to issue currency. Banknotes are issued in denominations from 1 fen to 100 renminbi. The obverse of some banknotes contains images of communist leaders, such

Ludwig Renn was a German novelist, best known for Krieg (1928; War), a novel based on his World War I battle experiences, the narrator and principal character of which was named Ludwig Renn. The stark simplicity of the novel emphasizes the uncompromising brutality of combat. Born a Saxon nobleman,

Rennell Island, southernmost of the Solomon Islands, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 130 miles (209 km) south of Guadalcanal. The island and the smaller Bellona Island, just to the northwest, constitute Rennell and Bellona province. An atoll 50 miles (80 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide, it

James Rennell was the leading British geographer of his time. Rennell constructed the first nearly accurate map of India and published A Bengal Atlas (1779), a work important for British strategic and administrative interests. While serving in the Royal Navy (1756–63) Rennell became an expert

Battle of Tannenberg: Initial developments on the Eastern Front: Paul von Rennenkampf and the Second (or Warsaw) Army (10 infantry divisions and three cavalry divisions) under Gen. Alexander Samsonov. The two armies formed a group under the higher control of Zhilinsky. Zhilinsky’s plan was that Rennenkampf should advance against East Prussia from the east,…

gravity: The principle of equivalence: …confirmed by the Hungarian physicist János Renner. Renner’s work has been analyzed recently in great detail because of the suggestion that it could provide evidence for a new force. It seems that the uncertainties of the experiments hardly allow such analyses.

Jeremy Renner is an American actor known for his role as Hawkeye, the bow-and-arrow–wielding superhero in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Avengers films, and for portraying bomb disposal specialist Staff Sgt. William James in the war drama The Hurt Locker (2008). Renner brings an intensity to his

Jeremy Renner is an American actor known for his role as Hawkeye, the bow-and-arrow–wielding superhero in the Marvel Cinematic Universe Avengers films, and for portraying bomb disposal specialist Staff Sgt. William James in the war drama The Hurt Locker (2008). Renner brings an intensity to his

Karl Renner was a Social Democratic statesman, chancellor (1918–20, 1945) and president (1945–50) of Austria, who after World War I advocated the Anschluss (union) between Germany and Austria. He played a major role in reestablishing Austrian home rule after the end of the German occupation in

Rennes, city, capital of Ille-et-Vilaine département, Brittany région, western France. It is situated at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers. The city’s name is derived from the Redones, a Celtic tribe that established its capital there. Under Roman occupation the town became the centre

Rennes faience, French tin-glazed earthenware, produced in Rennes, distinguished by the use of manganese purple. Most original products have an extreme rocaille shape decorated with many naturalistic flowers. But the majority of the ware produced in the numerous factories of this Breton centre in

Charles XIV John: …city of Rennes (the “Rennes plot”). Although no evidence has been found that he was involved, it is clear that he would have favoured constitutional limitation of the powers of Napoleon, who had in 1799 become the first consul—to all intents and purposes, dictator of France—or even his overthrow.…

Arthur, constable de Richemont: Constable of France.: …together once again in the Treaty of Rennes, but it was not until La Trémoille’s final overthrow in 1432 that the constable was able to return to court.

rennin: A commercial form of rennin, rennet, is used in manufacturing cheese and preparing junket.

John Rennie was a Scottish civil engineer who built or improved canals, docks, harbours, and bridges throughout Britain. Three of his spans were built across the River Thames at London. Rennie began his career as a millwright, and his first major work was designing the machinery for Matthew Boulton

The Day the Earth Stood Still: , carrying Klaatu (played by Michael Rennie) and his robot servant Gort (Lock Martin). Klaatu is shot shortly after landing and is taken to an army hospital. Klaatu tells the president’s secretary that he wants to meet the leaders of Earth but soon is told that an agreement on a…

rennin, protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein; it is found only in the fourth stomach of cud-chewing animals, such as cows. Its action extends the period in which milk is retained in the stomach of the young animal. In animals that lack rennin,

Rennyo was a Japanese Buddhist leader and eighth patriarch of the Hongan Temple in Kyōto. Rennyo furthered the Buddhist reform initiated by Shinran (13th century) that created the Jōdo Shinshū (“True Pure Land sect”) and inspired the Ikkō rebellions, 15th-century uprisings by militant,

Reno, city, seat (1871) of Washoe county, western Nevada, U.S. Although it is one of Nevada’s largest cities, its traditional nickname is “The Biggest Little City in the World.” The city lies on the Truckee River, near the California border and the Sierra Nevada foothills, amid magnificent and

Communications Decency Act: …Supreme Court in 1997 in Reno v. ACLU. The provisions regarding indecent and patently offensive materials were found to violate the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment and were removed from the CDA.

Janet Reno was an American lawyer and public official who became the first woman attorney general (1993–2001) of the United States. Reno settled with her family on 20 acres (8 hectares) of wilderness at the edge of the Everglades, outside Miami, Florida, when she was eight years old. There her

Janet Reno was an American lawyer and public official who became the first woman attorney general (1993–2001) of the United States. Reno settled with her family on 20 acres (8 hectares) of wilderness at the edge of the Everglades, outside Miami, Florida, when she was eight years old. There her

Second Battle of Bull Run: The first day: Jesse Reno, made a third and desperate attack on Jackson’s line. Jackson repulsed it with difficulty, carried his counterstroke too far, and was in turn checked by Brig. Gen. Cuvier Grover’s brigade of Hooker’s division. Grover then made a fourth assault but was driven back…

escalator: An inclined belt, invented by Jesse W. Reno of the United States in 1891, provided transportation for passengers riding on cleats attached to the belt, which was inclined at an angle of 25°; the handrail was stationary, but an improved version with a moving handrail was introduced the same year.

Battle of the Little Bighorn: Marcus A. Reno to charge straight into the village, dispatched three companies under Capt. Frederick W. Benteen to the south to cut off the flight of any Indians in that direction, and took five companies under his personal command to attack the village from the…

renal system: Radiological and other imaging investigations: A radioactive renogram involves the injection of radioactive compounds that are concentrated and excreted by the kidney. The radiation can be detected by placing gamma scintillation counters externally over the kidneys at the back; the counts, transcribed on moving graph paper, yield characteristic time curves for normal…

Jean Renoir was a French film director and son of the Impressionist painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. His films, in both silent and later eras, were noted for their realism and strong narrative and include such classics as Grand Illusion (1937), The Rules of the Game (1939), and The River (1951).

Pierre-Auguste Renoir was a French painter originally associated with the Impressionist movement. His early works were typically Impressionist snapshots of real life, full of sparkling color and light. By the mid-1880s, however, he had broken with the movement to apply a more disciplined, formal

renormalization, the procedure in quantum field theory by which divergent parts of a calculation, leading to nonsensical infinite results, are absorbed by redefinition into a few measurable quantities, so yielding finite answers. Quantum field theory, which is used to calculate the effects of

Rhine River, river and waterway of western Europe, culturally and historically one of the great rivers of the continent and among the most important arteries of industrial transport in the world. It flows from two small headways in the Alps of east-central Switzerland north and west to the North

Charles-Bernard Renouvier was a French neocritical idealist philosopher who rejected all necessary connection between universal laws and morality. Never an academic, Renouvier wrote prolifically and with great influence. He accepted Kant’s critical philosophy as a starting point but drew vastly

Renovated Church, federation of several reformist church groups that took over the central administration of the Russian Orthodox church in 1922 and for over two decades controlled many religious institutions in the Soviet Union. The term Renovated Church is used most frequently to designate the

Confucianism: Confucian learning in Jin, Yuan, and Ming: His Human Schemata (Renpu) offered a rigorous phenomenological description of human mistakes as a corrective to Wang Yangming’s moral optimism. Liu’s student Huang Zongxi (1610–95) compiled a comprehensive biographical history of Ming Confucians based on Liu’s writings. One of Huang’s contemporaries, Gu Yanwu (1613–82), was also…

Renshaw brothers, English twin brothers who dominated Wimbledon tennis competition in the 1880s. With their warm personalities and exciting competitive play, William Renshaw (b. January 3, 1861, Leamington, Warwickshire, England—d. August 12, 1904, Swanage, Dorset) and Ernest Renshaw (b. January 3,

Renshaw brothers: Ernest was victorious in 1888. Together they won the British men’s doubles championship seven times. At Oxford, where that tournament was originally held, they introduced hard serves and volleys to the game when they first appeared together in 1880; they won that year, and they…

Renshaw brothers: William won the Wimbledon men’s singles championship seven times (1881–86 and 1889), on three occasions defeating his brother in the finals. Ernest was victorious in 1888. Together they won the British men’s doubles championship seven times. At Oxford, where that tournament was originally held, they…

Rensselaer, city, Rensselaer county, eastern New York, U.S. It is situated along the east bank of the Hudson River, opposite Albany. Settled by the Dutch in the 17th century, it was the site of the most successful of the patroonships (estates) under Kiliaen van Rensselaer, an Amsterdam diamond

Rensselaer, county, eastern New York state, U.S., bounded by the Hudson River to the west and Vermont and Massachusetts to the east. The land rises from the low hills of the Hudson valley to the Taconic Range along the county’s eastern border. Other waterways include the Hoosic and Little Hoosic

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Troy, New York, U.S. It includes schools of architecture, engineering, humanities and social sciences, management and technology, and science. In addition to undergraduate studies, all five schools offer

Rensselaeria, genus of extinct brachiopods (lamp shells) found as fossils in Lower Devonian marine rocks (387 to 408 million years old). The shell is large and elongated. Its surface markings include fine costae (i.e., lines that radiate from the narrow apex of the shell to the distal, or terminal,

rent, in economics, the income derived from the ownership of land and other free gifts of nature. The neoclassical economist Alfred Marshall, and others after him, chose this definition for technical reasons, even though it is somewhat more restrictive than the meaning given the term in popular

Rent, landmark Pulitzer Prize-winning rock musical created by composer Jonathan Larson and recognized for raising national awareness of issues related to poverty, addiction, gentrification, and the AIDS epidemic. Inspired by Giacomo Puccini’s La Bohème (1896), a classic opera depicting the tragic

insurance: Indirect losses: …after a disaster, and (3) rent and rental value insurance, covering losses in rents that the owner of an apartment house may incur if the building is destroyed. Rental income insurance pays for rent lost when a peril destroys an owner’s property that has been rented to others.

manorialism: Western Europe: …rent that was known as rent of assize and, second, dues under various names, partly in lieu of services commuted into money payments and partly for the privileges and profits enjoyed by him on the waste of the manor. In labour he paid more heavily. Week by week he was…

Paying rent used to be something limited to houses and apartments, plus the occasional car, truck, or trailer that you used on vacation or to move your stuff from point A to point B. But the rental industry has exploded with new apps and services that allow you to rent everything from parking

rent party, party thrown by African Americans who lived in urban neighbourhoods during the early decades of the 20th century to collect money for rent. Rent parties were part of a solution to a growing housing crisis caused by swelling urban populations, which landlords responded to by raising

rent seeking, competition for politically protected transfers of wealth. The typical rent-seeking scenario includes an economic rent, or “prize,” and a set of actors that create, capture, and finance the prize. The government creates the prize by setting, for example, a public subsidy, an import

drum table: …the drum table, called a rent table, had a circular or polygonal top, the drawers in the frieze (horizontal band beneath the top) being labeled with the days of the week and constituting a filing system for the rent collector.

insurance: Indirect losses: Rental income insurance pays for rent lost when a peril destroys an owner’s property that has been rented to others.

library: Circulation: …faculties, but the notion of lending, or circulating, libraries did not become popular until the 18th century.

property tax: Administration: …contemporary assessment of property are rental value, capital value, and market value. In European countries the assessment of real property is commonly based on its capital value. The traditional thinking is that capital value can be estimated on the basis of rental values, treating them as earnings on capital. However,…

Andes Mountains: Physiography of the Central Andes: These include Rentema (about one and one-fourth miles long and 200 feet wide), Mayo, Mayasito, and Huarcaya gaps and—the most important—Manseriche Gap, which is seven miles long.

Weimar Republic: Toward stabilization: A new currency, the Rentenmark, was introduced on November 20, 1923, in strictly limited quantities. It was backed by a mortgage on the entire industrial and agricultural resources of the country. The process of stabilization was painful but was pushed through with determination by Hjalmar Schacht, who was made…

insurance: Conditions: …available is a form called renter’s insurance, which provides personal property insurance for tenants.

Anna Renzi was an Italian singer, actress, and star of public opera in Venice during the mid-17th century. Prominent composers such as Claudio Monteverdi crafted roles to suit her voice and style of performance. Like several other female singers in early Venetian operas, Renzi hailed from Rome. As

If you’re thinking about moving, you may also be considering what to do with your existing home. Sure, selling your house or condo may net you a nice nest egg, but it’s not your only choice. One popular option is turning your home into a rental property. It’s tempting, especially considering

Renton, city, King county, western Washington, U.S., on the flats of the Cedar River at its mouth on Lake Washington, 20 miles (32 km) southeast of Seattle. Settled on the site of a Duwamish Indian village in the 1850s and platted in 1876, it was named for William Renton, an industrial pioneer.

rondeau: …fourth stanzas, leaving only a rentrement (“reentry”) of the opening words. This truncation often produced unexpected changes of meaning.

United Technologies Corporation: …the creation of the businessman Frederick B. Rentschler. In 1925 the machine-tool maker Pratt and Whitney provided Rentschler with start-up funds, idle plant space, and a company name to create an aircraft engine manufacturer. The new company’s air-cooled Wasp radial piston engine, completed by the end of that year, proved…

asceticism, (from Greek askeō: “to exercise,” or “to train”), the practice of the denial of physical or psychological desires in order to attain a spiritual ideal or goal. Hardly any religion has been without at least traces or some features of asceticism. The origins of asceticism lie in man’s

Renville Agreement, (Jan. 17, 1948), treaty between the Netherlands and the Republic of Indonesia concluded on the U.S. warship Renville, anchored in the harbour of Djakarta (now Jakarta). It was an attempt, albeit unsuccessful, to mediate disputes left unresolved by an earlier Dutch-Indonesian

conflict of laws: Other considerations: …as those pertaining to the renvoi (French: “send back”) principle. If the foreign law, to which the forum’s conflicts rule refers, contains a conflicts rule that refers back to the law of the forum, will the latter accept the reference and apply its own law? Similarly, if the foreign law…